CN1078262C - 低镍含量高拉伸延伸率的奥氏体铁素体不锈钢 - Google Patents
低镍含量高拉伸延伸率的奥氏体铁素体不锈钢 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
镍含量低而拉伸延伸率高的奥氏体铁素体不锈钢,它具体如说明书中所述。
该钢为含30%-70%奥氏体的两相组织,Cr当量/Ni当量为2.3-2.75,其中:
Cr当量=Cr%+Mo%+1.5Si%
Ni当量=Ni%+0.33Cu%+0.5Mn%+30C%+30N%。
Description
按不锈钢热处理后的金相组织将其分为几个大族。
马氏体铁素体、奥氏体及奥氏体铁素体不锈钢是已知的。
后一族包括富Cr和Ni的钢,即它们含有分别大于20%和4%的Cr、Ni含量。这些钢在950℃和1150℃间的温度下热处理后的组织由铁素体和奥氏体构成,而且此二相中的一相与另一相比例一般大于30%。
这些钢有很多实用的优点,尤其是,在退火状态下,比如在1050℃退火后,它们的机械性能,尤其是屈服应力,比退火态的铁素体和奥氏体不锈钢的高得多。另一方面,这些钢的塑性与铁素体钢的塑性为同一数量级,但比奥氏体钢的低。
奥氏体铁素体钢的优点之一涉及到焊接性能。在焊接作业之后,这些不锈钢的组织,在熔融区和热影响区,保持很高的铁素体和奥氏体构成的多相,这与奥氏体钢不同,其中的焊接区主要保留奥氏体。这就导致了焊件的高的机械性能,而当焊接组件在运行中必须承受机械应力时,这种性能是合乎需要的。
最后,某些含有细分散的奥氏体的奥氏体铁素体钢在热的慢锻时可能具有被称为超塑性的高的塑性。
这些奥氏体铁素体钢也有缺点,如,由于它们的成份中Ni含量高,由于难于制造,尤其是由于与它们的高的Cr含量的相关的在制造上的困难,如形成脆的σ相,或分离成富铁的铁素体和富Cr的铁素体而使钢在热轧后的冷却过程中变脆,所以其成本很高。
按室温下的拉伸延伸率测出的,它们的塑性不大于30%,这使该钢在用拉拔、锻造或其它工艺进行的加工变得困难。
在高于300℃,而该温度又被保持数小时以上使用这种钢时也会出现脆断。
本发明旨在开发这样一种奥氏体铁素体钢:其成份中的Ni含量低,并且它具有该奥氏体铁素体钢族的一些有益性能,而这些性能与改进总的性能是相关的。
本发明的主题是一种具有低Ni含量和高的拉伸延伸率的奥氏体铁素体不锈钢,它以以下的组成(%重量)为特征:
C<0.04%
0.4%<Si<1.2%
2%<Mn<4%
0.1%<Ni<1%
18%<Cr<22%
0.05%<Cu<4%
S<0.03%
P<0.1%
0.1%<N<0.3%
Mo<3%
该钢为两相组织,其中奥氏体占30%-70%,为此Cr当量/Ni当量在2.3-2.75之间,其中:
Cr当量=Cr%+Mo%+1.5Si%
Ni当量=Ni%+0.33Cu%+0.5Mn%+30C%+30N%,
所述钢的奥氏体稳定性受IM指数控制,IM指数是在该钢的重量组成的基础上确定的:
IM=551+805(C+N)%-8.52Si%-8.57Mn%-12.51Cr%-36Ni%-34.5Cu%-14Mo%,
IM必须在40和115之间。
本发明的其它特征是:
-该成份满足Cr当量/Ni当量在2.4和2.65的关系;
-S含量小于或等于0.0015%;
-该钢在其成份中还含0.010%-0.030%(重量)的Al;
-该钢在其成份中还含0.0005%-0.0020%(重量)的Ca;
-该钢在其成份中还含0.0005%-0.0030%(重量)的B;
-C含量小于或等于0.03%;
-N含量在0.12%-0.2%之间;
-Cr含量在19-21%之间;
-Si含量在0.5-1%之间;
-Cu含量小于3%;
-P含量小于或等于0.04%。
下面结合附图的描述将使本发明被清楚地理解,这里的描述和附图是通过非限制性的实施例给出的。
在附图中有一曲线,它展示延伸性能与IM指数的依存关系。
本发明涉及合金化元素含量低的奥氏体铁素体钢,尤其是Ni含量小于1%,Cr含量小于22%的这类钢。出于经济和生态学的原因,必须使Ni含量降低,而降低Cr含量则一方面可能使钢易于熔炼,另一方面,避免所述钢在制造和使用时脆裂。
本发明得自一个研究项目,在该项目结束时发现:使用特定的成份范围可使讨论中的钢族的拉伸延伸率得以与高屈服应力一起有特别的改进。
该钢可以模制或锻件、热轧或冷轧板、棒、管或丝的形式生产。可生产各种铸件,其成份列于表1。
该钢的成分(%重量)
D | C | B | A | A(低S) | E | F | C(低S) | G | C(低S,B) | |
C | 0.028 | 0.025 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.033 |
Si | 0.538 | 0.525 | 0.485 | 1.055 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 0.575 | 0.494 | 0.947 | 0.538 |
Mn | 3.718 | 3.747 | 3.786 | 4.073 | 3.89 | 3.99 | 3.847 | 3.825 | 5.018 | 3.758 |
Ni | 0.087 | 0.809 | 0.811 | 0.817 | 0.824 | 0.821 | 0.527 | 0.839 | 0.832 | 0.840 |
Cr | 18.9 | 19.89 | 20.71 | 21.2 | 21.19 | 20.2 | 19.01 | 19.86 | 18.96 | 19.86 |
Mo | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.211 | 0.212 | 0.211 | 0.206 | 0.210 | 0.209 |
Cu | 0.044 | 0.392 | 0.391 | 0.395 | 0.4 | 0.402 | 1.023 | 0.384 | 3.048 | 0.333 |
O | 35-37ppm | 17-19ppm | 33-37ppm | 37-38ppm | 32-32ppm | 26-28ppm | ||||
S | 34 ppm | 35 ppm | 35 ppm | 37 ppm | 6 ppm | 4 ppm | 10 ppm | 12ppm | 9 ppm | 10 ppm |
B | 14 ppm | |||||||||
P | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.016 |
Al | - | - | - | - | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.007 |
N | 0.132 | 0.15 | 0.136 | 0.17 | 0.167 | 0.166 | 0.155 | 0.143 | 0.104 | 0.136 |
V | 0.091 | 0.094 | 0.097 | 0.103 | - | 0.072 | 0.078 | 0.081 | 0.088 | 0.086 |
下面的表2列出了该钢在IM指数和Cr/Ni当量比方面的特征。
D | C | B | A | A(低S) | E | F | C(低S) | G | C(低S,B) | |
IM | 144 | 81 | 78 | 35 | 38 | 51 | 68 | 78 | 12 | 85 |
Cr当量/Ni当量 | 2.92 | 2.57 | 2.74 | 2.51 | 2.61 | 2.50 | 2.39 | 2.55 | 2.41 | 2.64 |
在短生产流程中,为得到比如厚2.2mm的热轧带钢,在从1240℃的热转变后,该钢经温度为1200℃的锻造工序。在1050℃处理此带钢,然后将它水淬。
在所谓的长流程中,在该短流程之后,可将此热轧带钢冷轧,再在1040℃处理1分钟,然后再水淬。
所有的这样产生的钢均由铁素体和奥氏体构成,但钢D除外,它还含在奥氏体冷却过程中形成的马氏体。这些钢的组织总也不含碳化物和氮化物。可以看到,用长流程生产的三种钢B、C、F时,一方面它们的断裂时的延伸率大于或等于40%,另一方面,它们的屈服应力大于450MPa而抗拉强度大于700MPa。此外钢C的屈服应力很高,而延伸率特别高。
如于此单一附图所示,按奥氏体稳定指数,如:
IM=551-805(C+N)%-8.52 Si%-8.57Mn%-12.51 Cr%-36.02Ni%-34.52Cu%-13.96Mo%。
观察到:当上述的与本发明的钢的成份相关的IM指数在40-115之间时(该值是限定延伸率大于35%的本发明钢的),这些奥氏体铁素体钢断裂时的延伸率达到最大值。按本发明所得到的钢的特征列于表3中,它展示了四种钢在热轧时,和按短流程及长流程生产时,于各种转变期中的奥氏体含量。
表3:奥氏体含量(%)钢 D C B A热轧时 37 42 33 35短流程 41 49 39 40长流程 42 52 41 43
这些奥氏体含量处于奥氏体铁素体钢所希望的30%-70%的范围内。这些钢各自的Cr当量/Ni当量比符合本发明的推荐值。
下面的表4给出了符合本发明的钢B和C及E和F以及用于对比的超出本发明范围的钢A和D的机械性能,其中B和C经受过两种制备流程,E和F经历过长制备流程。
表4:机械性能钢 屈服应力 屈服应力 延伸率A% IM 拉伸后的
(RP0.2%)(MPa) Rm(MPa) 马氏体%D 144短流程 406 804 32 - -长流程 433 855 24 - 31C 81短流程 476 757 46 - -长流程 501 817 43 - 27B 78短流程 450 668 34 - -长流程 471 714 40 - 5E 51短流程 - - - - -长流程 484 737 36 - -F 68短流程 - - - - -长流程 492 819 44 - -A 35短流程 496 718 36 - -长流程 520 773 33 - 0
可观察到:IM指数分别为78.81和68,即在40-115之间的钢B、C、F的延伸率比超出本发明的钢A和D高得多。
下面表5列出了由于1040℃拉伸对钢的影响而形成应变硬化马氏体的程度。钢 A B C D奥氏体% 43 41 52 42延伸率 25 33 37 22拉伸后的奥氏体% 43 36 25 9出现的马氏体(%) 0 5 27 31在拉伸时转变为马氏体的奥氏体的量 0 0.12 0.52 0.74
在钢B和C的情况下,有12%和52%的原始奥氏体在拉伸过程转变成马氏体,这使它们有良好的塑性;相反,钢A中的奥氏体在拉伸时未转变成马氏体,而钢D的奥氏体转变程度高,即74%,这使其塑性不足。
表6和7展示了各种钢的热拉伸性能。
测量退过火的锻钢的机械性能。它是经从1200℃的锻造锻成的。然后使该钢在1100℃的温度下退火30分钟。所用的拉伸试样是有直径8mm,长5mm的圆形截面测量部分的试样。将该试样在1200℃或1280℃预热5分钟,再以2℃/秒的速度冷却至进行拉伸的测试温度;拉伸以73m n/秒的速度进行。
表6:保持1200℃的起始温度的热拉伸时的直径收缩率(%)
钢C E F C G C
低S (低S;B)测试温度900℃ 34 42 50 46 22 49950℃ 33 43 45 46 13 471000℃ 36 44 42 49 24 531050℃ 48 - 40 49 24 531100℃ 52 - 43 54 35 591150℃ 65 - 51 58 42 621200℃ 69 - 61 68 42 65
表7:起始温度保持1280℃的热拉伸试验的直径收缩率(%)
钢A E F C(低S) C(低S;B)试验温度900℃ 33 33 37 39950℃ 34 31 37 381000℃ 35 35 38 381050℃ 42 38 43 441100℃ 47 43 50 541150℃ 50 48 55 531200℃ 62 54 63 641250℃ 67 67 77 701280℃ 81 77 85 76
热塑性通常很低,但在这些钢的成份中含小于15×10-4%S的情况下看到了改善。1000℃时大于45%的截面中的直径收缩率被视为热轧该钢的必要条件。其成分中含有硼的钢C(低S)和钢C(低S,B),若在1200℃时重加热,则达到这种特征。
在S含量很低时,按本发明得到了高的热塑性特征。含35×10-4%S的钢C没有足够的热塑性。
C含量不应超过0.04%,否则在热处理之后因冷却在铁素体/奥氏体边界处析出铬的碳化物,因而恶化耐腐蚀能力。C含量小于0.03%则使之可以避免以最低冷却速度冷却时出现的这种析出物。
为避免钢坯在重加热时过份氧化,硅含量必须大于0.4%。为避免引起变脆的金属间化合物或σ相折出,则将其限于1.2%。Si含量最好在0.5%-1%之间。
为避免生产上的困难,Mn含量不可超过4%。但,为使该钢为奥氏体,同时可在钢的凝固过程中收入大于0.1%的N,而又不超过氮的溶解度,2%的Mn含量是必要的。
出于经济上的理由,而且为了消除在氯化物介质中的应力腐蚀,打算把Ni含量限于1%。
此外,国际上的指导方向的目标是减少从金属中释放Ni,尤其是在水领域中和与皮肤接触的场合中减少Ni的释放。
为了改善耐腐蚀性能可任选地加Mo;它的效果在3%以上很难提高,此外Mo趋向于通过形成σ相而增加脆性,因此加Mo必须受到限制。
为提高奥氏体含量,加Cu是特别有效的。超过4%,则出现热轧缺陷,这是因为富铜相凝固偏析的缘故。通过400℃-600℃的热处理,加Cu还使铁素体变硬,而且在使用时有杀菌和杀真菌的效果。
为使这种钢能焊接而不产生热裂,必须将S含量限于0.030%。S含量小于0.0015%则明显改善热塑性及热轧质量。通过控制Ca、Al的使用达到这样的低S含量,从而得到合乎要求的Ca、Al和S范围。
5-30×10-4%的硼含量也改善热塑性。
为避免焊接时热裂,P含量小于0.1%,更好是小于0.04%。
由于N在炼钢时的溶解性,自然要将N含量限于0.3%。
对于小于3%的Mn含量而言,N含量最好小于0.2%。为得到大于30%的奥氏体,0.1%的N的最小值是必要的。
为避免在热转变时σ相析出和铁素体-铁素体分离而引起的脆化,Cr含量要足够低。与常规用于热塑成形的奥氏体钢相反,符合本发明的低Cr含量还可使该钢在700-1000℃间的中等温度下超塑性成形,而不产生σ相脆化。
为了获得高的机械性能,即,对所生产的钢和焊接的钢而言,屈服应力大于400MPa,奥氏体含量必须为30-70%,该焊接件由于奥氏体含量大于20%,一定是硬而韧的。为达到这一点,Cr当量/Ni当量比将在2.3-2.75,最好在2.4-2.65之间。若IM指数在40-115之间则可得到大于35%的拉伸延伸率,因而在这些条件下,符合本发明的钢将有良好的拉拔特性。
符合本发明的钢主要打算用于经压延,然后通过焊接结合在一起的工件,如盛放喷气发动机燃料的罐或尤其是可用于内燃机车辆气袋装置的烟火反应剂的罐,为了使之成形而要求钢有高延展性的应用场合,以及在所讨论的应用中同时要求基体金属和焊接处有高的屈服强度的应用场合。
尤其是还打算用轧制的,然后焊接的板制造管子,这些管子主要可用于构成固定在内燃机车辆上的或与其结合的机械构件。这些管可用被称为液压成形的高压成形方法成形。
Claims (12)
1.镍含量低而拉伸延伸率高的奥氏体铁素体不锈钢,其特征为它具有以下成份(重量%):
C<0.04%
0.4%<Si<1.2%
2%<Mn<4%
0.1%<Ni<1%
18%<Cr<22%
0.05%<Cu<4%
S<0.03%
P<0.1%
0.1%<N<0.3%
Mo<3%
余量Fe
该钢为具有30%-70%奥氏体的两相组织,Cr当量/Ni当量为2.3-2.75,其中:
Cr当量=Cr%+Mo%+1.5 Si%
Ni当量=Ni%+0.33Cu%+0.5Mn%+30C%+30N%
所述钢的奥氏体稳定性受IM指数的控制,IM指数必须为40-115,该IM指数基于该钢的重量组成由下式限定:
IM=551-805(C+N)%-8.52Si%-8.57Mn%-12.51Cr%-36Ni%-34.5Cu%-14Mo%。
2.权利要求1的钢,其特征在于其成份满足Cr当量/Ni当量为2.4-2.65的关系。
3.权利要求1的钢,其特征在于,其S含量小于或等于0.0015%。
4.权利要求1的钢,其特征在于,在该钢的重量组成中,它还含0.010%-0.030%的Al。
5.权利要求1的钢,其特征在于在该钢的重量组成中,它还含0.0005%-0.0020%的Ca。
6.权利要求1的钢,其特征为,在该钢的重量组成中,它还含0.0005%-0.0030%的B。
7.权利要求1的钢,其特征为,其C含量小于或等于0.03%。
8.权利要求1的钢,其特征为,其N含量为0.12%-0.2%。
9.权利要求1的钢,其特征为,其Cr含量为19%-21%。
10.权利要求1的钢,其特征为,其Si含量为0.5%-1%。
11.权利要求1的钢,其特征为,其Cu含量小于3%。
12.权利要求1的钢,其特征为,其P含量小于0.04%。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9708180 | 1997-06-30 | ||
FR9708180A FR2765243B1 (fr) | 1997-06-30 | 1997-06-30 | Acier inoxydable austenoferritique a tres bas nickel et presentant un fort allongement en traction |
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CN1209465A CN1209465A (zh) | 1999-03-03 |
CN1078262C true CN1078262C (zh) | 2002-01-23 |
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CN98115200A Expired - Fee Related CN1078262C (zh) | 1997-06-30 | 1998-06-29 | 低镍含量高拉伸延伸率的奥氏体铁素体不锈钢 |
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US (1) | US6096441A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0889145B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH1171643A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR19990007429A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1078262C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE234945T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU738930B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9802386A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2239478C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69812234T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK0889145T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2193488T3 (zh) |
FR (1) | FR2765243B1 (zh) |
ID (1) | ID20517A (zh) |
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- 1998-06-02 PT PT98401308T patent/PT889145E/pt unknown
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- 1998-06-02 AU AU69845/98A patent/AU738930B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 1998-06-02 DE DE69812234T patent/DE69812234T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1998-06-06 TW TW087109004A patent/TW474997B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-10 ID IDP980850A patent/ID20517A/id unknown
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- 1998-06-29 BR BR9802386A patent/BR9802386A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-06-29 KR KR1019980024973A patent/KR19990007429A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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TW474997B (en) | 2002-02-01 |
KR19990007429A (ko) | 1999-01-25 |
ATE234945T1 (de) | 2003-04-15 |
CA2239478C (fr) | 2009-04-07 |
US6096441A (en) | 2000-08-01 |
BR9802386A (pt) | 1999-07-06 |
EP0889145B1 (fr) | 2003-03-19 |
DE69812234D1 (de) | 2003-04-24 |
ID20517A (id) | 1999-01-07 |
AU6984598A (en) | 1999-01-07 |
FR2765243A1 (fr) | 1998-12-31 |
FR2765243B1 (fr) | 1999-07-30 |
DE69812234T2 (de) | 2004-02-05 |
CN1209465A (zh) | 1999-03-03 |
EP0889145A1 (fr) | 1999-01-07 |
DK0889145T3 (da) | 2003-07-21 |
PT889145E (pt) | 2003-06-30 |
ES2193488T3 (es) | 2003-11-01 |
JPH1171643A (ja) | 1999-03-16 |
AU738930B2 (en) | 2001-09-27 |
CA2239478A1 (fr) | 1998-12-30 |
ZA985176B (en) | 1999-01-08 |
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