CN109365606A - 一种耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法 - Google Patents
一种耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000797 Ultra-high-strength steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- KFZAUHNPPZCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron zinc Chemical compound [Fe].[Zn] KFZAUHNPPZCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910018134 Al-Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018467 Al—Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KMWBBMXGHHLDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Si] Chemical compound [AlH3].[Si] KMWBBMXGHHLDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel zinc Chemical compound [Ni].[Zn] QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/02—Stamping using rigid devices or tools
- B21D22/022—Stamping using rigid devices or tools by heating the blank or stamping associated with heat treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0205—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
- C22C18/04—Alloys based on zinc with aluminium as the next major constituent
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
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Abstract
一种耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,包括如下步骤:1)将钢板或钢带输送至高于Ac3的加热炉中,将钢板或钢带完全奥氏体化并保温1‑3分钟;2)钢板或钢带离开加热炉进入成型模具前根据镀层厚度不同,施加不同冷却方式:镀层单面重量≤50g/m2,转移至成型模具之前只需空气冷却;镀层单面重量>50g/m2,转移至成型模具之前进行气雾或水雾预冷,将钢板以大于30℃/s的冷却速度冷却至700℃以下;3)将钢板或钢带快速转移至模具中进行热冲压成形,转移时间不超过1分钟,热冲压成形温度控制在400~650℃。钢板或钢带热冲压后抗拉强度大于1500MPa,同时避免元件中由于局部应力和LME导致的基板裂纹。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及汽车用钢,特别涉及一种耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,主要应用于制造汽车B柱、车门防撞梁、保险杠等结构件部件。
背景技术
汽车“轻量化”可直接减少排放,降低油耗,是当今汽车制造业发展的目标。高强钢和超高强度的应用成为汽车制造领域的主流发展趋势之一,但由于超高强度钢板在进行冷加工时易出现形状不良、加工成形载荷高、回弹量大等问题,影响超高强度钢板的使用,因此热冲压成形是实现超高强钢制件的一种重要方式。
现有的热冲压成形方法主要有两种,即直接热冲压和间接热冲压。直接热冲压方法中,钢板被加热至比奥氏体化温度更高的温度,并保温一定时间使钢板达到完全奥氏体化。之后,将加热的钢板转移至成型模具并且在其中以一步成型工艺成形为成品元件并同时借助于模具的冷却(模具的冷却速度大于钢板的临界冷却速度)实现淬硬。
间接热冲压方法中,首先以多步骤成型工艺,将元件成型至几乎完全完成(一般是预成形90%)。再将几乎已成型的元件放到加热炉中加热至完全奥氏体化并保温一段时间。之后将加热的元件转移到元件最终尺寸的成型模具中,这里需要特别注意的是需考虑到预先成型的元件的热膨胀。在具体的冷却模具结束后,预先成型的元件在模具中以大于临界冷却速度的冷速冷却从而达到硬化。
传统的无镀层热冲压件在加热过程中会引起冲压钢板表面脱碳和氧化起皮。为避免热冲压钢板表面的氧化和脱碳,使热冲压钢板具备耐高温性和耐腐蚀性,目前已开发出适合于热冲压钢用的镀层技术。目前热冲压镀层主要由铝硅镀层(Al-10Si)镀层、热镀纯锌(GI)镀层、合金化锌铁(GA)镀层和电镀锌镍(Zn-10Ni)镀层等。
而在直接热冲压过程中,能提供阴极腐蚀保护的锌基镀层热冲压用钢,由于LME的作用会导致钢板基体中产生微裂纹(10um至100um),甚至可延伸至整个板厚方向的宏观裂纹,因此阻碍了锌基热冲压镀层钢板的应用及发展。使用间接热冲压工艺在随后的成型后淬硬过程中,可减少基体裂纹的数量,但同样无法避免裂纹,同时提高了零件的生产成本。正因为如此,迄今为止,亚洲无锌基镀层的热冲压用钢应用,而偏爱使用铝/硅镀层。但铝/硅镀层无法提供阴极腐蚀保护,为进一步提高镀层的耐腐蚀性,镀锌材料也由纯锌向锌合金方向发展。自从Inland Steel关于在Zn中适量添加Al和Mg进一步具有良好的耐腐蚀性的三个专利申请:德国专利GB1125965A、美国US3505043A和US3505042A。一直以来人们对于这种Zn-Al-Mg系镀层钢板进行各种开发研究,主要工作集中为混合其它各种添加元素,或者限制生产工艺参数来进一步改善耐腐蚀性或者使之利于制造,降低生产成本。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,所述锌系镀层钢板或钢带热冲压后抗拉强度大于1500MPa,同时避免元件中由于局部应力和LME导致的基板裂纹,适用于制造汽车B柱、车门防撞梁、保险杠等结构件部件。
为达到上述目的,本发明的技术方案是:
一种耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,其包括如下步骤:
1)将锌系镀层钢板或钢带输送至高于Ac3的加热炉中,将锌系镀层钢板或钢带完全奥氏体化并保温1-3分钟;
2)锌系镀层钢板或钢带离开加热炉进入成型模具前根据镀层厚度不同,施加不同的冷却方式:
薄镀层钢板或钢带,即镀层单面重量≤50g/m2,转移至成型模具之前只需空气冷却;
厚镀层钢板或钢带,即镀层单面重量>50g/m2,转移至成型模具之前需进行气雾或水雾冷却方式预冷,预冷过程中将钢板或钢带以大于30℃/s的冷却速度冷却至700℃以下;
3)将锌系镀层钢板或钢带快速转移至模具中进行热冲压成形,转移时间不超过1分钟,热冲压成形温度控制在400~650℃。
优选的,所述锌系镀层钢板或钢带的基体成分重量百分比为:C:0.1~0.8%、Si:0.05~2.0%、Mn:0.5~3.0%、P:0.1%以下、S:0.05%以下、Al:0.1%以下、N:0.01%以下,余量Fe和不可避免的杂质。
优选的,所述锌系镀层钢板或钢带的基体成分以质量计,还含有Cr:0.01~1.0%、Mo:0.01~1.0%、Ti:0.2%以下、Nb:0.01~0.08%、V:0.01~1.0%、B:0.005~0.08%中的至少一种。
优选的,所述锌系镀层的化学成分重量百分比为Al 0.15%-6.5%,Mg 0.2-7%,RE<0.2%,Sr 0.002-0.2%,其余为Zn和不可避免的杂质,并且所述镀层的化学成分中Mg/Al大于1.0。
优选的,所述锌系镀层内还包含Mn、Cr、Al和Mg中至少一种或一种以上,其总量大于0.1%。
在本发明锌系镀层的成分设计中:
(1)当铝含量小于0.15%时,提高镀层耐蚀性的效果不显著,当铝含量高于6.5%时,焊接性能差。
(2)当Mg含量低于0.2%时,提高耐蚀性的效果不显著,当Mg含量高于7%时,镀液表面氧化严重,产品表面质量差。
(3)当Al/Mg大于1时,在同等Al含量下,限制了Mg元素的含量,阻碍了Mg元素对镀层耐蚀性作用的发挥,单纯提高Mg元素会使得镀液表面的氧化十分严重。本发明通过添加Sr和稀土元素抑制镀液表面的氧化,因此可以在同等Al含量下提高镀液中Mg元素的含量。既控制住了表面氧化的程度又发挥了Mg元素提高镀层耐蚀性的作用。
基于本发明的研究发现,在成形阶段必须尽可能避免熔化的锌与奥氏体接触。加热炉保温后镀层状态与其镀层厚度及加热保温时间均有关。
本发明所述的热冲压成型方法步骤如下:
(1)加热:将钢板或钢带传送至到高于Ac3温度的加热炉中,并设定保温时间,使钢板或钢带完全奥氏体化;
(2)热冲压成型与模内淬火:将完全奥氏体化的钢板移动到热冲压模具上冲压成型淬火。本发明实施例中根据镀层厚度决定了钢板在加热保温后转移至模具前施加了不同的冷却方式。薄镀层(<50g/m2单面)只需要常规空气冷却,而厚镀层(≥50g/m2单面)则必须额外施加冷却,如气雾冷却或水雾冷却,其目的使钢板在低于锌层熔点的温度进行热冲压成型。厚镀层钢板的成型温度范围低于780℃,本发明优选400~650℃。热冲压成型保压时间3~15秒,冲压力为300~1000吨。热冲压成型完成后,钢板或钢带在模具中冷却,并在模具中,或从模具取出后冷却至室温,完成马氏体相变。
与现有技术相比,本发明得到的热冲压零件,性能与传统热冲压零件基本持平,但本发明可提高钢板的耐腐蚀性能,且在热冲压成形后,本工艺可避免LME导致的基板裂纹。
附图说明
图1是本发明锌基镀层热成型钢板的截面金相(无微裂纹);
图2是对比例的截面金相(有裂纹)。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明做进一步的说明。
本发明实施例参见表1。
从表1的实施例和对比例结果可见,在镀层较薄,如实施例1-3,在模具淬硬前正常空冷,均不产生微裂纹。随着镀层厚度增加,在较高的加热温度和较长的保温时间下,增加预冷工序可控制微裂纹的产生,如实施例6和10。因此,随着镀层厚度增加,想得到没有微裂纹的合格零件,需要:1)提高加热炉均热温度;2)提高加热炉中奥氏体化保温时间;3)增加预冷工序。
本发明方法针对不同镀层厚度,在进入模具成型前施加不同的冷却方式。
常规热冲压下的锌基镀层热冲压钢均会产生宏观液态金属脆性(Liquid MetalEmbrittlement LME)裂纹或者微观裂纹(如图2所示)。
本发明所述的热冲压工艺可以避免锌基镀层的热冲压钢板冲压成型的基体裂纹(参见图1),且具有更好的耐腐蚀性能,对锌基热冲压用钢的发展具有重要意义。
Claims (5)
1.一种耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,其特征是,其包括如下步骤:
1)将锌系镀层钢板或钢带输送至高于Ac3的加热炉中,将锌系镀层钢板或钢带完全奥氏体化并保温1-3分钟;所述锌系镀层钢板或钢带包括基体及其至少一个表面上的锌系镀层;
2)锌系镀层钢板或钢带离开加热炉进入成型模具前根据镀层厚度不同,施加不同的冷却方式:
薄镀层钢板或钢带,即镀层单面重量≤50g/m2,转移至成型模具之前只需空气冷却;
厚镀层钢板或钢带,即镀层单面重量>50g/m2,转移至成型模具之前需进行气雾或水雾冷却方式预冷,预冷过程中将钢板或钢带以大于30℃/s的冷却速度冷却至700℃以下;
3)将锌系镀层钢板或钢带快速转移至模具中进行热冲压成形,转移时间不超过1分钟,热冲压成形温度控制在400~650℃。
2.如权利要求1所述的耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,其特征是,所述锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成分重量百分比为:C:0.1~0.8%、Si:0.05~2.0%、Mn:0.5~3.0%、P:0.1%以下、S:0.05%以下、Al:0.1%以下、N:0.01%以下,余量Fe和不可避免的杂质。
3.如权利要求1所述的耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,其特征是,所述锌系镀层钢板或钢带的基体成分以质量计,还含有Cr:0.01~1.0%、Mo:0.01~1.0%、Ti:0.2%以下、Nb:0.01~0.08%、V:0.01~1.0%、B:0.005~0.08%中的至少一种。
4.如权利要求1所述的耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,其特征是,所述锌系镀层的化学成分重量百分比为Al 0.15%-6.5%,Mg 0.2-7%,RE<0.2%,Sr 0.002-0.2%,其余为Zn和不可避免的杂质,并且所述镀层的化学成分中Mg/Al大于1.0。
5.根据权利要求4所述的耐腐蚀性优良的锌系镀层钢板或钢带的成形方法,其特征是,所述锌系镀层内还包含Mn、Cr、Al和Mg中至少一种或一种以上,其总量大于0.1%。
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