CN1100812A - 低热辐射系数控制阳光的耐用薄膜覆盖层 - Google Patents
低热辐射系数控制阳光的耐用薄膜覆盖层 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1100812A CN1100812A CN94104654A CN94104654A CN1100812A CN 1100812 A CN1100812 A CN 1100812A CN 94104654 A CN94104654 A CN 94104654A CN 94104654 A CN94104654 A CN 94104654A CN 1100812 A CN1100812 A CN 1100812A
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- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
- C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
- C03C17/3618—Coatings of type glass/inorganic compound/other inorganic layers, at least one layer being metallic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
- C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
- C03C17/3626—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer one layer at least containing a nitride, oxynitride, boronitride or carbonitride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
- C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
- C03C17/3644—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the metal being silver
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
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- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
- C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
- C03C17/3657—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the multilayer coating having optical properties
- C03C17/366—Low-emissivity or solar control coatings
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- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
- C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
- C03C17/3681—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the multilayer coating being used in glazing, e.g. windows or windscreens
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/28—Interference filters
- G02B5/281—Interference filters designed for the infrared light
- G02B5/282—Interference filters designed for the infrared light reflecting for infrared and transparent for visible light, e.g. heat reflectors, laser protection
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- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/20—Materials for coating a single layer on glass
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- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/20—Materials for coating a single layer on glass
- C03C2217/21—Oxides
- C03C2217/24—Doped oxides
- C03C2217/242—Doped oxides with rare earth metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/70—Properties of coatings
- C03C2217/78—Coatings specially designed to be durable, e.g. scratch-resistant
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
- Optical Filters (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Optical Elements (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
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Abstract
提供了能透过可见辐射但反射红外辐射的干涉
滤光板,它包括透明基板,其上沉积有介电层、接着是
金属层和介电层。在每一介电层和金属层间沉积有
预涂层。本发明将包括镍和氮化铬的薄膜用于每一
金属预涂层。这些预涂层很薄,以致对可见光的吸收
较少,但仍保持良好的粘结性。本发明用银作金属
层,它是在含氮和氩等气氛中溅射的。据发现氮存在
下制得的银层耐久性比在纯惰性气体气氛中溅射的
银膜要长。本发明一干涉滤光板包括玻璃基板,其上
沉积有由TiO2、Ni-CrNx、银、Ni-CrNx和氮化硅组
成的薄膜结构。
Description
总起来讲,本发明涉及红外反射可见透明的干涉滤光板,具体讲,涉及耐用的低热辐射系数滤光板。
目前十分流行将透明面板用于建筑物、车辆和其他构筑物来控制太阳辐射。控制太阳光的目的是要透光,同时排除大部分太阳能,从而减少所需的空气调节量或冷却量,和节省能量。此外,作为建筑材料的改性玻璃提供出建筑师所需要的色彩灵活性。
业已使用了各种方法来改变这些面板的光学性质。其中包括用电解,化学蒸汽汽积和物理蒸汽汽积,如用平面型磁控管溅射等技术对玻璃或塑料基材进行涂复。例如,在玻璃或塑料上沉积薄金属膜来增加对太阳辐射的反射。沉积有高可见光透射率、红外区高反射率和低热辐射率的多层电介质-金属-电介质涂层的玻璃窗,能量效率更佳。为使玻璃窗的可见光反射率最小。可见光透射提高,此电介质层的折射率优选2.0或2.0以上。一般由金属氧化物涂料组成的此介电层也对易碎金属膜提供了一种辅助保护。也可通过改变基底材料的组成来改变面板的光学性质。而按上述方法制备的干涉滤光板面板,为了有效的节省能量,在将太阳辐射反射到所需程度方面仅部分获得成功。例如,1972年8月8日授予Apfel等人的USPS3,682,528中介绍了一种干涉滤光板,它具有仅约72%可见光透射率和约8%红外透射率。
干涉滤光板的另一问题是其结构的完整性,特别是它们不能耐恶劣的环境条件。对太阳辐射具有高反射率的现有透明面板由于易发生化学和机械降解,所以是不能令人满意的。
本发明的主要目的是提供一种透可见光、而反射红外辐射的耐用薄膜干涉滤光板。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种热辐射率约为0.1而且可见区透过率高于82%的低热辐射率干涉滤光板。
这些目的和其它目的由本发明达成,即通过提供一种耐用薄膜干涉滤光板,该滤光板包括透明基板,其上沉积有第一介电层,接着是金属和第二介电层。在每一介电层和金属层之间沉积有一层促进此介电层和金属之粘结的预涂层。
本发明的一个方面是将镍-氮化铬用于每-金属预涂层。Ni-CrNx薄膜很薄,从而对可见光的吸收较小,但是却能保持良好的粘结性能。本发明的另一方面是使用银作金属层。特别是在含氮或氩或其他惰性气体的混和气体气氛中溅射银。业已发现氮的存在产生一种比在含基本纯氩的气氛中溅射得到的银膜耐用性更好的银层。
本发明一种优选实施方案中的干涉滤光板包括玻璃基板,其上沉积有由五层,即二氧化钛、镍-氮化铬、银、氮化镍-铬和氮化硅组成的薄层结构。
本发明干涉滤光板的另一优选实施方案由五层结构所组成,其中一层或两层所说的介电层由含氮化锆和氮化硅的复合材料形成。据发现把氮化锆和氢化硅混合起来产生一种在可见区有高折射率和优异透明性的复合层。不仅如此,这种复合层的光学性质可通过改变氮化锆和氮化硅的相对量来加以调节。
利用可旋转的圆筒形磁控管可以对本发明的干涉滤光板的介电层进行活性溅射。采用由双阴极靶或一个或多个合金靶共溅射法来形成复合层。本发明方法的特点是通过减小第二介电层的内应力生产出一种极硬和耐化学性的薄膜层。业已证明,在溅射作为第二介电层的氮化硅时,通过使阴极的磁组件相对于基材成锐角,可以减小该层的内应力。
图1是按本发明方法生产的五层结构薄膜干涉滤光板的剖面视图。
图2是磁控管设备的剖面视图。
图3是Ni-CrNx薄膜的电子色散分光(EDS)光谱图。
图4是Ni-CrNx薄膜的百分透过率对波长的关系曲线图。
图5是银薄膜的百分透过率对溅射银金属的气氛中的氮浓度的关系曲线图。
图6是有不同银金属厚度的干涉滤光板的百分透过率对波长的系统曲线图。
图7是百分透过率对银金属厚度及热辐射率的系统曲线图。
体现本发明的薄膜干涉滤光板示于图1。该滤光板包括提供两平板型平行表面4和6的透明基板2,其中表面4暴露于介质中而表面6是被覆盖。此基板可用任何适宜的材料来形成;然而优选具有优异结构性能和在太阳能量集中的可见和近红外区吸收最小的材料。如晶形石英、熔凝石英、钠-钙硅酸盐玻璃及聚碳酸酯和丙烯酸酯等塑料均是优选的基板材料。
在基板表面6上沉积的第一介电层8优选用折射率约大于1.5,更优选介于2.1和2.5间或更大的材料制备。适宜的介电层材料包括金属氧化物,如二氧化钛、五氧化二铌(Nb2O5)、氧化锡、氧化锌、氧化铟(选择性搀杂以氧化锡)、氧化铋、氧化锆等。参见1984年7月31日授予Hart的US P4,462,883,其内容通过参照并入本文。另一种适宜材料是氮化硅,其他适宜介电材料包括一种含氮化锆和氮化硅(本说明书中共同记作“SiZrN”)的薄复合薄膜,它由直流(dc)圆筒形磁控管的双靶或单合金靶共溅射法制造。
除SiZrN之外,还可以使用这样一些复合薄膜,这些复合膜包括氮化钛和氮化硅(本说明书中共同记作“SiTiN”)或包括氮化铪和氮化硅(本说明书中共同记作“SiHfN”)。也可用由双靶或单靶共溅射法制备SiTiN和SiHfN复合薄膜。可用包括氮化硅、氮化铝、氮化锆、氮化钛和/或氮化铪混合物的复合薄膜作第一介电层。此复合薄膜的折射率依照构成每一薄膜的不同氮化物的相对量而变化。业已发现,用氮化硅作第一介电层时,本发明滤光板的可见光透射率与用二氧化钛或复合薄膜时的透射率相比稍小,特别是如果银金属层的厚度等于或大于约100
时更是如此。
沉积复合膜的方法之一是利用一个靶由硅制备而另一靶由锆、钛、铪或其混合物制备的双靶圆筒形磁控管的溅射方法。以氮作反应气体用双阴极进行共溅射时,可以将每一靶的磁性组件的角度调节到获得组分的均匀分布。对一种用双阴极靶的磁控管装置共溅射复合膜方法的描述记载在1992年3月4日提交的、申请号为07/846,224的待批美国申请(发明人Wolfe等人,共同受让人)中,其内容以参见形式并入本说明书中。
如图1所示,本发明的滤光板还包括沉积于第一介电层上的第一金属预涂层10。预涂层10优选维护尽可能薄,以便对滤光板或其后的金属层的光学特性即使有不利影响,也非常小。厚度范围约5-20
的预涂层是合乎要求的。第一金属预涂层优选包括厚度8-15
左右金属镍和氮化铬的混合物(称作Ni-CrNx或镍/铬氮化物)。此预涂层或可由优选包括含20-90%左右镍和10-40%左右铬的镍-铬合金;且更优选此合金中镍约80%,铬约为20%,此合金也可含少量(不高于约15%左右)的其他金属。据认为约含5-15%钼的合金将进一步增加该预涂层的化学耐久性。镍铬合金(或NiCr)指的是含有各种比例的镍、铬、钼和其他可用作预涂层金属的合金。
接着将一种部分反射的金属层12沉积于第一预涂层上。此金属层对红外辐射有反射作用,但允许充分透过可见光。此金属层可由许多材料来形成,银是特别令人满意的。可使用的其他金属包括金、铜和铂。此金属层的厚度范围在80-150
左右,更优选100-125
左右。此金属层包括银时,其厚度应为80-150
左右,更优选90-125
左右。
然后将一种第二金属预涂层14沉积于该金属层上,接着是最终的介电层16。此第二金属预涂层也可包括镍-铬合金(如上针对第一预涂层所述),但更优选包括Ni-CrNx的薄膜。第二预涂层的厚度和第一预涂层相同。
第二介电层优选包括用圆筒形磁控管反应溅射形成的氮化硅。该层厚度在200-500
左右,更优选400-450
左右。虽然每一薄膜中氮化硅的相对比例应当调节到使折射率的优选范围为1.98-2.08(550nm)左右,但也可使用上述复合膜。使用复合膜时,其厚度应为300-500
左右,优选400-450
,然而,无论使用氮化硅还是复合材料作第二介电层,最优选的情况是该层所呈现的内应力应该低。据发现通过降低第二介电层的内应力,生产出一种硬度极高且耐化学性的薄膜覆盖层。为对本发明的滤光板提供辅助保护,可在图1的滤光板上施以塑料层叠物。参见1990年10月23日授予Young等人的USP4,965,121,在此引入作为参考。
用直流磁控管沉积预涂层、金属层和介电层。此介电层用旋转圆筒形磁控管直流反应溅射制得关于适宜于用介电材料沉积基板的圆筒形磁控管的说明载于1991年9月10日授予Wolfe等人的USP5,047,131之中,此内容以参见形式并入本说明书中。
其中靶材是镍合金的圆筒形或平板型磁控管可用于在含氮和氩等惰性气体的气氛中反应溅射Ni-CrNx膜。在有代表性的直流溅射温度下,镍不形成氮化物。(无氮气时,反而会沉积出含镍和铬的膜)。也可用其中的一个阴极有镍靶,另一阴极有铬靶的双阴极磁控管进行反应溅射Ni-CrNx膜来沉积Ni-CrNx膜。
就此金属层而论,也已发现,相对于其中不含氮或在基本含纯氮的气氛中溅射银得到的滤光板而言,在含部分氮的气氛中溅射的银金属层使生产出的干涉滤光板耐环境性和光学性质得到改善。
用可旋转的双圆筒形磁控管沉积的氮化硅作为第二介电层时,据发现通过使每一阴极的磁性组件成锐角,可以降低氮化硅层的内应力,图2示出的是置于真空室22中的有双阴极20A和20B的磁控管的剖面示意图,每一磁性组件18都有三个细长磁性件24,26和28的“W”字形结构。此永磁性元件形成一种代表可旋转的圆筒形磁控管的不对称体系,阴极20A的磁性组件按约45°的锐角α1取向,这样当基板21进入沉积室时使溅射材料正对着它。同样,阴极20B的磁性组件也是按约45°的锐角α2来取向。每个角α1或α2的取值范围可独立地约为20-60°,更优选约30-50°,最优选45°左右。每一阴极距基板约2.5英寸(6.35cm),而且阴极20A的中心距阴极20B的中心约8.5英寸(21.59cm)。这样沉积的氮化硅层的内应力约为该磁性组件相对于基板成直角时生产出氮化硅层的1/4。没有必要非用双圆筒形阴极作反应溅射Si3N4不可,但是如使用单阴极的话,应当优选在基板向阴极20A移动的条件下使用阴极。
也可用图2所示的设备反应共溅射SiZrN等复合膜。例如,一个阴极可以有硅靶,另一阴极可有锆靶。
实验结果
具有图1所示结构的低热辐射系数干涉滤光板包括玻璃基板、二氧化钛第一介电层、镍/氮化铬预涂层、银金属层和氮化硅第二介电层,它是用在线磁控管系统制备的。该系统由串联设置的五个溅射源组成,每个溅射源沉积该滤光板五层中的一层。第二、第三和第四溅射源包括置于真空室中,分别用于溅射第一预涂层、金属层和第二预涂层的平板型磁控管。该平板磁控管各包括一个HRC-3000型单元,是由受让人分支单位(Airco Coating Technology)制造的。第一和第五溅射源各包括有一个有双靶的沉积介电层用圆筒形磁控管。每一圆筒形磁控管各包括C-MagTM3000型双阴极,该磁控管也是Airco制造的。
用惰性气体调节每一圆筒形磁控管的靶,其后通入工艺气体,直至达到所要求的分压为止。在此时操作工艺,直至过程达到稳定。然后把基板送入第一圆筒形磁控管的涂复区并施涂薄膜。所用基板为钠钙玻璃。
对于沉积含二氧化钛的第一介电层而言,磁控管采用一对钛靶。众所周知,TiO2是溅射工艺中产生的氧化钛的主要形式。然而,据认为也产生其他形式的氧化物。另有说明除外,TiO2将代表所产生的所有形式的氧化钛。由于TiO2的折射率为2.50(550nm),所以它特别适宜作第一介电层。与使用氮化硅制成的相比,使用TiO2将导致干涉滤光板的透过率提高大约2%。氩是惰性气体,氧是反应气体。
如用图2所示的圆筒形磁控管反应溅射氮化硅作为第二介电层时,用氩作惰性气体,氮作反应气体。也可使用其他惰性气体。(所有形式的氮化硅均用Si3N4代表)。通过由氮化物到金属的转变测定该气体的分压。实验尽可能接近这种转变。用惯常设备控制溅射气体的压力和流速。由于纯硅的导电性如此之低以致不适宜用直流溅射,所以每一硅靶均浸渍或掺杂以少量铝。每一阴极的磁组件均按与法线成约45°角来定位。用氮作溅射气体时,覆盖层含铝和硅的氮化物混合物。所有这些组分均是相当硬的且形成一层起强阻挡层作用的无定形膜。然而,该膜中的铝量对形成所需的硅基复合膜并无影响。业已发现形成氮化硅的化学计量成分比例与Si3N4的3∶4理论比值接近。
用有镍-铬合金靶的平板型磁控管沉积每一Ni-CrNx膜预涂层。所用镍-铬合金约包括80%镍和20%铬。气体混合物约含60%氮和40%氩。用镍-铬合金靶溅射的镍不氮化,但溅射的铬却明显氮化。这样生产的膜是无定形的、耐化学性的、导电的且极硬和耐用。据发现,对于本发明的薄膜干涉滤光板来说,用Ni-CrNx时,预涂层能够比使用NiCr的薄40%左右,而且此滤光板仍保持同样的耐用性。此外,通过减小第一和/或第二金属预涂层的厚度,干涉滤光板对可见光的总的透光性增加。然而,据发现由于预涂层较薄的干涉预光板不能通过盐水喷雾试验和/或湿气试验,所以对可能经受恶劣环境的干涉滤光板而言,每一Ni-CrNx预涂层的厚度应至少为8
左右。为了避免溅射过厚的金属预涂层,在磁控管设备的真空室中应设置挡板或隔板以阻止部分溅射材料及控制在基板上的沉积速率。
对于沉积银金属层来说,使带银靶的平板型磁控管。在含60%氮和40%氩的气氛中进行溅射。
表1列出了用在线磁控管系统沉积本发明滤光板的代表性工艺数据。建议此系统中H2O的分压小于或等于10-7乇。用惯常手段,其中包括用meisner蛇管冷凝水或用高真空泵可实现此目的。其他措施包括用氮气反冲该体系8-12小时后再于1μ左右的压力下进行反应溅射。
在溅射工艺中加入氮通过碰撞电离产生额外的原子氮,据发现加入氮也减少在阴极靶上的电弧量,这明显地导致了沉积膜均匀性的改善。
对本发明滤光板的光学性质及机械和化学耐用性同现有技术的滤光板进行了对比。所试验的代表本发明的干涉滤光板由覆盖于3mm钠钙玻璃上的五层薄膜所组成,如图1所示。此五层厚度列于表1中,为方便起见,把此种结构记作玻璃/TiO2/Ni-CrNx/Ag/Ni-CrNx/Si3N4并在下文称作“本发明滤光板”。同样,把公知的三种滤光板结构(记作对比滤光板Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ)分别是:
对比滤光板Ⅰ:玻璃/Si3N4/NiCr/Ag/NiCr/Si3N4
对比滤光板Ⅱ:玻璃/Zno2/Ag/Ti/Zno2/TiO2
对比滤光板Ⅲ:玻璃/SnO2/Ag/Zn/SnO2/TiO2
实验步骤和结果列于下表。
表 2
光学性质
性质 本发明 对比 对比
滤光板 滤光板I 滤光板II
%T(可见),空气中 82 76 83
%T(阳光),空气中 63 62 66
%Rg,空气中 6 8 10
%Rg,阳光空气中 16 12.5 17
'a' -2.0 -2.5 -3.0
'b' 0.0 -7.5 -9.0
%Rf,空气中 4.5 4 7
%Rf,阳光空气中 19 14 18
'a' -1.5 -1.0 -3.0
'b' 0.0 -6.0 -11.0
热辐射系数 0.10 0.16 0.10
(相干红外能量光源(CIE)“C”的所有光学数据均按10°标准(SID)观察的)
表 3
耐用实验结果总结
实验结果 对比 对比 对比 本发明
滤光板I 滤光板II 滤光板III 滤光板
湿度 9.9 7.6 7.0 9.9
盐水喷雾 9.2 1.2 1.3 8.7
UV 9.7 9.4 9.4 9.8
盐水侵蚀 9.6 1.2 1.4 9.8
NH4OH 9.6 1.2 1.3 9.6
NaOH 10.0 9.8 10.0 9.1
HCl 9.6 1.2 1.3 8.6
H2SO410.0 1.2 1.8 9.9
泰伯 9.5 1.7 0.3 8.2
用EDS(电子色散分光法)对镍-铬合金靶沉积的Ni-CrNx膜的化学计量进行分析,分析结果示于图3中。该光谱表明约同样量的铬和氮结合到Ni-CrNx膜中。同基本是镍-铬合金膜相反,将Ni-CrNx膜用于一个或两个金属预涂层的优点示于图4,该图为不同薄膜干涉滤光板的透过率和光波长的关系曲线图。曲线31是上述除第一和第二金属预涂层每层约16
厚外实验的代表本发明干涉滤光板的透过率曲线。与之相比,曲线32为除预涂层每层包括约32
厚的镍-铬合金外,为具有相同组成的本发明的干涉滤光板的透过率曲线。很明显,曲线31代表的含有Ni-CrNx的滤光板在可见区呈现更高的透光性。
据发现,在含氮的气氛中溅射银金属层的本发明干涉滤光板,其光学特性和机械耐用性均得到了改善。图5是在含不同百分率氮和氩的气氛中溅射的各100
厚银膜的透过率(Ⅰ11-C)和波长的关系曲线图。压力为4毫乇。各膜具有的热辐射率为0.10。薄膜层电阻为10欧姆/平方。很明显,百分透过率随此气氛中含氮百分率的减小而增加。此外,用惯常的mil-spec实验。使每一膜经受50粗平布擦伤,作了各薄膜的机械耐受性实验。如图5所示,实验表明在约含45-100%氮的气氛中溅射的银膜是合格的,而在含氮约低于15%的气氛中溅射的银膜不合格。在含氮15-45%左右的气氛中溅射的银膜,实验结果居中。所以,为了获得合乎要求的透过率和保持机械耐用性,氮量应在45-60%左右。
由于干涉滤光板的目的之一是保持低的热辐射水平,优选0.10或以下,所以金属层的厚度也是重要的。图6是代表本发明的有不同银金属量的本发明波光板透过率和波长的关系曲线图。很明显,相对于有80
(曲线62)或140
(曲线63)银金属层的滤光板而言,在可见区内,有120
的银金属层(曲线61)有更好的总透过率。同样,图7是有代表性的本发明滤光板的银金属层的透过率和银厚度及热辐射率的关系图。增加金属层透过率现象称作诱发透射。参见Berning等人,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,47,1957,p230。
表 4
耐用性实验记分:湿度、盐水喷雾和UV曝露实验
实验记分定义
%Rf等的改变 实验样品的平均改变
辐射记分 平均热辐射率记分
#缺陷 显微照片上缺陷的平均总面积,mm2×10-4
对比滤 对比滤 对比滤 本发明
对比滤光板I 光板II 光板III 光板的滤
II(N)° 光板
实验样品编号 5 10 2 2 3 18
温度(96小时)
%Rf的改变 0.07 0.18 0.30 1.55 0.88 0.63
Rfa的改变 0.08 0.16 0.63 -0.40 0.04 -0.70
Rfb的改变 -0.22 0.13 -0.53 0.81 0.21 -0.26
辐射记分 9.9 9.7 7.6 7.0 8.8 9.9
#缺陷 21 62 180 304 407 NA
缺陷面积 8.26 40.42 505.54 92.00 92.37 0.85
盐水喷雾(72小时)
%Rf的改变 0 0.22 薄膜 薄膜 薄膜 0.37
Rfa的改变 0.005 0.12 消失 消失 消失 -0.15
Rfb的改变 -0.19 -0.09 0.84
辐射记分 9.2 9.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 8.7
#缺陷 88 32 薄膜 薄膜 薄膜 NA
缺陷面积 12.27 56.17 消失 消失 消失 1.94
UV(120小时)
%Rf的改变 -0.10 -0.02 -0.02 -0.26 -0.02 0.65
Rfa的改变 0.28 0.10 0.23 0.39 -0.13 -0.01
Rfb的改变 -0.98 0.11 0.47 1.05 0.47 0.28
辐射记分 9.7 10.0 9.4 9.4 8.5 9.8
#缺陷 7 20 9 145 458 NA
缺陷面积 0.84 1.73 19.18 14.32 23.84 0.06
盐水喷雾实验(24小时)
辐射记分 9.6 10.0 1.2 1.4 7.9 9.8
#缺陷 9 15 薄膜 薄膜 249 NA
缺陷面积 1.24 3.31 消失 消失 52.88 1.16
对比滤光板II(N)°是为平衡反射的颜色已优选的对比滤光板II
表5
耐用性实验记分:碱浸渍实验
实验记分定义
%T等的改变 实验样品的平均改变
辐射记分 热辐射率平均记分
#缺陷 显微照片上缺陷的平均总面积,mm2×10-4
对比滤 对比滤 对比滤 本发明
对比滤光板I 光板II 光板III 光板的滤
II(N)° 光板
实验样品编号 5 10 2 2 3 18
NH4OH实验(5小时)
%T的改变 0.11 0.08 -0.87 0.11 1.37 -0.15
%Rf的改变 0.06 -0.02 0.73 -0.10 1.13 0.28
Rfa的改变 0.16 0.05 2.14 0.69 0.80 0.06
Rfb的改变 -0.05 0.62 1.63 0.74 -2.65 0.53
%Rg的改变 0.13 -0.18 0.16 -0.59 1.51 -0.61
Rga的改变 0.05 0.04 2.00 0.66 1.06 0.13
Rgb的改变 0.29 0.54 1.82 0.45 0.46 -0.10
辐射记分 9.6 9.7 1.2 1.3 1.1 9.6
#缺陷 27 52 207 56 156 NA
缺陷面积 4.71 8.52 436.33 39.07 298.54 0.82
NH4OH实验(5小时)
%T的改变 -0.05 0.01 0.14 0.16 -0.08 -0.14
%Rf的改变 -0.03 -0.02 0.03 -0.03 0.08 -0.47
Rfa的改变 0.15 0.33 0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.05
Rfb的改变 0.25 0.55 0.04 -0.01 -0.58 -0.13
%Rg的改变 -0.14 -0.20 -0.03 -0.04 0.15 -0.47
Rga的改变 0.13 0.26 0.04 -0.02 0.01 -0.02
Rgb的改变 -0.07 0.27 0.08 -0.03 -0.31 -0.22
辐射记分 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.0 9.6 9.1
#缺陷 43 64 95 161 634 NA
缺陷面积 2.31 21.34 7.08 16.93 40.85 0.52
表6
耐用性实验记分:酸浸渍实验
实验记分定义
%T的改变 实验样品的平均改变
辐射记分 平均热辐射率记分
#缺陷 显微照片上缺陷的平均计数,在200倍放大时
缺陷面积 在显微照片上缺陷的平均总面积,mm2×10-4
对比滤 对比滤 对比滤 本发明
对比滤光板I 光板II 光板III 光板的滤
II(N)° 光板
实验样品编号 5 10 2 2 3 18
HCl实验(5小时)
%T的改变 0.10 0.07 6.64 -1.49 5.03 0.11
%Rf的改变 0.07 -0.01 1.57 8.00 1.94 -0.25
Rfa的改变 -0.02 0.15 2.47 1.40 0.78 -0.03
Rfb的改变 0.14 0.49 8.01 0.90 0.66 -0.18
%Rg的改变 -0.02 -0.03 -0.11 7.51 2.36 -0.47
Rga的改变 0.02 0.14 2.79 1.29 1.00 -0.04
Rgb的改变 0.03 0.42 8.88 5.04 4.41 -0.26
辐射记分 9.6 9.9 1.2 1.3 1.1 8.6
#缺陷 66 41 薄膜 薄膜 薄膜 NA
缺陷面积 5.85 4.92 消失 消失 消失 1.12
H2SO4实验(5小时)
%T的改变 0.06 0.02 6.60 0.77 1.77 0.16
%Rf的改变 -0.07 0.05 1.57 4,41 3.32 -0.49
Rfa的改变 0.21 0.03 2.49 1.08 1.85 0.01
Rfb的改变 -1.25 0.17 7.98 2.19 2.71 -0.34
%Rg的改变 0.33 -0.01 0.02 5.65 3.93 -0.47
Rga的改变 0.03 0.01 2.76 0.44 2.05 -0.06
Rgb的改变 0.17 0.52 8.93 4.57 6.57 -0.20
辐射记分 10.0 10.0 1.2 1.8 1.4 9.9
#缺陷 85 40 薄膜 65 薄膜 NA
缺陷面积 5.45 5.26 消失 616.88 消失 0.23
表7
耐火性实验记分:泰伯实验
泰伯实验,50转。
擦伤分 ∧%T ∧%模糊
本发明滤光板
平均值 8.2 -0.08 0.33
SD 0.66 0.66 0.38
对比滤光板I
样品1 平均值 9.5 1.5 0.35
SD1.2 1.2 .21
样品2 平均值 9.4 0.4 0.26
SD .2 .3 .13
对比滤光板II
平均值 1.7 2.2 0.97
SD 1.3 2.0 .13
对比滤光板III
平均值 0.3 4.6 1.34
SD .3 1.0 .33
对比滤光板II(N)
平均值 1.6 4.5 1.55
SD .9 2.8 .19
1SD=标准偏差
表8
实验条件和记分步骤
A 湿度实验 曝露于60℃的相对湿度为95%的潮湿
小室中96小时
B 盐水喷雾实验 于95-98°F下,20%盐水喷雾
72小时
C 紫外光照射实验 曝置120小时;每一循环为4小时曝置
于紫外线下,4小时冷凝
D 盐水侵蚀实验 将1%(重量计)的NaCl溶液施于垂直放
置于样品薄膜一侧的方滤纸上,把该样品
放在温度恒定的环境下24小时。
对经A、B、C和D实验的样品评价
1.选择有代表性区域,采用点格搜索方法,用放大200倍的显微照片测定缺陷面积。用下面式子计算缺陷分:
缺陷分=10-0.5(%缺陷面积)
2.为说明金属层的腐蚀,实验前后测定每一样品的热辐射率。
用下述式子计算按热辐射率变化的辐射率分:
辐射率分=10(开始的辐射/实验辐射)
对经A、B和C实验的样品的评价
3.测定膜侧反射率和颜色的变化。(注:由于在这些实验中,未保护的玻璃侧腐蚀严重,所以不可能在实验后对玻璃侧的反射率或透射进行比较)
E NH4OH实验 室温下,把样品浸于盛有0.5N NH4OH溶液的密闭容器中5小时。
F NaOH碱实验 室温下,将样品浸于有0.1N NaOH溶液的密闭容器中5小时。
G 盐酸实验 室温下,把样品浸于盛有0.1N HCl溶液的密闭容器中5小时。
H H2SO4酸实验 室温下,把样品浸于盛有0.1N H2SO4溶液的密闭容器中5小时。
I HNO3酸实验 室温下,把样品浸于盛有0.1N NHO3溶液的密闭容器中5小时。
用下述方法评价经E、F、G、H和I实验的样品
1.选择有代表性的区域,采用点格*搜索法用200倍放大的显微照片测定缺陷面积,用下式计算缺陷分:
缺陷分=10-0.5(%缺陷面积)
2.测定每一样品的热辐射率,表征金属层的腐蚀,用下式计算按热辐射率变化的辐射率分:
热辐射率分=10(开始辐射/实验辐射)
3.测定透过率以及薄膜和玻璃两侧的反射率和颜色上的变化。
J 泰伯磨耗 在泰伯磨耗机上使样品经历总计50转处理,使用标准500克重和CS-10F轮
按下述方法对经J实验的样品进行评价
1.在泰伯径迹上选择有代表性的区域,进行50倍放大的显微照相,在此显微照片上划出4个一平方英寸的区域并数出每个方块上的刮伤数,对此4个区域的刮伤数进行平均,把此平均刮伤数代入下面的式子得到0分(1平方英寸上刮伤数大于55的)、10分(无刮伤),计算方法如下:
泰伯分=10-[(平均刮伤数#)×(0.18)]
2.透过率是在四个地方测定磨耗面积并将结果进行平均。用此平均透过率,计算相对于未磨耗区域透过率的变化。
点格搜索法*(参见在A、B、C和D实验中的样品评价)
在显微照片上随机放置0.5mm间隔的10×10的网格,在某缺陷内的每一交叉点记作1分,处在边界上的点记作0.5分。数出网格中的总分。重复此过程直至放置网格并数4次为止。然后用下述式子计算%缺陷面积:
%缺陷面积=总缺陷点数/总点数(400)×100
虽然本发明是就优选实施方案描述的,然而应当理解为本发明的保护范围将由所附的权利要求的全部范围确定。
Claims (10)
1、一种薄膜干涉滤光板,依次包括透明基板、基本上透明的第一介电层、第一金属预涂层、部分反射金属层、第二金属预涂层和基本上透明的第二介电层,其特征在于所说第一金属预涂层包括镍和铬或氮化铬,而且所说第二金属预涂层包括镍和氮化铬。
2、一种根据权利要求1的薄膜干涉滤光板,其中所说第二介电层包括氮化硅。
3、一种根据权利要求1的薄膜干涉滤光板,其中所说第二介电层包括氮化硅及从由氮化锆、氮化钛和氮化铪组成的一组氮化物中选出的一种或多种其他氮化物的复合物。
4、一种根据权利要求1、2或3的薄膜干涉滤光板,其中所说的第一介电层具有的折射率约1.5-2.5。
5、一种根据上述任一项权利要求的薄膜干涉滤光板,其中所说第一介电层包括从由氮化硅、氮化钛、氮化铪、氮化铝和氮化锆组成的一组氮化物中选出的一种氮化物。
6、一种根据上述任一项权利要求的薄膜干涉滤光板,其中所说的部分反射金属层是从由银、金、铜和铂组成的一组金属中选出的金属。
8、一种根据上述任一项权利要求的薄膜干涉滤光板,其中所说的第一金属层包括镍和氮化铬,所说的第二金属预涂层厚度约0.5-2nm(5-20
),和其中所说的金属层是银。
9、一种在透明基板上制备耐久薄膜干涉滤光板的方法,所说方法依次包括下述步骤:
在所说基板上沉积基本上透明的第一介电层;沉积第一金属预涂层;沉积部分反射金属层;沉积第二金属预涂层;和沉积基本上
透明的第二介电层,其特征在于所说的第一金属预涂层包括镍和铬或氮化锆,所说的第二金属涂层是于含氮气氛中用反应溅射镍-铬合金靶沉积的。
10、一种根据权利要求9的方法,其中所说的部分反射金属层包括在含氮的气氛中由溅射铝靶沉积的银。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2625079B2 (ja) | 1997-06-25 |
US5563734A (en) | 1996-10-08 |
ATE186991T1 (de) | 1999-12-15 |
AU678207B2 (en) | 1997-05-22 |
EP0622645A1 (en) | 1994-11-02 |
DE69421746D1 (de) | 1999-12-30 |
EP0622645B1 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
JPH06347640A (ja) | 1994-12-22 |
ES2139050T3 (es) | 2000-02-01 |
CA2120875A1 (en) | 1994-10-29 |
CA2120875C (en) | 1999-07-06 |
DE69421746T2 (de) | 2000-07-06 |
AU5934994A (en) | 1994-11-03 |
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