CN109627011B - 一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法及多孔陶瓷 - Google Patents
一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法及多孔陶瓷 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109627011B CN109627011B CN201811522004.0A CN201811522004A CN109627011B CN 109627011 B CN109627011 B CN 109627011B CN 201811522004 A CN201811522004 A CN 201811522004A CN 109627011 B CN109627011 B CN 109627011B
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Abstract
本发明涉及陶瓷领域,具体公开了一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法及多孔陶瓷,具体披露了如下步骤:(1)制备悬浮凝胶注模浆料,将有机单体、交联剂、分散剂及去离子水先混合,然后将陶瓷粉体加入,制备成固含量为35~60%的悬浮凝胶注模浆料;(2)将成孔剂进行浸泡后,制成模板;(3)将催化剂和引发剂加入到步骤1中的浆料,然后将该浆料注入到模板中,待凝胶后脱模得到生坯;(4)干燥后的生坯先脱脂,后烧结,得到具同心孔的多孔陶瓷。本发明申请的工艺能够制备出同心孔的多孔陶瓷,使得多孔陶瓷的比表面积较大,适用于过滤和催化剂载体。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及陶瓷领域,具体涉及一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法及多孔陶瓷。
背景技术
多孔陶瓷材料是以刚玉砂、碳化硅、堇青石等优质原料为主料、经过成型和高温烧结工艺制备的一种具有开孔孔径、高开口气孔率的一种陶瓷材料、具有耐高温,高压、抗酸、碱和有机介质腐蚀,良好的生物惰性、可控的孔结构及高的开口孔隙率、使用寿命长、产品再生性能好等优点,可以适用于各种介质的精密过滤与分离、高压气体排气消音及电解隔膜等。其有如下特性:一是气孔率高,多孔陶瓷的重要特征是具有中较多的均匀可控的气孔。气孔有开口气孔和闭口气孔之分,开口气孔具有过滤、吸收、吸附、消除回声等作用,而闭口气孔则有利于阻隔热量和声音等。二是强度高,多孔陶瓷材料一般由金属氧化物、二氧化硅、碳化硅等经过高温煅烧而成,这些材料本身具有较高的强度。
多孔陶瓷是一种新型陶瓷材料,也称为气孔功能陶瓷,它是成型后经高温烧成,体内具有大量彼此相通或闭合气孔的陶瓷材料。根据成孔方法和空隙,多孔陶瓷可分为:泡沫陶瓷、蜂窝陶瓷、粒状陶瓷,其对应气孔率如下:
多孔陶瓷 | 泡沫陶瓷 | 蜂窝陶瓷 | 粒状陶瓷 |
气孔率/% | 80-90 | 70 | 30-50 |
多孔陶瓷材料由于其独特的多孔结构而体积密度小、比表面积高、热导率低,加之陶瓷材料本身特有的耐高温、强度高、化学稳定性好等特点,目前已广泛应用于环保、节能、化工、冶炼、食品、制药、生物医疗等多个领域。主要应用于下列8个方面,
1.多孔陶瓷材料用于过滤与分离装置
如多孔过滤陶瓷管,多孔陶瓷的板状或管状制品组成的过滤装置具有过滤面积大、过滤效率高的特点。被广泛应用于水的净化处理、油类的分离过滤以及有机溶液、酸碱溶液、其它粘性液体和压缩空气、焦炉煤气、蒸气、甲烷、乙炔等气体的分离。由于多孔陶瓷具有耐高温、耐磨损、耐化学腐蚀、机械强度高等优点,在腐蚀性流体、高温流体、熔融金属等应用领域,正日益显示其特有的优势。
2.多孔陶瓷材料用于吸音降噪装置
如蜂窝陶瓷吸音材料,多孔陶瓷作为吸音材料主要是利用其扩散功能,即通过多孔结构对声波引起的空气压力进行分散,达到吸音的目的。多孔陶瓷作为吸音材料要求小的孔径(20~150μm),高的气孔率(60%以上)及较高的机械强度。多孔陶瓷现在已应用于高层建筑、隧道、地铁等对防火要求极高的场所及电视发射中心、影院等有较高隔音要求的场所。
3.多孔陶瓷材料用于催化剂载体
如多孔陶瓷催化剂载体,由于多孔陶瓷具有良好的吸附能力和活性,被覆盖催化剂后,反应流体通过多孔陶瓷孔道后,将大大提高转换效率和反应速率。目前多孔陶瓷作为催化剂载体的研究重点是无机分离催化膜,它结合了多孔陶瓷材料的分离和催化特性,因而具有广泛的应用前景。
4.多孔陶瓷材料用于敏感元件
如陶瓷传感器,陶瓷传感器的湿敏和气敏元件的工作原理是,将微孔陶瓷置于气体或液体介质中时,介质中的某些成分被多孔体吸附或与之反应,这时微孔陶瓷的电位或电流会发生变化,从而测知气体或液体的成分。陶瓷传感器具有耐高温、耐腐蚀,且制造工艺简单,测试灵敏、准确等特点,可适于许多特殊场合。
5.多孔陶瓷材料用于隔膜材料
如陶瓷涂层隔膜,多孔陶瓷与液体和气体接触面积大,槽电压比一般材料低得多,故将其用于电解隔膜材料,可大大降低电解槽电压,提高电解效率,节约电能和电极材料。多孔陶瓷隔膜在化学电池、燃料电池和光化学电池中都有应用。
6.多孔陶瓷材料用于布气装置
通过多孔陶瓷材料将气体吹入固体粉料中,可使粉料处于疏松和流化状态,达到传热迅速、受热均匀的目的,加速反应速率,防止粉料团聚,适于粉料的输送、加热、干燥和冷却,特别适于水泥、石灰和氧化铝等粉料生产厂家的生产及粉料输送。
7.多孔陶瓷材料用于隔热材料
如多孔陶瓷蓄热体,多孔陶瓷由于气孔率高、密度小、热传导系数低,具有巨大的热阻及较小的体积热容,使其成为传统的保温隔热材料。高级的多孔陶瓷隔热材料可用于航天飞机外壳隔热、导弹头等。
8.多孔陶瓷材料用于生物医疗
如多孔磷酸钙生物陶瓷,在传统生物陶瓷基础上研发的多孔生物陶瓷,由于生物相容性好,理化性能稳定,无毒副作用,而被用于生物医疗领域。用多孔陶瓷制作的牙齿及其它植入体均已用于临床。
如上所述,由于多孔陶瓷具有孔隙率高、密度低、耐高温、耐腐蚀等优点,使得多孔陶瓷具有独特的物理和化学性质,而被广泛地应用在化工,环保,能源,电子,医药,石油,生物化学等领域。多孔陶瓷这些特性来自于内部存在大量的气孔,而气孔的形状,大小及其分布等因素影响多孔陶瓷的性能和功能。因此,调控孔结构在多孔陶瓷制备中非常重要。
多孔陶瓷的制备方法主要有发泡法、模板法,骨料堆积法和造孔剂法等。造孔剂法是在陶瓷成型中添加有机或无机造孔剂,如食盐、发泡聚苯乙烯球、淀粉等,利用这些造孔剂在室温下溶解或高温下烧掉后在陶瓷体中留下孔隙来制备多孔陶瓷的。多孔陶瓷的制备通常是将成孔剂法与注浆成型或压制成型相结合。然而,在脱模和干燥时,生坯的强度较低而容易开裂,凝胶注模是制备陶瓷的一种新型的成型工艺,它是由美国橡树岭国家重点实验室研发的。该工艺的原理是利用有机单体在高固相含量、低粘度的陶瓷浆料中聚合时,把陶瓷颗粒原位固化,得到均匀性好、净尺寸成型的陶瓷材料。将凝胶注模工艺与成孔剂法结合,可改善传统成型方法制备的生坯,在脱模和干燥时产生的开裂等缺陷。
由于成孔剂法便于对孔形状和气孔率的控制而得到广泛应用。利用成孔剂法,可以制备出各种孔结构,如圆形,圆柱形和不规则形等。根据孔的组合形式,可分为单独孔和复合孔结构。单独孔通常是对造孔剂外形的复制。复合孔结构中包含两种以上孔结构或特征,这种孔结构具有高比表面积,有利于多孔陶瓷用作催化剂载体。虽然关于复合孔结构已有报道,但是它的规整度较差。同心孔结构具有较高的规整度,而且孔的内部仍包含孔。这不仅增加了孔的表面积,而且也可以满足多重过滤的要求。然而,几乎没有同心孔的研究报道。因此,利用凝胶注模工艺,开发一种多孔陶瓷,使其具有同心孔结构,不仅能够满足催化剂载体对高比面积多孔碳化硅陶瓷的需求,而且还能够满足多重过滤功能的要求。这是加大多孔陶瓷在催化和过滤等领域中应用的关键。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法及多孔陶瓷,由该方法制得的同心孔结构多孔陶瓷不仅具有高比面积,而且还具有多重孔结构。
为达此目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法,按如下步骤进行:
Step1.制备悬浮凝胶注模浆料
将有机单体、交联剂、分散剂和适量去离子水混合后,进行机械搅拌,形成预混液;然后,将陶瓷粉体加入到所述预混液中,利用球磨机进行混磨,得到固含量为35~60%的悬浮凝胶注模浆料;
Step2.成孔剂的预处理
将适量的成孔剂放在水中或上述步骤1中的悬浮凝胶注模浆料中进行浸泡,使其完全吸涨;取出吸涨后的成孔剂,在空气中阴干至表面无水分,然后将成孔剂排布成模板;
Step3.凝胶注模成型
将步骤1中制备的浆料中,加入适量的引发剂,充分搅拌至均匀,然后加入适量的催化剂,充分反应,搅拌至均匀,将混合浆料倒入到步骤2中排布的模板中,待坯体完成凝胶后脱模;
Step4坯体的干燥与烧结
将上述步骤3中得到的坯体在室温下干燥后,再送入到干燥箱内,在温度为50~100℃干燥,得到干坯体;然后将干坯体放入烧结炉中,先在300~500℃升温对其进行脱脂操作,再进一步升温至1400~1550℃进行烧结,保温一定时间后,得到同心的多孔陶瓷。
3.进一步地,所述步骤1中的陶瓷粉体、有机单体、交联剂及分散剂按如下配比进行制备:陶瓷粉体100份,有机单体1~10份,交联剂0.1~5份及分散剂0.1~5份。
进一步地,所述陶瓷粉体选自氧化铝、碳化硅、堇青石、莫来石、二氧化锆、二氧化钛、氧化锌、氮化铝、氮化硼、氮化硅、碳化锆、硼化锆、碳化铪、碳化钛、氧化铍、氧化硅、磷酸钙、羟基磷酸钙和氧化镁中的一种或两种或三种组份。
进一步地,所述有机单体选自丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、丙基丙烯酰胺、乙烯基吡咯烷酮、甲基丙烯酸乙酯及苯乙烯中的一种。
进一步地,所述交联剂为亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、二丙烯基酒石酸二酰胺或丙烯基丙烯酸甲酯中的一种。
进一步地,所述催化剂为N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺。
进一步地,所述分散剂为羧甲基纤维素钠、羟丙基甲基纤维素、聚乙二醇、或吐温系列表面活性剂中的一种。
进一步地,所述成孔剂为吸涨性成孔剂,所述吸涨性成孔剂包括植物种子,蛋白质,干凝胶和吸涨树脂。
进一步地,所述步骤4中,保温时间为1~6小时。
一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷,由上述的方法制备而成。
本发明的有益效果为:本发明申请的工艺方法,能够制备出同心孔的多孔陶瓷,使得多孔陶瓷的比表面积大,适用于过滤和催化剂载体。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例1所制备样品的形貌图。
其中,(a)是本发明制备多孔碳化硅复合陶瓷的光学图;
(b)为复合陶瓷中单个孔中的同心孔结构SEM图;
(c)同心孔结构中表面的SEM图;
(d)同心孔结构内部孔壁的SEM图;
(e)内部孔壁厚的SEM图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图并通过具体实施方式来进一步说明本发明的技术方案。
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明实施例,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1:
一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法,由以下重量份的物质组成:D50为37.6μm的碳化硅粉体60份、D50为3.5μm的氧化铝粉体为40份,浸泡后的小米40份、丙烯酰胺为4份,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺0.4份,过硫酸铵为0.015份,分散剂为0.3份。
将上述配比,按下列步骤实施:
(1)将碳化硅粉体、氧化铝粉体、丙烯酰胺,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和分散剂加水混合均匀,在行星球磨5h,制备固相含量为45vol.%的稳定悬浮液。
(2)将小米浸泡在水中,使它完全吸涨且表面微微粉化时,取出并在空气中阴干至表面无水分。然后将处理后的小米做成模板,将制备的稳定的悬浮液注入模板中,待浆料凝固后得到生坯。再将生坯在25℃干燥6h,然后在90℃干燥12h。
(3)将生坯放入高温烧结炉中,并在240℃的条件下低温碳化2h,将得到的低温碳化的坯体在1450℃烧结3h,获得同心孔结构碳化硅多孔陶瓷。
本实施例的同心孔结构碳化硅多孔陶瓷的气孔率为57.3-62.1%,抗弯强度为6.9-8.5MPa。
本实施例通过各项检测的图谱具体状态如图1所示。
实施例2:
一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷,由以下重量份的物质组成:D50为37.6μm的碳化硅粉体95份、D50为3.5μm的氧化铝粉体为5份,浸泡后的高粱米42份、丙烯酰胺为5份,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺0.5份,过硫酸铵为0.015份,分散剂为0.3份。
将上述配比,按下列步骤实施:
(1)将碳化硅粉体、氧化铝粉体、丙烯酰胺,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和分散剂加水混合均匀,在行星球磨4h,制备固相含量为45vol.%的稳定悬浮液。
(2)将高粱米浸泡在悬浮液中,使它完全吸涨且表面粉化时,取出并在空气中阴干至表面无水分。然后将处理后的高粱米做成模板,将制备的稳定的悬浮液注入模板中,待浆料凝固后获得生坯。再将生坯在30℃干燥5h,然后在100℃干燥10h。
(2)将生坯放入高温烧结炉中,并在240℃的条件下低温碳化2h,获得低温碳化坯体。再将它在1500℃烧结2h,获得同心孔结构碳化硅多孔陶瓷。
本实施例的同心孔结构碳化硅多孔陶瓷的气孔率为59.2-62.3%,抗弯强度为7.9-9.2MPa。
实施例3:
一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷,由以下重量份的物质组成:D50为3.5μm的氧化铝粉体97份、D50为2.3μm的氧化镁粉体为3份,浸泡后的绿豆42份、丙烯酰胺为6份,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺0.6份,过硫酸铵为0.02份,分散剂为0.2份。
将上述配比,按下列步骤实施:
(1)将氧化铝粉体、氧化镁粉体、甲基丙烯酰胺,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和分散剂加水混合均匀,行星球磨4h,制备固相含量为50vol.%的稳定悬浮液。
(2)将绿豆浸泡在悬浮液中,使它完全吸涨且表面微微粉化时,取出并在空气中阴干至表面无水分。然后将浸泡后的绿豆做成模板,将制备的稳定的悬浮液注入模板中,待浆料凝固后获得生坯。再将生坯在25℃干燥6h,然后在100℃干燥8h。
(2)将生坯放入高温烧结炉中,并在240℃的条件下低温碳化2h,获得低温碳化坯体。再将它在1500℃烧结2h,获得同心孔结构氧化铝多孔陶瓷。
本实施例的同心孔结构氧化铝多孔陶瓷的气孔率为61-65.2%,抗弯强度为6.8-8.6MPa。
实施例4
一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷,由以下重量份的物质组成:莫来石粉体70份、氧化锆粉体为30份,浸泡后的红豆种子45份、丙烯酰胺为7份,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺0.8份,过硫酸铵为0.02份,分散剂为0.2份。
将上述配比,按下列步骤实施:
(1)将莫来石粉体、氧化锆粉体、甲基丙烯酰胺,亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和分散剂加水混合均匀,行星球磨4h,制备固相含量为50vol.%的稳定悬浮液。
(2)将去皮的红豆种子浸泡在悬浮液中,使它完全吸涨且表面微微粉化时,取出并在空气中阴干至表面无水分。然后将浸泡后的去皮红豆种子做成模板,将制备的稳定的悬浮液注入模板中,待浆料凝固后获得生坯。再将生坯在25℃干燥5h,然后在100℃干燥10h。
(2)将生坯放入高温烧结炉中,并在240℃的条件下低温碳化2h,获得低温碳化坯体。再将它在1450℃烧结3h,获得同心孔结构莫来石-氧化锆多孔陶瓷。
本实施例的同心孔多孔陶瓷的气孔率为62.1-67.6%,抗弯强度为6.5-7.9MPa。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,其目的在于让熟悉此项技术的人士能够了解本发明的内容并据以实施,并不能以此限制本发明的保护范围。凡根据本发明精神实质所作的等效变化或修改或者替换,如采用注浆成型法,冰冻干燥成型法等来替代本发明具体实施之中的凝胶注模成型法,这是该领域的一般技术人员能够直接利用现有技术直接按照本工艺方法原理能够实现的,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,按如下步骤进行,
步骤1.制备悬浮凝胶注模浆料
将有机单体、交联剂、分散剂和适量去离子水混合后,进行机械搅拌,形成预混液;然后,将陶瓷粉体加入到所述预混液中,利用球磨机进行混磨,得到固含量为35~60vol.%的悬浮凝胶注模浆料;
步骤2.成孔剂的预处理
将适量的成孔剂放在上述步骤1中的悬浮凝胶注模浆料中进行浸泡,使其完全吸涨;取出吸涨后的成孔剂,在空气中阴干至表面无水分,然后将成孔剂排布成模板;
步骤3.凝胶注模成型
将步骤1中制备的浆料中,加入适量的引发剂,充分搅拌至均匀,然后加入适量的催化剂,充分反应,搅拌至均匀,将混合浆料倒入到步骤2中排布的模板中,待坯体完成凝胶后脱模;
其中,所述引发剂为过硫酸铵;
步骤4.坯体的干燥与烧结
将上述步骤3中得到的坯体在室温下干燥后,再送入到干燥箱内,在温度为50~100℃干燥,得到干坯体;然后将干坯体放入烧结炉中,先在300~500℃升温对其进行脱脂操作,再进一步升温至1400~1550℃进行烧结,保温一定时间后,得到具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷;
其中,所述步骤1中的陶瓷粉体、有机单体、交联剂及分散剂按如下配比进行制备:陶瓷粉体100份,有机单体1~10份,交联剂0.1~5份及分散剂0.1~5份;
步骤2中,所述成孔剂为吸涨性成孔剂,所述吸涨性成孔剂为植物种子;
步骤3中,所述催化剂为N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺;
步骤4中,保温时间为1~6小时。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,所述陶瓷粉体选自氧化铝、碳化硅、堇青石、莫来石、二氧化锆、二氧化钛、氧化锌、氮化铝、氮化硼、氮化硅、碳化锆、硼化锆、碳化铪、碳化钛、氧化铍、氧化硅、磷酸钙、羟基磷酸钙和氧化镁中的两种组分。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,所述有机单体选自丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、丙基丙烯酰胺、乙烯基吡咯烷酮、甲基丙烯酸乙酯及苯乙烯中的一种。
4.如权利要求3所述的一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,所述交联剂为亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、二丙烯基酒石酸二酰胺和丙烯基丙烯酸甲酯中的一种。
5.如权利要求4所述的一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,所述分散剂为羧甲基纤维素钠、羟丙基甲基纤维素、聚乙二醇和吐温表面活性剂中的一种。
6.一种具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷,其特征在于,由上述权利要求1~5的任一项所述的具有同心孔的多孔陶瓷的制备方法制备而成。
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