CN1073596C - 氢化硅烷化交联 - Google Patents
氢化硅烷化交联 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1073596C CN1073596C CN96121783A CN96121783A CN1073596C CN 1073596 C CN1073596 C CN 1073596C CN 96121783 A CN96121783 A CN 96121783A CN 96121783 A CN96121783 A CN 96121783A CN 1073596 C CN1073596 C CN 1073596C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- rubber
- composition
- parts
- thermoplastic elastomer
- hydrosilylation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000006459 hydrosilylation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 title abstract description 19
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 126
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010077 mastication Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000018984 mastication Effects 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003963 dichloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMCIFKFZDLHWDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum(2+);triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pt+2].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZMCIFKFZDLHWDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XZQKIROJZLCKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethenylbicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound C1C2=CC(C=C)=C1C=C2 XZQKIROJZLCKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- FSIJKGMIQTVTNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(ethenyl)-methyl-trimethylsilyloxysilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C=C)C=C FSIJKGMIQTVTNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007965 rubber solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 78
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
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- OJOWICOBYCXEKR-APPZFPTMSA-N (1S,4R)-5-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C1C[C@@H]2C[C@@H]1C=C2 OJOWICOBYCXEKR-APPZFPTMSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- VHOQXEIFYTTXJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer Chemical group CC(C)=C.CC(=C)C=C VHOQXEIFYTTXJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- INYHZQLKOKTDAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-ethenylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical group C1C2C(C=C)CC1C=C2 INYHZQLKOKTDAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
一种通过氢化硅烷化交联制备热塑性弹性体的改进方法。在此方法中,使用了含很少量铂的氢化硅烷化催化剂,同时还使用了含特种二烯的橡胶。在本发明的另一变换方案中,氢化硅烷化是在加工油的存在下进行的,这种加工油实质上不含具有路易斯碱化学性质的物质。在热塑性弹性体组合物中得到交联的橡胶成分。
Description
本发明涉及热塑性弹性体组合物,它的制备是通过组合物中的弹性体成分氢化硅烷化交联而完成的。热塑性弹性体一般定义为可用传统的热塑性材料所用的相同方法加工和再循环的聚合物或聚合物的混合物,并且具有在工作温度下与硫化的橡胶相似的性质与功能。塑料和弹性体橡胶的混合物或合金在生产高性能的热塑性弹性体,特别是在各种应用中取代热固性橡胶,日益显得重要。高性能的热塑性弹性体一般称为热塑性硫化橡胶,在其中,高度硫化的橡胶型聚合物紧密分散在热塑性基体中。
兼具热塑性和弹性的聚合物混合物,通常是通过将热塑性树脂同弹性体组合物混合而制成的。混合方法要使得作为不连续的粒子相的弹性体成分充分而均匀地分散在热塑性塑料的连续相中。在美国专利3,037,954号中可以找到有关硫化橡胶成分的早期工作,在这篇专利中,公开了橡胶的静态硫化以及动态硫化技术。在其中可硫化的弹性体分散在熔化的树脂状的热塑性的聚合物中,在将混合物连续混合和切变下将弹性体硫化。所得到的组合物是硫化的弹性体的微胶分散化未硫化的热塑性聚合物的基体中。
在美国专利Re32,028中,讨论了含一种烯烃热塑性树脂和一种烯烃共聚物的聚合物共混物,其中,橡胶被动态硫化成部分固化状态。所得到组合物是可再加工的。美国专利4,130,534和4,130,535中进一步公开了各自含有丁基橡胶和聚烯烃树脂,烯烃橡胶和聚烯烃树脂的热塑性硫化橡胶。此组合物通过动态硫化而制成,橡胶成分被硫化成实质上不溶于传统溶剂中的程度。在早期的方法中,叙述了多种交联剂、或固化剂和橡胶硫化的试剂,包括过氧化物、硫、酚醛树脂、辐射等。
美国专利4,803,244中一般讨论了用多官能团的有机硅化合物联同一种催化剂作为通过氢化硅烷化使一种热塑性弹性体的橡胶成分交联的试剂。氢化硅烷化涉及在一多重链上加成一硅烷,一般常用一过渡金属催化剂。这篇专利讨论了用一种铑催化剂进行同聚丙烯共混的EPDM为氢化硅烷化,得到的热塑性弹性体中的凝胶含量高达34%(在对塑料相校正后)。这种硫化程度只有用大量的催化剂才能达到。
在欧洲专利申请号651,009中公开了对在一种热塑性弹性体组合物中橡胶的氢化硅烷化交联的进一步改进的方法。在同一分子中既含有对橡胶有亲和力的成分又含有对热塑性树脂有亲和力的相容剂被加到组合物中,据说改进了橡胶和树脂间的粘合,防止了附聚。
本发明是根据一个发现:使用一种含铂的催化剂连同具有基本上无空间位阻的碳-碳双键的含二烯的弹性体,可以改进热塑性弹性体中橡胶的氢化硅烷化交联的方法。这种混合物可使弹性体快速交联成充分硫化状态,而且为达到这种硫化程度所需的催化剂浓度意外的低。在本发明中,为得到具有优秀的机械性能的组合物不需要相容剂,也无气泡生成,并具有良好的着色能力,这是由于催化剂浓度极低。使人惊奇的是,催化剂浓度低也使产生的组合物改进了热老化性能、抗紫外线降解,并且具有不吸湿性。
在本发明的另一具体实施方案中,在一种氢化硅烷化剂、含铂的氢化硅烷化催化剂和一种增量剂或加工油的存在下,由于使用了实质上无路易斯碱化学性能的材料的油,意外地改进了热塑性树脂和不饱和橡胶共混物的动态硫化。路易斯碱的性能通常定义为给出一对电子而形成键。本发明的这一具体实施例达到橡胶硫化需要相当低浓度的催化剂,得到的热塑性弹性体产品具有优秀的抗张性能,也没有不希望的颜色,还具有良好的热老化性、紫外线稳定性和不吸湿性。
在本发明的另一具体实施方案中,在过程中还加入能同热塑性弹性体中的残余硅烷官能团反应的添加剂。这样得到的组合物具有进一步改进的长期热老化性能。
用这种改进方法生产的组合物可以用在各种用途中代替热固性橡胶,特别是在涉及模塑或挤压以及热塑性和弹性的综合性能提供益处的情况下。典型的用途包括汽车发动机罩的模塑件、工程和建筑材料、机械橡胶物件、工业零件,如软管、管材和垫圈,电气用途和家用产品。
热塑性弹性体组合物的制法一般是将热塑性树脂和橡胶混合,然后将热塑性树脂成分熔化,并混合该熔体直到共混物成为均匀的。如果需要硫化橡胶在热塑性基体中的组合物,要将交联剂(也叫做熟化剂或硫化剂)加到共混物中并在混合中进行交联。后一过程称为动态硫化。
各种热塑性树脂和橡胶和/或它们的混合物已用来制备热塑性弹性体,包括聚丙烯、高密度聚乙烯、低密度聚乙烯、很低密度聚乙烯、低低密度聚乙烯、环状烯烃均聚物或共聚物以及烯烃嵌段共聚物、聚苯乙烯、聚苯硫、聚苯氧和乙烯丙烯共聚物(EP)热塑性塑料,和三聚乙丙橡胶(EPDM)、丁腈橡胶(NBR)和天然橡胶(NR)等弹性体。当交联弹性体成分时,常使用硫、过氧化物、酚醛塑料和离子化合物等。
氢化硅烷化剂
氢化硅烷化也作为一种交联方法已公开。在此方法中,在分子中具有至少两个SiH基团的硅烷,在热塑性树脂和一种氢化硅烷化催化剂存在下,同热塑性弹性体的不饱和(即至少含一个碳-碳双键)橡胶的碳-碳多重键反应。用于本发明方法的硅烷化合物包括甲基氢聚硅氧烷、甲基氢二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、烷基甲基聚硅氧烷、双(二甲基甲硅烷基)烷和双(二甲基甲硅烷基)苯。
优选的硅烷化合物可由下式表示:(1)
此处的各R相互无关,选自含1-20个碳原子的烷基、含4-12个碳原子的环烷基和芳基。在通式(1)中,优选各R相互无关,每个选自含1-6个碳原子的烷基。更为优选的是R=甲基。R’代表一个氢原子,具有1-约24个碳原子的烷基或烷氧基。R”代表R或氢原子。D代表D’代表T代表
m是1-50中的一个整数,
n是1-50中的一个整数,以及
p是0-6中的一个整数。
特别优选的聚有机硅氧烷是其中硅烷官能团的硅原子由杂原子/具有孤对电子的原子所连接的物质。优选的聚有机硅氧烷还可以用使之溶解在反应介质中的适当的官能团取代。在讨论聚有机硅氧烷的烷基化的美国专利4,046,930中叙述了一类这种官能团取代。烷基化的重量百分比不应超过由于空间阻制使反应速度不足的量。
用于本发明方法中的硅烷化合物量为橡胶中每个碳-碳双键约为0.1-10.0摩尔当量的SiH,优选为在热塑性弹性体的橡胶成分中每个碳-碳双键约为0.5-5.0摩量当量的SiH。
热塑性树脂
由本发明制备的组合物中所用的热塑性树脂包括结晶的聚烯烃均聚物和共聚物。这些聚合物按要求是由具有2-20个碳原子单烯烃单体,如乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、1-戊烯等以及由线型的和环烯烃产生的共聚物制成,丙烯是优选的。如用在本说明书中和权利要求中一样,聚丙烯一词,包括丙烯的均聚物以及聚丙烯的反应器共聚物,其中可含约1-20重量%的乙烯、或4-20碳原子的α-烯烃共聚单体,以及它们的混合物。聚丙烯可以是结晶的,全同立构的或间同立构的。市场购得的聚烯烃可用于本发明的实践中。对橡胶实质上是惰性的其它热塑性树脂、硅烷和氢化硅烷化催化剂也是适宜的。热塑性树脂的共混物也可以用。
提供有用的组合物的热塑性树脂的用量一般占橡胶和树脂重量的约5-90%。热塑性树脂含量优选为聚合物总重量的约20-80%。
橡胶
用于制备本发明的热塑性弹性体的不饱和橡胶包括单烯烃共聚物橡胶,其中含有非极性的橡胶型的两种或两种以上的α-单烯烃,优选同至少一种多烯(一般为一种二烯)共聚的共聚物。然而,更适宜的是不饱和单烯烃橡胶,如EPDM橡胶。EPDM是乙烯、丙烯和一种或多种非共轭二烯的聚合物。这些单体成分可使用Ziegler-Natta或金属茂催化的反应进行聚合。满意的非共轭二烯包括5-亚乙基-2-降冰片烯(ENB)、1,4-己二烯(HD)、5-亚甲基-2-降冰片烯(MNB)、1,6-辛二烯、5-甲基-1,4-己二烯,3,7-二甲基-1,6-辛二烯、1,3-环戊二烯、1,4-环己二烯、二环戊二烯(DCPD)、5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯(VNB)等,或它们的混合物。
在本发明的一具体实施方案中发现,在橡胶的结构中二烯单体具有的碳-碳多重键基本上是不受阻碍的即该键在空间上是无位阻的,如末端的或悬挂在主链上的双键;这样的橡胶在本发明的氢化硅烷化硫化过程中硫化速度大幅度提高。在此具体实施方案中的结构或是其键通常无位阻的,或是极易异构化形成空间无位阻的双键,然后迅速地加氢硅烷化,例如1,4-己二烯,或ENB。在需要完全硫化的橡胶成分时,这种改进是特别重要的。使用二烯成分为5-亚乙基-2-降冰片烯、5-甲基-1,4-己二烯、1,4-己二烯和5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯的橡胶是优选的。5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯作为这种橡胶的二烯成分是特别优选的。
丁基橡胶也用于本发明的组合物中。在本发明的说明书和权利要求中,“丁基橡胶”一词包括一种异构烯烃和一种共轭单烯烃的共聚物,一种异构烯烃、一种共轭多烯烃和二乙烯基芳族单体的三元共聚物,和这些共聚物和三元共聚物的卤代衍生物。适用的丁基橡胶共聚物含有大部分的异构烯烃和少量的,一般低于30重量%的共轭多烯烃。优选的共聚物约含85-99.5重量%的C4-7异构烯烃,如异丁烯和约15-0.5重量%的4-14个碳原子的多烯烃,如异戊二烯、丁二烯、二甲基丁二烯、4-甲基-1,4-戊二烯和戊间二烯。用于本发明的商业丁基橡胶是异丁烯和少量异戊二烯的共聚物。其它的丁基共聚物和三聚物橡胶由美国专利4,916,180中的叙述说明。异丁烯/二乙烯基苯作为适用于氢化硅烷化交联的弹性体是特别优选的,如同丁基橡胶的卤代衍生物一样,如氯代丁基橡胶和溴代丁基橡胶。
另一适用于本发明的橡胶是天然橡胶。天然橡胶的主要组成是线型聚合物,顺式1,4-聚异戊二烯。通常商业上得到的是烟薰的片和绉胶片。合成的聚异戊二烯也可使用,特别优选的是在聚合物主链上悬挂有乙烯基官能团的合成聚异戊二烯弹性体,即1,2-链上连接的聚合物。
聚丁二烯也是氢化硅烷化交联的适宜弹性体,含有乙烯基官能团的聚丁二烯是最优选的。
上述橡胶的任何共混物也可以使用,效果要好于单个的烯烃橡胶。
在制备本发明的组合物中,橡胶用量约占橡胶和热塑性树脂重量总和的95-10%。优选的橡胶含量将占聚合物总重的约80-20%。
氢化硅烷化催化剂
前已懂得,任何能催化橡胶的碳-碳键氢化硅烷化反应的催化剂或能就地产生催化剂的催化剂前体都可以使用。这些催化剂包括了周期表Ⅷ族过渡金属,如钯、铑、铂等,包括这些金属的配合物。美国专利4,803,244和欧洲专利申请651,009中公开了氯钼酸是有效的催化剂,并且公开了催化剂使用浓度各自为橡胶重量的5-10,000ppm重量,和100-200,000ppm。
在本发明的方法中已经发现,可以使用大幅度降低的含铂催化剂的浓度,同时改进了反应速度和交联效率。以铂金属表示,催化剂浓度在约0.01-20ppm重量的范围内,对在热塑性树脂和橡胶共混物的动态硫化方法中快速和完全硫化橡胶是有效的。这些低浓度催化剂同含有基本无空间位阻的碳-碳多重键的含二烯橡胶配合起来效果特别好。以铂金属表示,为橡胶重量的0.1-4ppm重量的催化剂浓度是特别优选的。
在美国专利4,578,497,美国专利3,220,972和美国专利2,823,218中讨论了用于本发明方法的含铂催化剂,这些专利都在此结合入本文用作参考。这些催化剂包括氯铂酸、氯铂酸的六水合物、氯铂酸同对称-二乙烯基四甲基二硅氧烷的配合物、二氯双(三苯基膦)铂(Ⅱ)、顺式-二氯-双(乙腈)铂(Ⅱ)、二羰基二氯铂(Ⅱ)、氯化铂和氧化铂。零价铂金属的配合物,如Karstedt催化剂是特别优选的,如同在美国专利3,775,452、美国专利3,814,730和美国专利4,288,345所讨论的,这些专利在此结合入本文作为参考。
为使催化剂在动态硫化环境最有效的工作,重要的是其本身应是热稳定的,或其活性受到阻抑以防止反应太快或催化剂分解。适用于在高温下稳定铂催化剂的催化剂阻抑剂包括1,3,5,7-四乙烯基-1,3,5,7-四甲基环四硅氧烷,以及它的高级同系物,如乙烯基环状五聚物。但是在165℃以上稳定的其它烯烃也可以使用。这些包括马来酸酯,富马酸酯和环状五聚体。在本发明中特别优选的是使用在反应介质保持溶解的催化剂。
添加剂
热塑性弹性体可含传统的添加剂,这些添加剂可在氢化硅烷化和硫化前、中或后加到热塑性树脂、橡胶或共混物中。这些添加剂的实例是抗氧剂、加工助剂、增强和非增强填料、颜料、蜡、橡胶加工油、增量油、防粘剂、抗静电剂、紫外线稳定剂、增塑剂(包括酯)、发泡剂、阻燃剂和其它在橡胶配合技术中已知的加工助剂。在最后热塑性弹性体产品重量中,这些添加剂可占到约0.1-300%。可以使用的填料和增量剂包括传统的无机化合物,如碳酸钙、粘土、氧化硅、滑石、二氧化钛、碳黑等。会干扰氢化硅烷化的添加剂、填料或其它化合物应该在硫化达到所要求的程度后加入。
在另一具体实施方案中发现,在共混物中加入金属螯合剂可明显提高本发明制备的组合物的热老化性能。这种效应被认为是由于氢化硅烷化催化剂是处于活性价态。这种形式的铂金属加速了热塑性弹性体的降解,特别是在高温和长时间下。螯合剂防止铂金属引起降解反应。
用于此目的的典型的螯合剂包括诸如1,2-双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酰基)肼等物质。令人惊奇的是,这些试剂可以在氢化硅烷化固化前或后加到组合物中。每百份橡胶螯合剂用量约为0.025份-10份(Phr)是有效的,优选用量范围为0.1-2phr。
在本发明的另一具体实施方案中已经证明,减少在热塑性弹性体产品中残余的或未反应的硅烷官能团,可提高组合物的热稳定性。使硅烷同含活泼氢,碳-碳多重键、碳-氧双键或碳-氮双键等化合物反应,可减少或除去未反应的硅烷。残留的硅烷同这些化合物反应,除去硅烷官能团,并形成硅-氧或碳-硅键。
用于此目的的典型化合物是氧化硅和水。在氢化硅烷化固化反应完成后,将这些试剂加到组合物中。水可以作为蒸汽在硫化后的任何时候以单程或双程操作加入。通过测定残留硅烷和加入化学计量的这种化合物来估计这些化合物的量。如果需要,可以加入超过化学计量的这些化合物,以除去足量的残留硅烷,以实现对热老化性能的所希望的改进。这些化合物用量从约1摩尔当量到10摩尔当量是有效的,从约1-3摩尔当量是优选的。
增量油
用在热塑性弹性体中的橡胶加工油或增量油一般为从石油馏份中得到的烷烃、环烷或芳烃油。所用类型为在组合物中存在的某种橡胶或多种橡胶起配合作用常用的油,用量一般为热塑性弹性体中每100份橡胶0-几百份增量油。对催化剂效率重要的是,油和其它添加剂不含或只含低浓度的催化剂阻抑剂或会干扰催化剂活性的化合物。这些化合物包括膦、胺、硫化物、硫醇或其它称作路易斯碱的化合物。路易斯碱或其它具有可给出的成对电子的化合物,同铂催化剂反应会有效地中和其活性。已经发现,这些化合物的存在,在热塑性弹性体组合物中橡胶成分动态流化过程,对氢化硅烷化硫化有相当大的有害影响。如果具有路易斯碱的化学活性的化合物,如含硫或氮的化合物,浓度保持在或低于可各自提供小于1000ppm和300ppm的硫和氮的水平,则在动态硫化中为促进有效的氢化硅烷化硫化所需的铂催化剂量可以大大减少,一般达到约4ppm以下,而不会对热塑性弹性体产品的抗张性能或橡胶的硫化状态有影响。硫和氮的浓度各自低于约500ppm和200ppm是更为优选的,而低于约30ppm的硫和低于100ppm氮是最优选的。已经发现,即使催化剂浓度低至0.25ppm,如果硫和氮的浓度在最优选的范围内,则弹性体也可达到充分硫化。
橡胶工业用的大多数烷属石油馏份来自原油蒸馏的蒸汽。典型的炼油过程包括某种脱蜡以降低倾点,溶剂提取以在物理上除去芳香化合物和加氢处理从化学上改变芳族结构。提取和加氢处理都使饱和烃结构的总浓度净增加,并使芳族、含硫和氮的化合物的总浓度净减少。这些化合物在油中的浓度降低程度取决于所用炼油的深度和类型以及原油的性质。白色和烷属烃油比芳族和环烷烃油受到更广泛的处理,含有更小浓度的芳族的硫和/或氮化合物。由于过于复杂,很难说出这些化合物的精确的化学结构。一种油干扰铂催化的氢化硅烷化的倾向直接与含硫和氮化合物,以及含磷、锡、砷、铝和铁的化合物的浓度相关。
加工
通常,热塑性弹性体的橡胶成分在连续的热塑性树脂基体内以小的即微米级大小粒子存在,当然,取决于橡胶相对与塑料的量以及橡胶的硫化程度,也可能存在一共连续的形态或相反转。希望橡胶至少能有部分交联,优选是完全或充分交联。用动态硫化过程使橡胶交联是优选的。如用于本说明书和权利要求中的,“动态硫化”一词指的是用于橡胶同热塑性树脂共混物的硫化或固化过程,其中,橡胶在混合物能流动的温度下于切变条件下硫化。这样,橡胶被交联同时作为细粒子分散在热塑性树脂基体中,虽然如上指出的,也可能存在其它的形态。动态硫化是在高温下在传统的混合设备,如轧制机、封闭式混炼机、布雷本登混炼机、连续混炼机、混合挤压机等,将热塑性弹性体混合而实现动态硫化。动态硫化的组合物的独特性能是,尽管橡胶成分部分或完全硫化,但此组合物可以用传统的塑料加工方法,如挤压、注模和压模等,加工和再加工。废品或飞边可以利用和再加工。
在本说明书和权利要求中所用的名词“充分硫化”和“充分固化”或“充分交联”是指,要硫化的橡胶成已经固化或交联成一种状态,在这种状态,交联橡胶的弹性体性质相似于橡胶在其传统的硫化状态的性质,而远离热弹体组合物。固化程度可用凝胶含量表示,或反过来用可提取的成分表示。以%凝胶报告的凝胶含量(根据交联橡胶的重量)的测定方法为:在室温下将样品浸在有机溶剂中48小时测定不溶聚合物量,称重干燥后的残留物,根据组份的知识进行适当的校正。这样,从最初重量减去可溶成分的重量,如增量油、增塑剂、可溶于有机溶剂中的成分以及不打算硫化的产品中的橡胶成分,除了要硫化的橡胶外,就可得到校正的最初和最后重量。从最初和最后的重量中减去任何不溶的聚烯烃,颜料和填料等。当能够用氢化硅烷化硫化的橡胶,有低于约5%,优选低于3%可以用该橡胶的溶剂从热塑性弹性体产品中提取时,就可以说橡胶成分已被充分固化。或者,可以用交联密度来表示固化度。所有这些讨论在这一技术领域内是都知道的,例如在美国专利4,593,062,5,100,947和5,157,081都讨论过,这些专利都在此供参考。
下列一般方法,如在实施例中提出的,为本发明用于制备热塑性弹性体,热塑性树脂和用油增量的橡胶同氢化硅烷化剂和氢化硅烷化催化剂一起置于内加热的混合机中。可以通过任何适宜的方法将氢化硅烷化剂和催化剂加到组合物中,例如可作为溶于油的溶液或作为净成分注入,当然,优选的是稀的催化剂溶液。诸如抗氧剂、紫外线稳定剂和填料等添加剂也可以作为油浆加入。也可以制成原批成分以促进混合过程。将混合物加热到足以使热塑性成分熔化的温度,此混合物同加入的加工油(如果需要的话)进行素炼,直到最大混合转矩指出硫化已经呈现。继续混合直到达到所希望的硫化程度。
氢化硅烷化剂和氢化硅烷化催化剂的加入次序是很重要的。当首先将氢化硅烷剂加到混合物中,随后加入氢化硅烷化催化剂时,可达到最大的催化剂效率。当按照这一次序加入时,热塑性弹性体产品的机械性能以及硫化程度会得到改进。
参考下列的实施例可以更好地理解本发明。这些实施例只用于说明而不是限制本方法。在这些实施例中,使用下列试验方法来测定热塑性弹性体产品的性能:
硬度(邵氏A/D) -ASTM D2240
极限抗张强度(UTS-磅/英寸2 -ASTM D412
极限伸长率(UE-%) -ASTM D412
在100/300%伸长率的模量(M1或M3-磅/英寸) -ASTM D412
永久形变(TS-%) -ASTM D412
油溶胀(OS-%) ASTM D471
热老化 -ASTM D573
根据实施例制备的组合物中所用的橡胶成分进一步指出如下:
橡胶“A”-EPDM-2.1%ENB;58%乙烯
橡胶“B”-EPDM-5%HD;55%乙烯
橡胶“C”-EPDM-3%VNB;64%乙烯
橡胶“D”-EPDM-1.6%VNB;50%乙烯
橡胶“E”-EPDM-0.9%VNB;72%乙烯
橡胶“F”-EPDM-3%VNB;55%乙烯
橡胶“G”-EPDM-5.5%ENB;60%乙烯
橡胶“H”-EPDM-3%DCPD;66%乙烯
橡胶“I”-EPDM-4.2%ENB;0.3%VNB;58%乙烯
橡胶“J”-EPDM-4.4%ENB;68%乙烯
橡胶“K”-EPDM-1.1%VNB;64%乙烯
橡胶“L”-EPDM-0.7%VNB;62.6%乙烯
实施例1
用如上述一般性介质的本发明方法,利用聚丙烯树脂和含ENB作为二烯成分的EPDM橡胶制备组合物。塑料和橡胶成分在布雷本登混合机中于180℃混合直到聚丙烯熔化。在熔融的混合物中逐滴加入硅烷(烷基化的甲基氢聚硅氧烷),然后加入含铂〔六氯二氢铂酸盐(Ⅱ)同2,4,6,8-四乙烯基-2,4,6,8-四甲基环四硅氧烷的反应产物〕的油溶液。通过混合共混物直到达到最大转矩,从而动态硫化橡胶。从混合机中除去产物,然后返回到混合机,在180℃再素炼一分钟。在200℃将动态硫化产物压模成厚度60密耳并在压力下冷却制成饰板,用这些饰板测定物理性能。所有产品如ASTM D1566定义,是弹性体,即都有低于50%的永久变形值。组合物和它们的性能列于表Ⅰ。
为了对比,美国专利4,803,244中的实施例1也列出,在此对比实施例中,相似的树脂和橡胶成分由氢化硅烷化反应实现动态硫化,但催化剂用的是相当于35ppm的铑金属。
表Ⅰ
组合物A 专利实施例1聚丙烯(份) 67 50橡胶A(份) 100 100Si-H(每百份中的份数) 2.5 6.7铑(ppm) - 35铂(ppm) 15 -硬度(A/D) 93/40 88/26极限抗张强度(磅/英寸2) 2500 769极限伸长率(%) 405 240在100%伸长率下的模量 1750 305永久形变(%) 22 43凝胶(%)(塑料相校正后) 95 15
可以看出,与使用铑催化剂比较,在含ENB的EPDM橡胶氢化硅烷化交联中使用少得多的铂催化剂可使交联水平(用凝胶含量反映出来)大幅度增加,并改进了抗张性能。
实施例2
利用含1,4-己二烯作为二烯的三聚单体的EPDM橡胶,如实施例1制备组合物。铂(如在实施例1中一样)用作氢化硅烷化催化剂。由此产物制备了饰板,并测定了物理性能。结果列于表Ⅱ。
为了对比,再次使用了在美国专利4,803,244中的实施例7的铑催化的氢化硅烷化。在此对比实施例中,用相当于35ppm的铑金属作催化剂通过氢化硅烷化使聚丙烯和EPDM(含己二烯)的共混物动态硫化。
表Ⅱ组合物 B C D E 专利实施例7PP(份) 67 67 67 67 50橡胶“B”(份) 100 100 100 100 100Si-H(phr) 0 3 3 3 6.7铑(ppm) - - - - 35铂(ppm) 0 7.6 3.3 1.8 0硬度(D) 32 39 39 37 25极限抗张强度(磅/英寸2) 1080 2210 2070 1750 1280极限伸长率(%) 440 330 340 160 180100%伸长率下的模量 940 1510 1580 1620 -永久形变(%) 53 24 25 26 14凝胶(%) 0 92 91 88 34
如上述数据证明的,同铑催化剂相比,用铂催化剂和氢化硅烷化剂可使含1,4-己二烯作二烯的三聚单体的EPDM橡胶更有效而完全地交联。即使催化剂浓度远低于铑催化剂所需的浓度,用铂催化剂制备的动态硫化橡胶具有相当高的凝胶含量,和更好的拉伸性能。与在高浓度下的铑催化剂相比较,在低浓度下的铂催化剂的交联速率要快得多。
实施例3
用双螺杆挤压机作为混合工具进行动态硫化制备了组合物,使用了含5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯或5-亚乙基-2-降冰片烯作为二烯成分的EPDM橡胶,用实施例1的铂催化剂通过氢化硅烷化进行动态硫化。由此热塑性弹性体制成饰板,并测定了物理性能,结果列于表Ⅲ。
表Ⅲ组合物 F G H聚丙烯(份) 41 41 41橡胶“F”(份) 100 100 -橡胶“G”(份) - - 100Si-H(每百份中份数) 2.2 2.2 3铂(ppm) 4 2 13硬度(A) 69 69 63极限抗张强度(磅/英寸2) 1080 1039 905极限伸长度(%) 211 211 406100%伸长率下的模量 636 606 408凝胶(%) 99 99 90
1组合物中还含有130phr的烷属烃油、42phr粘土、5phr蜡、和2phr ZnO
组合物F和G利用了VNB/EPDM,即使氢化硅烷化剂和催化剂量很低,也具有很高的交联水平。组合物H(ENB/EPDM)交联水平较低,但仍然可接受。
实施例Ⅳ
为了对比,在聚丙烯存在下和用铂催化的氢化硅烷化固化,如实施例1那样将含二环戊二烯的EPDM橡胶动态硫化。用于组合物I和J的熔融温度为180℃,组合物K为200℃。结果列于表Ⅳ中。
表Ⅳ组合物 I J K橡胶“H”(份) 100 100 100聚丙烯(份) 67 67 67Si-H(phr) 0 3 3铂(ppm) 0 30.3 30.3硬度(D) 31 30 31极限抗张强度(磅/英寸2) 950 1220 1180极限伸长率(%) 170 130 110100%伸长率下的模量 920 1150 1160永久形变(%) 43 29 30凝胶(%) 18 76 77
高度氢化硅烷化催化剂未能提供这种橡胶的完全硫化,这种橡胶在其二烯成分中含有受阻的,即内部双键。
实施例5
使用在实施例1叙述的条件,用含ENB和VNB作为二烯成分的EPDM橡胶制备了组合物,将此产物同使用同样的EPDM橡胶但其氢化硅烷化催化剂为Wilkinson催化剂〔氯代三(三苯基)膦铑(I)〕的组合物进行比较。这种催化剂是美国专利4,803,244中公开的催化剂的铑催化剂的代表。制备的组合物和产物的物理性能列于表Ⅴ。
表Ⅴ组合物 L M N聚丙烯(份) 41 41 41橡胶“I”(份) 100 100 100作为SiH的H(克) 0.008 0.008 0.005铑(ppm) 39 79 -铂(ppm) - - 8硬度(A) 56 55 64极限抗张强度(磅/英寸2) 351 352 1050极限伸长率(%) 485 550 415100%伸长率下的模量 153 152 500永久形变(%) 11 10 7凝胶(%) 26 40 98
1组合物中还含有130phr烷属烃油、42phr粘土、5phr蜡和2phrZnO
对含有ENB和VNB二烯部分的EPDM橡胶的氢化硅烷化交联来说,铂是比铑更有效的催化剂。利用相当于8ppm铂金属作为催化剂得到了98%凝胶含量(充分硫化),而在同样条件下由相当于79ppm铑金属作催化剂得到的产品仅40%凝胶含量。铂催化的氢化硅烷化产品也具有卓越的物理性能。用高含量的Wilkinson催化剂制备的组合物为桔红色产品。
实施例6
如前已指出的,在氢化硅烷化交联制备的热塑性弹性体中残留的SiH官能团同含有活泼氢、碳-碳多重键、碳-氧键等的化合物反应时,产品的热老化性能会有所改进。无定形氧化硅也是一种用于从产品中除去未反应的硅烷的化合物。在本实施例中,由橡胶成分氢化硅烷化交联制备的热塑性弹性体在布雷本登混合机中于180℃同无定形氧化硅共混。在同氧化硅混合前和后,制备了每种热塑性弹性体的薄膜试样。测定了每个试样的傅里叶变换红外光谱。测定了Si-H吸收峰(2061厘米- 1)下的面积。然后在150将试样进行热老化7和14天,并测定其机械性能。结果列于表Ⅵ中。
表Ⅵ
组合物 O P O R
弹性体1(克)45.8 45.8 45.8 45.8
聚丙烯(phr) 41 41 41 41
Si-H(phr) 2.7 2.7 1.6 2.7
铂(ppm) 27 27 27 27
氧化硅2(phr)- 5.5 5.5 5.5*
残留的Si-H32.8 1.5 1.0 1.5
七天在150℃
硬 度 变 化 0 0 +1 +1
(A)
保留的极限抗110 130 115 98
张强度的%
保留的极限伸107 119 108 92
长率%
保留的100% 98 105 101 100
伸长率下的模
量
四天在150℃
硬度变化 +9 0 +4 0
保留的极限抗17 84 55 42
张强度的%
保留的极限伸2 73 47 35
长率%
保留的100% - 99 96 91
伸长率下的模
量
1母料含100份橡胶“I”,130份烷烃油,42份粘土,5份蜡,2份ZnO
2Hisil233是由PPG公司提供的氧化硅
3测定的峰面积与测量的组合物Q峰面积的比值
4在硫化前添加的
结果表明,由于未反应的Si-H已从组合物中除去,在热老化后保留的物理性能明显得到改进。
实施例7
用过渡金属催化氢化硅烷化制备的组合物优选地用作为金属螯合剂的化合物加以稳定。据认为,残留的过渡金属呈活性价态,这种形式的金属会加速降解,螯合可以防止金属参与降解反应。由于这样的稳定化而改进了组合物的长期热老化性能。用铂催化的氢化硅烷化制备的两种热塑性弹性体组合物,在其中一个(组合物S),每100份橡胶加入1份1,2-双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酰基)肼使其稳定化,另一个(组合物T)则未进行稳定化。在制备后立即测定组合物的物理性能和在150℃下热老化了或5天后再次测定物理性能。结果列于表Ⅶ中。
表Ⅶ
组合物“S” 组合物“T”
开始 五天 保留率 开始 三天 保留率硬度(A) 67 67 100% 69 (破裂) -极限抗张强度(磅/ 1190 1287 108 1121 255 23%英寸2)极限伸长率(%) 405 470 116 375 2 0.5100%伸长率下的 504 457 91 504 - 0模量(磅/英寸2)300%伸长率下的 982 946 96 982 - 0模量(磅/英寸2)
不合稳定剂的组合物的性能在150℃三天后急剧下降,而含金属减活化剂的组合物即使在150℃下5天后仍保持其性能。
实施例8
为了研究增量油的效果,如上面讨论的,用聚丙烯树脂和EPDM橡胶制备了几种组合物。制备了含三种不同增量油的橡胶母料,三种母料所含量芳族馏份和硫和氮浓度是逐渐降低的。母料组合物为100份橡胶、100份增量油,42份粘土、2份氧化锌和5份蜡。将聚丙烯(41份)加到这种橡胶K的母料中,于180℃下在布雷本登混合机中混合,直到聚丙烯熔化。在混合物中逐滴加入硅烷(3phr),接着加入含不同量铂的油溶液。通过将共混物混合直到达到最大转矩,实现橡胶的动态硫化。硫化后再加入30份加工油。从混合机中取出产品,然后再返回到混合机中,并再在180℃素炼1分钟。在200℃下压模产品制备试样,用ASTMD471的试验方法用IRM 903油在125℃24小时下测定油溶胀。结果表示为试样的溶胀%(或重量增加),并列于表Ⅷ中。
表Ⅷ
增量油A1 增量油B2 增量油C3Pt催化剂 油溶胀 S∶Pt N∶Pt OS S∶Pt N∶Pt 油溶胀 S∶Pt N∶Pt0.25ppm 339 14300 8942 - - - 119 24 550.5 285 7150 4471 105* 227 2808 92.3 12 231.0 222 3575 2236 86.4 114 1404 85.3 6 121.9 140 1882 1177 85.8 60 739 85.6 3.2 62.4 98 1490 932 93.4 48 585 - - -
*两试验的平均值。
1Sunpar 150M油(Sun Chemical公司)-含585ppm硫,164ppm氮
2Sunpar LW 150M油(Sun Chemical公司)-含19ppm硫,103ppm氮
3White Oil D-200(Lyondell)-含1.0ppm硫,1.0ppm氮
在油中相对溶胀程度代表了硫化橡胶的交联密度,即橡胶中交联密度越高,油溶胀值越低。表Ⅷ中的数据清楚地表明,使用硫和氮含量低的增量油,其中硫或氮与催化剂中铂的摩尔比很低,所制备的材料热塑性弹性体产品高效地由氢化硅烷化交联。即使在极低浓度的催化剂此效果也可见到。
实施例9
按照实施例8叙述的条件,用具有两种不同的增量油的橡胶母料制备了组合物。产品的物理性能经测试而列于表Ⅸ中。
表Ⅸ增量油 C A C A C APt催化剂(ppm) 0.22 0.23 0.45 0.59 1.03 1.08硬度(A) 62 55 60 57 62 62永久形变(%) 8 14 6 12 6 8极限抗张强度(磅/英寸2) 950 380 900 670 880 930100%伸长率下的模量 400 220 420 280 410 370极限伸长率(%) 390 440 320 490 290 450油溶胀(%) 101.7 258.5 93.2 165.7 93.6 109.9
利用增量油“C”时,由于其中含有具有路易斯碱化学性质的材料很少,所以所得到热塑性弹性体产品具有卓越的拉伸性能和高的交联度,尽管催化剂用量只有低至约0.2ppm。相反,使用含高含量硫和氮化合物的增量油“A”制备的产品,要达到相似的性能则在反应中需多用五倍的催化剂。
实施例10
使用混有逐渐提高硫化物的浓度油增量的橡胶制造了一系列热塑性弹性体组合物。这些热塑性弹性体的制备方法如同实施例8中叙述的一样,利用橡胶的母料“I”。产品的性能列于表Ⅹ。
表Ⅹ油中硫含量1(毫克) 0.02 15.12 30.24 45.35 60.46油中氮含量(毫克) 0.02 1.39 2.76 4.13 5.5Pt催化剂(ppm)/(毫克) 3.7/.07 3.8/.07 3.7/.07 3.7/.07 4.9/.09S∶Pt摩尔比 0.9∶1 1316∶1 2633∶1 3948∶1 4094∶1N∶Pt摩尔比 3.7∶1 276∶1 548∶1 821∶1 851∶1硬度(A) 58 55 57 55 55永久形变(%) 6.5 6 8.5 9 11极限伸长率(磅/英寸2) 800 760 865 800 676100%伸长率下的模量 400 360 360 300 260(磅/英寸2)极限伸长率(%) 290 330 330 560 604凝胶(%) 97.5 97.9 97.8 97.9 -油溶胀(%) 91 100 121 126 164
1由混合White Oil同Atoil(由Petro Lube Lta.购得)制得,油中含3300ppm的硫和300ppm氮。
在增量(加工)油中增大硫和氮的含量对硫化状态的影响,可从当S∶Pt摩尔比约为4000∶1上和N∶Pt摩尔比约为800∶1时出现的油溶胀急剧增加而看出。具有路易斯碱化学性质的材料总量与铂催化剂的摩尔比要求约低于5000∶1,优选的硫和氮对铂的摩尔比各自要求约低于2000∶1和600∶1。最优选的摩尔比是低于1000∶1的S∶Pt和低于100∶1的N∶Pt。
实施例11
按照实施例8的方法用橡胶“J”作为弹性体制备了热塑性弹性体组合物。用两种不同的增量油制得的产品的比较,示于表Ⅺ。
表Ⅺ油中硫含量(毫摩尔) 0.02 0.38铂催化剂(ppm)/(毫克) 6.6/0.12 7.8/0.14SiH(phr) 3.3 3.0S∶Pt摩尔比 1∶1 17∶1硬度(A) 62 60永久形变(%) 7 7.5极限抗张强度(磅/英寸2) 910 924100%伸长率下的模量(磅/英寸2) 410 345极限伸长率(%) 420 482油溶胀(%) 106 174
当增量油中实质上不含影响含铂催化剂的路易斯碱性质的材料时,橡胶“J”同样显示了提高交联度的效果。
本发明的最好的模式和优选的具体实施方案已提出,但本发明的范围不限于此,而是由附后的权利要求所确定的。
Claims (8)
1.生产热塑性弹性体组合物的方法,它包括以下步骤:
a)将热塑性聚烯烃树脂和不饱和聚烯烃烯烃共聚物橡胶混合,该橡胶包括一种增量油,该增量油含有每百万份低于30份硫和每百万份低于100份的氮,
b)在(a)的混合物中加入氢化硅烷化剂;
c)在足以使混合物流动的温度下共混(b)的混合物,
d)在混合物中根据需要加入一种加工油,该加工油含有每百万份低于30份硫和每百万份低于100份的氮,
e)在混合物中加入含铂氢化硅烷化催化剂,加入量为每百万份橡胶0.01-4份铂金属,和
f)在加热和切变条件下素炼(e)的混合物,直到橡胶被交联。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中橡胶含有无空间位阻的碳-碳双键的二烯单体。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中聚烯烃树脂是聚丙烯且橡胶是含有5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯二烯单体的EPDM橡胶。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中在步骤(f)之后,橡胶呈离散颗粒分散在聚烯烃树脂基体的形式,并被交联到这样的程度,以致用橡胶溶剂由热塑性弹性体产品中可抽提出低于5%重量的可交联橡胶。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中含铂氢化硅烷化催化剂选自氯铂酸、氯铂酸与对称二乙烯基四甲基二硅氧烷的配合物和二氯双(三苯膦)铂(Ⅱ)。
6.权利要求1的方法,它进一步包括向热塑性弹性体中加入一种金属螯合剂。
7.权利要求1的方法,它进一步包括向热塑性弹性体中加入一种能与残留硅烷反应的化合物。
8.由权利要求1的方法生产出的热塑性弹性体组合物。
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- 1996-11-12 CA CA002190059A patent/CA2190059C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-11-14 IL IL11961596A patent/IL119615A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-11-22 TW TW085114411A patent/TW353078B/zh active
- 1996-11-28 DE DE69613799T patent/DE69613799T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-11-28 ES ES96119043T patent/ES2158216T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-11-28 EP EP96119043A patent/EP0776937B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-11-29 CN CN96121783A patent/CN1073596C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-11-29 AU AU74066/96A patent/AU712359B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-11-29 BR BR9605769A patent/BR9605769A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-11-29 MX MX9606050A patent/MX9606050A/es unknown
- 1996-11-29 JP JP8334626A patent/JPH09272741A/ja active Pending
- 1996-11-30 MY MYPI96005039A patent/MY113002A/en unknown
- 1996-11-30 KR KR1019960060482A patent/KR19980041203A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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1998
- 1998-11-30 US US09/201,193 patent/US6147160A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2007
- 2007-08-08 JP JP2007206522A patent/JP2007284699A/ja active Pending
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EP0655471A1 (en) * | 1993-11-25 | 1995-05-31 | Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co., Ltd. | Curable polymer release coating composition |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0776937A3 (en) | 1998-02-11 |
CA2190059A1 (en) | 1997-06-02 |
KR19980041203A (ko) | 1998-08-17 |
CA2190059C (en) | 2006-02-07 |
MY113002A (en) | 2001-10-31 |
CN1174857A (zh) | 1998-03-04 |
BR9605769A (pt) | 1998-08-25 |
IL119615A0 (en) | 1997-02-18 |
ES2158216T3 (es) | 2001-09-01 |
IL119615A (en) | 2001-01-28 |
DE69613799T2 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
DE69613799D1 (de) | 2001-08-16 |
MX9606050A (es) | 1997-08-30 |
JP2007284699A (ja) | 2007-11-01 |
AU7406696A (en) | 1997-06-05 |
US5936028A (en) | 1999-08-10 |
US5672660A (en) | 1997-09-30 |
AU712359B2 (en) | 1999-11-04 |
TW353078B (en) | 1999-02-21 |
EP0776937B1 (en) | 2001-07-11 |
EP0776937A2 (en) | 1997-06-04 |
US6147160A (en) | 2000-11-14 |
JPH09272741A (ja) | 1997-10-21 |
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