CN107106533B - 用于治疗微生物感染的增效组合物 - Google Patents
用于治疗微生物感染的增效组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107106533B CN107106533B CN201580057031.3A CN201580057031A CN107106533B CN 107106533 B CN107106533 B CN 107106533B CN 201580057031 A CN201580057031 A CN 201580057031A CN 107106533 B CN107106533 B CN 107106533B
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- trna synthetase
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- mupirocin
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Abstract
本发明提供包括RNA酶P抑制剂和tRNA合成酶抑制剂的增效药物组合物,以及其用于治疗感染的方法。本文中还提供使用所述组合物来抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶和使表面上的细菌去定殖的方法。
Description
优先权申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2014年10月31日提交的美国临时申请号62/073,100的优先权,所述美国临时申请以引用的方式整体并入本文。
关于联邦政府资助的研究的陈述
本发明是在政府支持下以由国家过敏与感染性疾病研究院(National Instituteof Allergy and Infectious Diseases)授权的授权号AI103507和AI073780进行。美国政府享有本发明的某些权利。
背景
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为医院获得性感染的主要原因,所述医院获得性感染近来被归类为未由某些联邦健康保险计划涵盖的“可预防医疗差错”。作为回应,保健机构已经颁布MRSA感染控制措施以减少医院获得性感染的发病率。例如,保健机构向带有金黄色葡萄球菌的近来患者施用基于莫匹罗星的软膏,作为减少MRSA传播和疾病的方式。然而,耐莫匹罗星(中等抗性和完全抗性)MRSA菌株已经出现,其对抗莫匹罗星治疗规范。
概述
本文描述包括RNA酶P抑制剂和tRNA合成酶抑制剂的增效药物组合物。本文中还描述使用所述增效组合物来治疗微生物感染、抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶和使表面上的细菌去定殖(decolonizing)的方法。
本文所述的药物组合物包括下式的RNA酶P抑制剂:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,其中L1和L2各自独立地为直接键或选自由-取代或未取代的烷基-、-取代或未取代的杂烷基-、-取代或未取代的烯基-、-取代或未取代的氨基-、-取代或未取代的酰氨基-、和-取代或未取代的烷氧基-组成的组的二价部分;R1和R2各自独立地选自由取代或未取代的烷基、取代或未取代的烯基、取代或未取代的环烷基、取代或未取代的芳基、和取代或未取代的杂芳基组成的组;和X1和X2各自独立地为O或S;和tRNA合成酶抑制剂。任选地,X1为O。任选地,X2为S。所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂任选地为莫匹罗星。所述RNA酶P抑制剂任选地为下式的化合物:
任选地,所述RNA酶P抑制剂为
本文所述的药物组合物包括下式的RNA酶P抑制剂:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药,其中L1和L2各自独立地选自由取代或未取代的烷基或取代或未取代的杂烷基组成的组;R1和R2各自独立地选自由取代或未取代的芳基或取代或未取代的杂芳基组成的组;和X1和X2各自独立地为O或S;和tRNA合成酶抑制剂。任选地,所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂为莫匹罗星。
本文所述的药物组合物包括以下结构的RNA酶P抑制剂:
和莫匹罗星。
任选地,本文所述的组合物进一步包含药学上可接受的载体。任选地,所述载体为聚亚烷基二醇载体(例如,聚乙二醇载体)。任选地,所述组合物被配制为软膏。
本文中还描述用于治疗或预防受试者中的微生物感染的方法。一种治疗或预防受试者中的微生物感染的方法包括向所述受试者施用有效量的如本文所述的组合物。所述RNA酶P抑制剂和所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂可相伴地或依序地(以任一顺序)施用。
任选地,所述微生物感染为细菌感染。所述细菌感染可任选地为葡萄球菌属感染,如金黄色葡萄球菌感染。任选地,所述金黄色葡萄球菌感染为耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌感染(例如,耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌感染)。所述细菌感染可任选地为链球菌属感染,如酿脓链球菌感染。
本文中进一步描述抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶的方法。一种抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶的方法包括使所述细胞与有效量的如本文所述的组合物接触。任选地,所述细胞为金黄色葡萄球菌细胞。任选地,所述细胞为耐莫匹罗星细胞。所述细胞可任选地为耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌细胞。任选地,所述细胞为酿脓链球菌细胞。
本文中还描述使表面上的细菌去定殖的方法。一种使表面上的细菌去定殖的方法包括使所述表面与有效量的如本文所述的组合物接触。任选地,所述表面为人体表面,如粘膜表面(例如,鼻腔表面)。
一个或多个实施方案的细节陈述于附图和以下描述中。其它特征、目标和优点将由所述描述和附图并且由权利要求书显而易见。
附图描述
图1包括展示RNPA2000抑制体外(图A)和细菌细胞中(图B)RNA酶P介导的tRNA加工的照片。
图2包括其展示悬浮于凡士林油中的莫匹罗星软膏(图A,左侧角落)、悬浮于凡士林油中的RNPA2000(图A,右侧角落)、和悬浮于凡士林油中的莫匹罗星软膏和RNPA2000(图A,下部图片)针对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗微生物活性的照片。图B示出悬浮于凡士林油中的莫匹罗星和RNPA2000针对耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌的抗微生物活性。
详述
本文描述包括RNA酶P抑制剂和tRNA合成酶抑制剂的增效药物组合物。任选地,所述RNA酶P抑制剂为RnpA抑制剂和/或RnpB抑制剂。任选地,所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂为微生物tRNA合成酶抑制剂。本文中还描述使用所述增效组合物来治疗微生物感染、抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶和使表面上的细菌去定殖的方法。
I.组合物
本文所述的增效药物组合物包括至少一种RNA酶P抑制剂和至少一种tRNA合成酶抑制剂。
a.RNA酶P抑制剂
一类适用于本文所述的方法中的RNA酶P抑制剂包含由式I表示的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药。
在式I中,L1和L2各自独立地为直接键或选自由-取代或未取代的烷基-、-取代或未取代的杂烷基-、-取代或未取代的烯基-、-取代或未取代的氨基-、-取代或未取代的酰氨基-、和-取代或未取代的烷氧基-组成的组的二价部分。
另外在式I中,R1和R2各自独立地选自由取代或未取代的烷基、取代或未取代的烯基、取代或未取代的环烷基、取代或未取代的芳基、和取代或未取代的杂芳基组成的组。
另外在式I中,X1和X2各自独立地为O或S。任选地,X1为O。任选地,X2为S。
如本文所用,术语直接键指示共价键。当L1为直接键时,其为R1或R1的原子与(C=X1)基团的碳之间的共价键。当L2为直接键时,其为R2或R2的原子与(C=X2)基团的碳之间的共价键。
如本文所用,术语烷基和烯基包括直链和支链单价取代基。实例包括甲基、乙基、异丁基、烯丙基等。适用于本文所述的化合物和方法的这些基团的范围包括C1-C20烷基和C2-C20烯基。适用于本文所述的化合物和方法的这些基团的额外范围包括C1-C12烷基、C2-C12烯基、C1-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基、C1-C4烷基和C2-C4烯基。
杂烷基和杂烯基与烷基和烯基类似地定义,但可在骨架内含有O、S或N杂原子或其组合。适用于本文所述的化合物和方法的这些基团的范围包括C1-C20杂烷基和C2-C20杂烯基。适用于本文所述的化合物和方法的这些基团的额外范围包括C1-C12杂烷基、C2-C12杂烯基、C1-C6杂烷基、C2-C6杂烯基、C1-C4杂烷基和C2-C4杂烯基。
术语环烷基和环烯基包括具有单环或多个稠环的环状烷基。实例包括环己基、环戊基乙基、和金刚烷基。适用于本文所述的化合物和方法的这些基团的范围包括C3-C20环烷基和C3-C20环烯基。适用于本文所述的化合物和方法的这些基团的额外范围包括C5-C12环烷基、C5-C12环烯基、C5-C6环烷基、和C5-C6环烯基。
芳基分子包括例如并入由离域电子连接的一般六个碳原子的一个或多个平面集的环状烃,所述平面集就如同其由交替的共价单键和共价双键组成般编号。芳基分子的实例为苯。杂芳基分子包括沿着其原子的主要环状链的取代,如O、N、或S。当杂原子被引入时,五个原子(例如,四个碳和一个杂原子)的集合可产生芳族系统。杂芳基分子的实例包括呋喃、吡咯、噻吩、咪唑(imadazole)、噁唑、吡啶、和吡嗪。芳基和杂芳基分子也可包括额外稠环,例如苯并呋喃、吲哚、苯并噻吩、萘、蒽、和喹啉。除非另外注明,否则所述芳基和杂芳基分子可连接在环上的任何位置处。
本文所用的烷基、烯基、芳基、杂烷基、杂烯基、杂芳基、环烷基、环烯基、芳基、或杂芳基分子可为取代或未取代的。如本文所用,术语取代包括烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、杂烷基、杂烯基、杂炔基、杂芳基、环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、杂环烷基、杂环烯基、或杂环炔基添加至连接至所述烷基、烯基、芳基、杂烷基、杂烯基、杂芳基、环烷基、环烯基、芳基、或杂芳基的主链的位置中,例如,用这些分子中的一个取代氢。取代基的实例包括但不限于羟基、卤素(例如,F、Br、Cl、或I)、和羧基。相反地,如本文所用,术语未取代指示所述烷基、烯基、芳基、杂烷基、杂烯基、杂芳基、环烷基、环烯基、芳基、或杂芳基具有氢的完全补足,即与其饱和水平相称,而无取代,例如直链癸烷(-(CH2)9-CH3)。
在式I的一些实施例中,X1为O,X2为S,并且L2为-NHC(O)-以提供结构I-A:
在结构I-A中,R1、L1、和R2如式I中所定义。
在式I的一些实施例中,X1为O,X2为S,并且L2为-NH-以提供结构I-B:
在结构I-B中,R1、L1、和R2如式I中所定义。
在式I的一些实施例中,L1为-OCH3-,X1为O,并且X2为O以提供结构I-C:
在结构I-C中,L1、X1、和X2如式I中所定义。
式I的实例包括以下化合物:
一类适用于本文所述的方法中的RNA酶P抑制剂包含由式II表示的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐或前药。
在式II中,L1和L2各自独立地选自由取代或未取代的烷基或取代或未取代的杂烷基组成的组。
另外在式II中,R1和R2各自独立地选自由取代或未取代的芳基或取代或未取代的杂芳基组成的组。
另外在式II中,X1和X2各自独立地为O或S。
式II的实例包括以下化合物:
b.tRNA合成酶抑制剂
本文所述的增效组合进一步包括一种或多种tRNA合成酶抑制剂。在一些实施方案中,所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂为微生物tRNA合成酶抑制剂。任选地,所述微生物tRNA合成酶抑制剂为细菌tRNA合成酶抑制剂。
所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂可为抑制细菌氨基酰基tRNA合成酶的试剂。任选地,所述细菌氨基酰基tRNA合成酶可为脯氨酰基tRNA合成酶、半胱氨酰基tRNA合成酶、甲硫氨酰基tRNA合成酶、亮氨酰基tRNA合成酶、色氨酰基tRNA合成酶、甘氨酰基tRNA合成酶、丙氨酰基tRNA合成酶、缬氨酰基tRNA合成酶、异亮氨酰基tRNA合成酶、天冬氨酰基tRNA合成酶、谷氨酰基tRNA合成酶、天冬酰胺酰基tRNA合成酶、谷酰氨基tRNA合成酶、丝氨酰基tRNA合成酶、苏氨酰基tRNA合成酶、赖氨酰基tRNA合成酶、精氨酰基tRNA合成酶、组氨酰基tRNA合成酶、苯丙氨酰基tRNA合成酶、酪氨酰基tRNA合成酶、或谷氨酰基-脯氨酰基-tRNA合成酶(EPRS)。
任选地,所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂可为天然产物抑制剂、天然产物抑制剂的类似物、或其药学上可接受的盐。任选地,所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂可包括莫匹罗星、疏螺旋体素、呋喃霉素、榴菌素、吲哚霉素、赭曲霉素A、创新霉素、和顺式-戊霉素。任选地,所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂可包括S-三苯甲基-L-半胱氨酸;L-天冬氨酸二酰胺;4-氮杂-DL-亮氨酸;DL-丝氨酸羟肟酸;普罗黄素(半硫酸盐);L-异亮氨醇;N-苯基甘氨酸;L-亮氨醇;L-甲硫氨醇;苯丙氨酸-亮氨酸-酰胺;酪胺;L-异亮氨醇;3,4-脱氢-DL-脯氨酸;S-氨基甲酰基-L-半胱氨酸;α-甲基-DL-甲硫氨酸;氯-L-丙氨酸;顺式-羟基脯氨酸;L-脯氨醇;L-组氨醇;L-色氨酸羟肟酸;DL-4-噻异亮氨酸;DL-氨基-ε-己内酰胺;L-天冬氨酸酰胺;DL-β-羟基正缬氨酸;顺式-4-氟-L-脯氨酸;反式-4-氟-L-甲酸;α-甲基-DL-组氨酸;N-甲酰基-L-组氨酸;L-2-氨基-3-氨磺酰基丙酸;L-天冬氨酸-β-羟肟酸;β-氰基-L-丙氨酸;硒代胱胺;4-氨基-正丁酰胺;DL-5-羟基赖氨酸;L-赖氨酸羟肟酸;3-(N-苯基乙酰基)氨基-2,6-哌啶二酮(抗瘤酮A10);4-氨基-4膦酰基丁酸;乙硫异烟胺;1,2-二氨基-3(4-咪唑基)丙烷(组氨酸胺);α-甲基组氨酸;(S)-2-甲基丁胺;L-O-甲基苏氨酸;DL-畜群霉素(2-氨基-4,4-二氯丁酸);DL-3-脱氢畜群霉素;DL-3-羟基亮氨酸;5,5,5-三氟-DL-亮氨酸;β-(3-氨基环己基)-DL-丙氨酸;DL-对氯安非他明;反式-2,6-二氨基己-4-烯酸;DL-2,6-二苯二甲酰亚氨基己酸甲酯;DL-5-羟基赖氨酸;L-赖氨酸羟肟酸;DL-4-氧杂赖氨酸;DL-4-硒代赖氨酸;L-甲硫氨酰胺;2-氨基-4-甲基己-4-烯酸;(1S,2S)-2-氨基-1-苯基-1,3-丙二醇;N-苯甲基-D-安非他明;N-苯甲基-L-苯丙氨酸;N-苯甲基-D-苯基乙胺;1,3-双(乙酰氧基)-2-硝基-1-苯基丙烷(种衣酯);1,2-二氨基-3-(2,6-二氯苯基)丙烷;1,2-二氨基-3-羟基-5-苯基戊烷;1,2-二氨基-3-苯基丙烷;N-(2,6-二氯苯亚甲基)-2-苯基乙胺;N-(2,6-二氯苯甲基)-2-苯基乙胺;N-(4-氟苯甲基)-L-苯丙氨酸;DL-2-氟苯基丙氨酸;2-羟基乙基-2-苯基硫酸铵;α-和β-甲基-DL-苯丙氨酸;L-苯丙氨醇;L-α-苯基甘氨酸;DL-苏式-β-苯基丝氨酸;β-2-噻吩基-DL-丙氨酸;N-三氟乙酰基-L-苯丙氨酸环己酯;2-氨基甲基-4-异丙氧基吡咯烷草酸;2-氨基-甲基吡咯烷;L-4-噻脯氨酸;N-苯甲基乙醇胺;N-(2,6-二氯苯甲基)乙醇胺;N-(2,6-二氯苯亚甲基)乙醇胺;DL-β-羟基亮氨酸;1,2-二氨基-5-苯基-3-戊醇;DL-7-氮杂色氨酸;DL-4-和DL-6-氟色氨酸;5-羟基色胺;L-5-羟基色氨酸;DL-α-甲基色胺;α-和β-甲基-DL-色氨酸;色胺;DL-2-氨基-1-(4-羟基苯基)-1-丙醇;DL-3-氟酪氨酸;3-碘-L-酪氨酸;3-硝基-L-酪氨酸;L-酪氨醇.HCl;L-苏式-2-氨基-3-氯丁酸;六氟-DL-缬氨酸;DL-正缬氨酸;L-4-噻赖氨酸;DL-乙硫氨酸;N,N′-二-CBZ-L-赖氨酸;DL-3-氟苯丙氨酸;DL-4-氟苯丙氨酸;DL-3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸;或其混合物。
用于本文所述的组合物的其它tRNA合成酶抑制剂包括如本领域技术人员已知的任何tRNA合成酶抑制剂。例如,所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂可为在Lv和Zhu,Current MedicinalChemistry,19(21):3550-3563(2012);Teng等人,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,56:1748-1760(2013);Hurdle等人,Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,49(12):4821-4833(2005);Orelle等人,Nucleic Acids Research,41(14);e144(2013);和Zhao等人,Int.J.Mol.Sci.,15:1358-1373(2014)中发现的tRNA合成酶抑制剂,所述参考文献至少关于其中教导的tRNA合成酶和tRNA合成酶抑制剂以引用的方式整体并入本文。
c.增效组合物
本文所述的组合物是至少一种如本文所述的RNAse P抑制剂和至少一种如本文所述的tRNA合成酶抑制剂的增效组合。
示例性增效组合物包括莫匹罗星和以下结构的RNA酶P抑制剂:
任选地,所述增效组合物包括与一种或多种以下结构组合的莫匹罗星:
II.药物制剂
本文所述的化合物或其衍生物可以药物组合物形式提供。视预期施用模式而定,所述药物组合物可呈固体、半固体或液体剂型的形式,例如软膏剂、凝胶剂、乳膏剂、片剂、栓剂、丸剂、胶囊剂、粉剂、液体剂、混悬剂或溶液剂,优选地呈适用于精确剂量的单一施用的单位剂型。所述组合物将包括与药学上可接受的载体组合的治疗有效量的本文所述的化合物或其衍生物,并且另外可包括其它药用试剂、药剂、载体、或稀释剂。药学上可接受意指在生物学上或其它方面均合乎需要的材料,其可连同所选化合物施用于个体而不引起不可接受的生物效应或以有害方式与其中含有所述材料的药物组合物的其它组分相互作用。
如本文所用,术语载体涵盖任何赋形剂、稀释剂、填充剂、盐、缓冲液、稳定剂、增溶剂、脂质、稳定剂、或本领域中众所周知用于药物制剂的其它材料。用于组合物的载体的选择将取决于预期用于所述组合物的施用途径。药学上可接受的载体和含有这些材料的制剂的制备描述于例如Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,第22版,Loyd等人编,Pharmaceutical Press和Philadelphia College of Pharmacy,University of theSciences(2012)中。
生理学上可接受的载体的实例包括缓冲液,如磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸盐缓冲液、和具有其它有机酸的缓冲液;包括抗坏血酸的抗氧化剂;低分子量(少于约10个残基)多肽;蛋白质,如血清白蛋白、明胶、或免疫球蛋白;亲水性聚合物,如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;氨基酸,如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、精氨酸或赖氨酸;单糖、二糖、和其它碳水化合物,包括葡萄糖、甘露糖、或糊精;螯合剂,如EDTA;糖醇,如甘露醇或山梨醇;成盐抗衡离子,如钠;和/或非离子性表面活性剂,如(ICI,Inc.;Bridgewater,New Jersey);聚亚烷基二醇,如聚乙二醇(PEG)和PLURONICSTM(BASF;Florham Park,NJ)。任选地,所述载体为聚亚烷基二醇载体。任选地,所述聚亚烷基二醇载体为聚乙二醇载体。
适用于肠胃外注射的含有一种或多种本文所述的化合物或其衍生物的组合物可包含生理学上可接受的无菌水溶液或非水溶液、分散液、悬浮液或乳液,和用于在无菌可注射溶液或分散液中复原的无菌粉末。合适的水性和非水性载体、稀释剂、溶剂或媒介物的实例包括水、乙醇、多元醇(丙二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油等)、其合适混合物、植物油(如橄榄油)和可注射有机酯(如油酸乙酯)。适当流动性可例如通过使用涂层(如卵磷脂),在分散液的情况下通过维持所需的粒径和通过使用表面活性剂来维持。
这些组合物也可含有佐剂,如防腐剂、湿润剂、乳化剂、和分散剂。微生物作用的预防可通过多种抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂,例如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸等促进。也可包括等渗剂,例如糖、氯化钠等。可通过使用延迟吸收的试剂(例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶)来引起可注射药物形式的延长吸收。
用于本文所述的化合物或其衍生物的口服施用的固体剂型包括胶囊剂、片剂、丸剂、粉剂、和颗粒剂。在所述固体剂型中,本文所述的化合物或其衍生物与至少一种惰性惯常赋形剂(或载体)混合,如柠檬酸钠或磷酸二钙,或(a)填充剂或增量剂,例如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、和硅酸,(b)粘合剂,例如羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、蔗糖、和阿拉伯胶,(c)保湿剂,例如甘油,(d)崩解剂,例如琼脂、碳酸钙、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、海藻酸、某些复合硅酸盐、和碳酸钠,(e)溶液缓凝剂,例如石蜡,(f)吸收促进剂,例如季铵化合物,(g)湿润剂,例如鲸蜡醇、和单硬脂酸甘油酯,(h)吸附剂,例如高岭土和膨润土,和(i)润滑剂,例如滑石、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇、月桂基硫酸钠、或其混合物。在胶囊剂、片剂、和丸剂的情况下,所述剂型也可包含缓冲剂。
类似类型的固体组合物也可在使用如乳糖(lactose/milk sugar)以及高分子量聚乙二醇等赋形剂的软和硬填充明胶胶囊剂中用作填充剂。
如片剂、糖衣丸、胶囊剂、丸剂、和颗粒剂的固体剂型可用包衣和壳,如肠溶包衣和本领域中已知的其它物质制备。其可含有乳浊剂并且也可具有使得其以延迟方式在肠道的某一部分中释放所述一种或多种活性化合物的组成。可使用的包埋组合物的实例为聚合物质和蜡。所述活性化合物也可呈微封装形式,适当时具有一种或多种上文所提到的赋形剂。
用于一种或多种本文所述的化合物或其衍生物的口服施用的液体剂型包括药学上可接受的乳液剂、溶液剂、混悬剂、糖浆剂、和酏剂。除了所述活性化合物以外,所述液体剂型也可含有本领域中通常使用的惰性稀释剂,如水或其它溶剂、增溶剂、和乳化剂,例如乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苯甲酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲酰胺、油(尤其棉籽油、花生油、玉米胚芽油、橄榄油、蓖麻油、芝麻油、甘油、四氢糠醇、聚乙二醇)、和山梨聚糖的脂肪酸酯、或这些物质的混合物等。
除所述惰性稀释剂外,所述组合物也可包括额外试剂,如湿润剂、乳化剂、悬浮剂、甜味剂、调味剂、或芳香剂。
除了所述活性化合物以外,混悬液也可含有一种或多种额外试剂,例如乙氧基化异硬脂醇、聚氧乙烯山梨醇和山梨醇酐酯、微晶纤维素、偏氢氧化铝、膨润土、琼脂和黄芪胶、或这些物质的混合物等。
用于直肠施用的一种或多种本文所述的化合物或其衍生物的组合物任选地为栓剂,其可通过混合所述化合物与合适的非刺激性赋形剂或载体而制备,所述赋形剂或载体如可可油、聚乙二醇或栓剂蜡,其在常温下为固体,但在体温下为液体并且因此在直肠或阴道腔中融化并且释放活性组分。
一种或多种本文所述的化合物或其衍生物的用于表面施用的剂型包括软膏剂、粉剂、喷雾剂、吸入剂、凝胶剂、乳膏剂、和溶液剂。本文所述的化合物或其衍生物在无菌条件下与生理学上可接受的载体和可需要的任何防腐剂、缓冲液、或推进剂混合。眼科制剂、软膏剂、粉剂、和溶液剂也预期在所述组合物的范围内。
所述组合物可包括本文所述的化合物和药学上可接受的载体中的一者或多者。如本文所用,术语药学上可接受的盐是指本文所述的化合物或其衍生物的盐,所述盐在合理医学判断的范围内,适合与受试者的组织接触使用而无不当毒性、刺激、过敏性反应等,与合理的效益/风险比相称,并且有效用于其预期用途,以及指本文所述的化合物在可能的情况下的两性离子形式。术语盐是指本文所述的化合物的相对无毒、无机和有机酸加成盐。这些盐可在所述化合物的分离和纯化期间当场制备或通过独立地使呈其游离碱形式的纯化的化合物与合适的有机或无机酸反应并且分离因此形成的盐来制备。代表性盐包括氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硝酸盐、乙酸盐、草酸盐、戊酸盐、油酸盐、棕榈酸盐、硬脂酸盐、月桂酸盐、硼酸盐、苯甲酸盐、乳酸盐、磷酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、顺丁烯二酸盐、反丁烯二酸盐、丁二酸盐、酒石酸盐、萘酸盐、甲磺酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、乳糖醛酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐、和月桂基磺酸盐等。这些盐可包括基于碱金属和碱土金属(如钠、锂、钾、钙、镁等)的阳离子,以及无毒铵、季铵、和胺阳离子,包括但不限于铵、四甲基铵、四乙基铵、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、三乙胺、乙胺等。(参看S.M.Barge等人,J.Pharm.Sci.(1977)66,1,其至少关于其中教导的组合物以引用的方式整体并入本文。)
本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐的施用可使用治疗有效量的本文所述的化合物和组合物或如本文所述的其药学上可接受的盐持续有效治疗病症的时期来进行。本文所述的化合物和组合物或如本文所述的其药学上可接受的盐的有效量可由本领域技术人员确定并且包括每天约0.5至约200mg/kg体重的针对哺乳动物的示例性剂量,其可以单一剂量或呈个别分次剂量的形式施用,如每天1至4次。或者,所述剂量可为每天约0.5至约150mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约0.5至100mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约0.5至约75mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约0.5至约50mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约0.5至约25mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约1至约20mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约1至约10mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约20mg/kg体重的活性化合物、每天约10mg/kg体重的活性化合物、或每天约5mg/kg体重的活性化合物。本领域技术人员应理解,针对任何特定受试者的具体剂量水平和剂量频率可变化并且将取决于多种因素,包括所用的一种或多种具体化合物的活性、所述化合物的代谢稳定性和作用长度;所述受试者的物种、年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别和饮食;施用模式和时间;排泄速率;药物组合;和特定病况的严重性。
III.制备所述化合物的方法
本文所述的化合物可以有机合成领域中已知的多种方式或如本领域技术人员理解的其变化形式制备。本文所述的化合物可由容易获得的起始材料制备。最佳反应条件可随着所用的特定反应物或溶剂变化,但所述条件可由本领域技术人员确定。
关于式I、式II、和本文所述的化合物的变化形式包括如关于各化合物所述的多种成分的添加、扣除、或移动。同样,当一个或多个手性中心存在于分子中时,所述分子的手性可改变。另外,化合物合成可涉及多个化学基团的保护和去保护。保护和去保护的使用和适当保护基的选择可由本领域技术人员确定。保护基的化学性质可发现于例如Wuts和Greene,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第4版,Wiley&Sons,2006中,其以引用的方式整体并入本文。预期如本文所述的多种化合物的合成和后续确定功效的测试。
产生本文所述的化合物的反应可在溶剂中进行,所述溶剂可由有机合成领域的技术人员选择。溶剂可大体上不与起始材料(反应物)、中间物、或产物在进行所述反应的条件(即,温度和压力)下反应。反应可在一种溶剂或超过一种溶剂的混合物中进行。产物或中间物形成可根据本领域中已知的任何合适方法进行监测。例如,产物形成可通过光谱手段,如核磁共振光谱法(例如1H或13C)、红外光谱法、分光光度法(例如UV-可见)、或质谱法,或通过色谱法,如高效液相色谱法(HPLC)或薄层色谱法进行监测。
任选地,本文所述的化合物可获自商业来源,包括例如Teva PharmaceuticalsUSA(North Wales,PA)。
IV.使用方法
本文提供治疗、预防、或改善受试者中的微生物感染的方法。所述方法包括向所述受试者施用有效量的如本文所述的RNA酶P抑制剂和tRNA合成酶抑制剂的组合。所述RNA酶P抑制剂和所述tRNA合成酶抑制剂可相伴地或依序地施用。
本文所述的组合物适用于治疗人类(例如,儿童和老年人群体)、和动物(例如,兽医应用)中的微生物感染。微生物感染包括例如细菌感染和真菌感染。在一些实施例中,所述微生物感染为细菌感染。在一些实施例中,所述微生物感染为革兰氏阳性细菌感染,如葡萄球菌属感染(例如金黄色葡萄球菌感染)、芽孢杆菌属感染、李斯特氏菌属感染、链球菌属感染(例如酿脓链球菌感染)、肠球菌属感染、或梭菌属感染。任选地,所述细菌感染为革兰氏阴性细菌感染,如不动杆菌属感染(例如鲍氏不动杆菌感染)、假单胞菌感染(例如铜绿假单胞菌感染)、克雷伯氏菌属感染、埃希氏菌属感染、沙门氏菌属感染、耶尔森氏菌属感染、志贺氏菌属感染、变形杆菌属感染、肠杆菌属感染、沙雷氏菌属感染、或柠檬酸杆菌属感染。
任选地,所述细菌感染为耐药性细菌感染。例如,所述细菌感染可为耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌感染,如耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌感染。
所述治疗、预防、或改善受试者中的微生物感染的方法可进一步包括选择感染耐抗微生物剂的微生物或处于感染所述微生物的风险中的受试者。任选地,所述治疗、预防、或改善受试者中的微生物感染的方法可进一步包括选择感染能够发展对抗微生物剂的抗性的微生物或处于感染所述微生物的风险中的受试者。处于感染如上文所述的微生物的风险中的受试者包括幼儿、老年人、免疫受损受试者、住院受试者、在机构(例如,疗养院)中生活的受试者、具有侵入性医学器件(例如,导尿管)的受试者、具有开放伤口的受试者、和已经与感染所述微生物的其它个体接触的受试者。
这些方法可进一步包括用一种或多种额外治疗剂(例如,抗生素)治疗。所述一种或多种额外试剂和如本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐可以任何顺序施用,包括同时地施用以及依序地施用(例如,暂时间隔长达数天的顺序)。所述方法还可包括所述一种或多种额外试剂和/或如本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐的单一施用。所述一种或多种额外试剂和如本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐的施用可通过相同或不同途径。当用一种或多种额外试剂治疗时,如本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐可组合成包括所述一种或多种额外试剂的药物组合物。例如,如本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐可组合成具有抗生素的药物组合物。合适的抗生素可包括有效用于治疗细菌感染的任何抗生素并且包括例如四环素类(例如,二甲胺四环素)、喹诺酮类(例如,环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、和萘啶酮酸)、氨基糖苷类(例如,阿米卡星、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、和妥布霉素)、碳青霉烯类(例如,美罗培南)、头孢菌素类(例如,头孢曲松)、大环内酯类(例如,红霉素)、多肽类(例如,粘菌素和多粘菌素B)、磺酰胺类(例如,磺胺甲噁唑)、甘氨酰环素类(例如,替加环素)、β内酰胺类(例如,青霉烷类)、脂肽类(例如,达托霉素)、噁唑烷酮类(例如,利奈唑胺)、和三甲氧苄二氨嘧啶。
如本文所述的方法和化合物适用于预防性和治疗性治疗。如本文所用,术语治疗(treating)或治疗(treatment)包括预防;延迟发作;发作之后病征或症状的恶化的减少、根除或延迟;和预防复发。关于预防性用途,治疗有效量的如本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐在发作之前(例如,在微生物感染的明显病征之前)、在早期发作期间(例如,在微生物感染的初始病征和症状时)、在确定的微生物感染之后、或甚至在出现抗生素抗性之后施用于受试者。预防性施用可在感染症状的显现之前存在数天至数年。治疗性治疗涉及在诊断出微生物感染之后向受试者施用治疗有效量的如本文所述的化合物和组合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
本文中还提供抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶的方法。所述细菌tRNA合成酶可为氨基酰基tRNA合成酶,如脯氨酰基tRNA合成酶、半胱氨酰基tRNA合成酶、甲硫氨酰基tRNA合成酶、亮氨酰基tRNA合成酶、色氨酰基tRNA合成酶、甘氨酰基tRNA合成酶、丙氨酰基tRNA合成酶、缬氨酰基tRNA合成酶、异亮氨酰基tRNA合成酶、天冬氨酰基tRNA合成酶、谷氨酰基tRNA合成酶、天冬酰胺酰基tRNA合成酶、谷酰氨基tRNA合成酶、丝氨酰基tRNA合成酶、苏氨酰基tRNA合成酶、赖氨酰基tRNA合成酶、精氨酰基tRNA合成酶、组氨酰基tRNA合成酶、苯丙氨酰基tRNA合成酶、酪氨酰基tRNA合成酶、或谷氨酰基-脯氨酰基-tRNA合成酶(EPRS)。
所述抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶的方法可包括使所述细胞与有效量的如本文所述的组合物接触。所述组合物的有效量可为抑制细胞中的细菌tRNA合成酶的量。任选地,所述细胞可为微生物细胞。任选地,所述微生物细胞可为细菌细胞。任选地,所述细菌细胞为革兰氏阳性细菌细胞。任选地,所述革兰氏阳性细菌细胞为葡萄球菌属细菌细胞(例如,金黄色葡萄球菌细菌细胞)、芽孢杆菌属细菌细胞、李斯特氏菌属细菌细胞、链球菌属细菌细胞(例如酿脓链球菌细菌细胞)、肠球菌属细菌细胞、或梭菌属细菌细胞。任选地,所述细菌细胞为革兰氏阴性细菌细胞。任选地,所述革兰氏阴性细菌细胞为不动杆菌属细菌细胞(例如鲍氏不动杆菌细菌细胞)、假单胞菌细菌细胞(例如铜绿假单胞菌细菌细胞)、克雷伯氏菌属细菌细胞、埃希氏菌属细菌细胞、沙门氏菌属细菌细胞、耶尔森氏菌属细菌细胞、志贺氏菌属细菌细胞、变形杆菌属细菌细胞、肠杆菌属细菌细胞、沙雷氏菌属细菌细胞、或柠檬酸杆菌属细菌细胞。所述接触可为体内(例如,在人类受试者中)或体外。任选地,所述细胞可为耐药性细胞,如耐莫匹罗星细胞。任选地,所述耐莫匹罗星细胞为耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌细胞。
本文中还提供使表面上的细菌去定殖的方法。所述使表面上的细菌去定殖的方法包括使所述表面与有效量的如本文所述的组合物接触。所述组合物的有效量可为使表面上的细菌去定殖的量。任选地,所述表面为人体表面,如粘膜表面。任选地,所述粘膜表面为鼻腔表面。
V.试剂盒
本文中还提供用于治疗或预防受试者中的微生物感染(例如,细菌感染)的试剂盒。试剂盒可包括任何本文所述的组合物。任选地,所述试剂盒可包括一种或多种额外试剂,如抗生素剂。例如,试剂盒可包括如本文所述的组合物和抗生素剂,如四环素类(例如,二甲胺四环素)、喹诺酮类(例如,环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、和萘啶酮酸)、氨基糖苷类(例如,阿米卡星、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、和妥布霉素)、碳青霉烯类(例如,美罗培南)、头孢菌素类(例如,头孢曲松)、大环内酯类(例如,红霉素)、多肽类(例如,粘菌素和多粘菌素B)、磺酰胺类(例如,磺胺甲噁唑)、甘氨酰环素类(例如,替加环素)、和三甲氧苄二氨嘧啶。试剂盒可进一步包括任何本文所述的化合物或组合物的软膏制剂。试剂盒可另外包括关于所述试剂盒的使用的说明书(例如,用于治疗受试者的说明书)、一个或多个容器(用于所述化合物、组合物、或额外试剂)、用于施用所述化合物或组合物的构件、和/或载体。
如本文所用,术语治疗(treatment)、治疗(treat)、或治疗(treating)是指减少感染、疾病、或病况的一种或多种症状。因此在所公开的方法中,治疗可指所述感染、疾病、或病况的一种或多种症状的严重性的10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%减少,或在10%与100%之间的任何百分比减少。例如,如果受试者中的感染的一种或多种症状或病征如与对照相比存在10%减少,那么治疗感染的方法被视为治疗。如本文所用,对照是指未治疗感染。因此,如与原生或对照水平相比,减少可为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%,或在10%与100%之间的任何百分比减少。应理解,治疗不必指所述感染、疾病、病况、或所述感染、疾病、或病况的症状的治愈或完全消融。
如本文所用,术语感染、疾病、或病症的预防(prevent)、预防(preventing)、和预防(prevention)是指在受试者开始显示所述疾病或病症的一种或多种症状之前或大约同时出现的组合物或治疗剂的作用(例如,施用),其抑制或延迟所述疾病或病症的一种或多种症状的发作或严重性。
如本文所用,对降低(decreasing)、减少(reducing)、或抑制(inhibiting)的提及包括如与对照水平相比,10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、或更大的改变,或在10%与大于约90%或更大之间的任何百分比改变。所述术语可包括但不必包括完全消除。
如本文所用,受试者意指哺乳动物和非哺乳动物。哺乳动物包括例如人类;非人类灵长类动物,例如猿和猴;牛;马;绵羊;大鼠;小鼠;猪;和山羊。非哺乳动物包括例如鱼和鸟。
以下实施例意图进一步说明本文所述的方法和组合物的某些方面,并且不意图限制权利要求书的范围。
实施例
实施例1:
RNPA2000为影响RnpA介导的tRNA加工的抗微生物剂。
莫匹罗星是抑制细菌细胞中的异亮氨酰基tRNA合成酶的一般可用抗生素。所述酶管理tRNA分子,使其参与蛋白翻译。RnpA是一种酶,其连同核酶rnpB形成RNA酶P核糖体蛋白复合物,所述复合物制备用于装料的前体tRNA分子(其在tRNA加工途径中的tRNA合成酶的上游工作)。RNPA2000抑制体外(图1,图A)和另外在细菌细胞内(图1,图B)的前体tRNA加工。
RNPA2000在实验室培养基中与莫匹罗星增效地工作。
RNPA2000影响在tRNA异亮氨酰基tRNA合成酶上游的酶并且在实验室培养基中与莫匹罗星增效地起作用。分级抑制浓度(FIC)测量披露了当与莫匹罗星组合时RNPA2000的增效效应(FIC=0.44)。
RNPA2000在莫匹罗星软膏中与莫匹罗星增效地工作。
RnpA抑制剂(如RNPA2000)添加至莫匹罗星软膏(Teva Pharmaceuticals USA(North Wales,PA))中会改进所述软膏的抗微生物功效并且还有效抵抗耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌。如图2中所示,用凡士林油稀释莫匹罗星软膏会降低所述软膏的抗微生物特性。参看图2,图A,左上侧图片。同样,凡士林油中的极低RNPA2000水平不展示抗微生物特性。参看图2,图A,右上侧图片。然而,当这两者(均在亚抑制浓度下)混合时,可见清楚抗细菌效应(图2,图A,下部图片),确定了RNPA2000和莫匹罗星在市售莫匹罗星软膏中增效地起作用。RNPA2000和莫匹罗星也增效地抵抗耐莫匹罗星金黄色葡萄球菌起作用(图2,图B)。
实施例2:抗微生物敏感性测试
测试本文所述的RNA酶P抑制剂针对金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1的抗微生物活性。96孔微量滴定板的个别孔接种约1×105集落形成单位(CFU)的含有两倍递增浓度(0至256μg mL-1)的所指示抗生素或推定RnpA抑制剂的所指示生物,并且在37℃下在Mueller Hinton肉汤中孵育18小时。MIC是定义为抗生素的最低浓度,其中在孔中无可见细菌生长。最小杀细菌浓度测试通过在MIC下和在高于MIC下对各含有处理的孔中的细菌细胞计数来执行。导致起始接种体的99.9%细胞死亡的测试剂浓度被确定为最小杀细菌浓度。MIC结果显示于表1中。
实施例3:RNA降解活性
测试本文所述的RNA酶P抑制剂针对RnpA mRNA降解活性的活性。1μg的全部金黄色葡萄球菌RNA或1pmol的体外合成的spa mRNA在37℃下在反应缓冲液(50mM Tris-HCl pH8.0、2mM NaCl、2mM MgCl2)中在所指示化合物不存在或存在下与20pmol RnpA一起孵育15至30min。通过添加等体积的2X RNA装载染料(95%甲酰胺、0.025%SDS、0.025%溴酚蓝、0.025%二甲苯蓝FF、0.5mM EDTA)来停止反应,在变性1.0%琼脂糖-0.66M甲醛凝胶上跑胶并且用溴化乙锭染色。使用FluorChem 5500系统(Alpha Innotech;San Leandro,CA)使RNA底物和相应的降解产物显现。使用Image J测密度术软件(National Institutes ofHealth;Bethesda,MD)测量测试化合物的抑制效应以定量阴性对照(单独RNA)、阳性对照(RnpA+RNA+DMSO)、和实验样品(RnpA+RNA+测试化合物)中RNA带的信号强度。使用以下等式计算测试化合物的百分比酶抑制:百分比抑制=[(实验信号-阳性对照)/(阴性对照信号-阳性对照信号)]*100。RnpA mRNA降解结果显示于表1中。
实施例4:RNA酶P活性
测试本文所述的RNA酶P抑制剂针对RNA酶P的活性。在低盐缓冲液(50mM Tris-HClpH 8.0、5mM MgCl2)中或在高盐缓冲液(50mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0、100mM MgCl2、800mMNH4Cl)中执行金黄色葡萄球菌RNA酶P活性分析。关于所有反应,ptRNATyr、tRNATyr、或rnpBRNA种类首先通过加热至95℃持续3分钟,并且接着缓慢地冷却所述混合物至室温来变性。通过在37℃下混合等摩尔比率的RnpB和RnpA持续15min使RNA酶P复原。通过混合1.25pmolRNA酶P(RnpA+rnpB)、RnpA、rnpB或与等体积的2X低盐缓冲液或2X高盐缓冲液和10pmolptRNATyr来执行前体tRNA加工反应(20μL)。混合物在37℃下孵育15min。通过添加20μL 2XRNA装载染料(95%甲酰胺、0.025%SDS、0.025%溴酚蓝、0.025%二甲苯蓝FF、0.5mM EDTA)来停止反应,并且30μL各样品在7M尿素/8%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中电泳并且接着用溴化乙锭(0.5μg/ml)染色。在指示下,反应在所指示量的推定RnpA抑制剂或二甲亚砜(DMSO)存在下重复。使用FluorChem 5500成像系统来显现RNA,并且使用Image J测密度术软件(NIH)测量阳性对照(RNA酶P+DMSO)中或含有测试化合物的样品中成熟tRNATyr带的相对丰度。接着使用以下等式计算百分比RNA酶P活性:(测试化合物tRNATyr信号/阳性对照tRNATyr信号)*100。RNA酶P活性结果显示于表1中。
实施例5:分级抑制浓度
测试本文所述的RNA酶P抑制剂在莫匹罗星存在下的分级抑制浓度(FIC)。执行FIC测试来确定莫匹罗星和如本文所述的RnpA抑制剂的组合效应。96孔微量滴定板的个别孔接种在Mueller Hinton肉汤中的1×105CFU的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1。所述板的各行含有递增浓度的RNPA1000或RNPA2000(两倍增量;0、0.004、0.008、0.016、0.03、0.06、0.125、0.25、0.5、1、2、或4x MIC),而各列含有递增浓度的所指示抗生素(两倍增量;0、0.06、0.125、0.25、0.5、1、2、或4x MIC)。板在37℃下孵育18小时,并且通过肉眼检测生长。使用下式确定FIC:(组合中的药物A的MIC/单独药物A的MIC)+(组合中的药物B的MIC/单独药物B的MIC)=FIC。增效相互作用是定义为FIC值≤0.5,无相互作用是定义为0.5-4的FIC,或拮抗相互作用是定义为FIC>4。FIC结果显示于表1中。
表1:
随附权利要求书的化合物和方法的范围不受本文所述的具体化合物和方法限制,所述具体化合物和方法意图说明权利要求书的一些方面和在本公开的范围内的功能上相等的任何化合物和方法。除了本文所示并且描述的那些以外,所述化合物和方法的多种修改也意图在随附权利要求书的范围内。此外,虽然仅特定地描述某些代表性化合物、方法、和这些化合物和方法的方面,但即使未特定地陈述,其它化合物和方法和所述化合物和方法的多种特征的组合也意图在随附权利要求书的范围内。因此,步骤、要素、组分、或成分的组合可在本文中明确地提及;然而,即使未明确地陈述,也包括步骤、要素、组分、和成分的所有其它组合。本文所引用的所有公布、专利、和专利申请由此出于所有目的以引用的方式整体并入。
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