CN105229908A - 开关电容器功率转换器的保护 - Google Patents
开关电容器功率转换器的保护 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/06—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
- H02M3/07—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
- H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
- H02H7/1203—Circuits independent of the type of conversion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
- H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
- H02H7/1203—Circuits independent of the type of conversion
- H02H7/1206—Circuits independent of the type of conversion specially adapted to conversion cells composed of a plurality of parallel or serial connected elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
- H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
- H02H7/1213—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for DC-DC converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0009—Devices or circuits for detecting current in a converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/06—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
- H02M3/07—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
- H02M3/073—Charge pumps of the Schenkel-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/06—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
- H02M3/07—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
- H02M3/073—Charge pumps of the Schenkel-type
- H02M3/075—Charge pumps of the Schenkel-type including a plurality of stages and two sets of clock signals, one set for the odd and one set for the even numbered stages
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Abstract
通过测量与开关元件(例如,晶体管)或者相位节点相关联的一个或者多个内部电压和/或电流、或者在转换器的端子处的电压或者电流,并且基于这些测量检测到当测量结果偏离预定范围时已经发生的条件,来检测针对开关电容器功率转换器的瞬时或者故障条件。在检测到所述条件时,故障控制电路系统改变所述转换器的操作,例如,通过使用高压开关来将开关元件中的至少一些与所述转换器的一个或者多个端子电断开、或者通过改变相位信号的定时特性来改变所述转换器的操作。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2013年3月15日提交的美国申请第13/838,681号的优先权,其内容以引用的方式全部并入本文。
发明领域
本发明涉及开关电容器功率转换器的保护。
背景
开关电容器功率转换器电路的各种配置通过在电路中的电容器之间进行受控电荷传输而在高侧电压与低侧电压之间提供电压转换(即,升压、降压、或者双向转换)。Dickson电荷泵是这种转换电路的示例。控制在电容器之间的电荷传输通常利用用作“开关”的电路元件,例如,二极管或者FET晶体管。
开关元件和电容器的一些配置在正常操作中限制了跨开关元件的典型最大电压。这种受限的电压允许使用并非必须适应全高侧电压或者高侧电压与低侧电压之差的开关元件,从而允许使用“低压”元件。例如,分4个阶段执行在20伏与5伏之间的转换的常规Dickson电荷泵中,开关元件在操作中通常经历10伏的最大电压并且因此需要10伏的额定电压(例如,额定击穿电压)。
电荷泵通过存储跨每个电容器的输入电压的一部分来升压或者降压。随着电压转换强度的增加,所需电容器的数量也增加。在每个电容器的两个端子上的开关必须执行电荷传输,并且将电荷泵配置为提供所需的电压转换比。
图1A和图1B示出了两个电荷泵。在图1A中的第一个电荷泵是1:3降压配置,而在图1B中的第二个电荷泵是3:1升压配置。在每个节点上的电压标签具有两个值,一个值用于每个操作阶段:在阶段1期间的电压值/在阶段2期间的电压值。每个开关需要在阶段1或者阶段2期间按照非重叠的方式开通和关断。对于升压或者降压,标记为VX的节点是最低电荷泵电压电平:VX通常是降压的输出,并且相反地是升压的输入。VX也在开关关断时设置跨每个开关的电压降:在电容器的底部处的开关中的分别显示出为VX的最大电压降,而在每个电容器的顶部处的开关则显示出为2VX的最大电压降。这意味着,被选择作为在电容器的顶部处的开关的晶体管需要大于2VX的漏极源极击穿电压(BVDSS)来避免损坏。在一般情况下,MOS晶体管的BVDSS越高,用于给定导通电阻的晶体管面积和电容越大,这增加了裸片成本和切换功率损失。因此,可取的是使用BVDSS接近晶体管需要支持的最大电压降的晶体管。
图2示出了在图1A中的交错版本的降压电荷泵,其中,在每个电容器的顶部处的开关现在显示出仅仅为VX的最大电压降。应该注意,图2中的交错拓扑可以减少跨每个开关所显示出的最大电压降,简单地如级联顶部开关中的每一个(或者,每个顶部开关使用两个串联连接的晶体管),虽然其他方法也可以实现该目的。对于大多数CMOS工艺,使用相同的低BVDSS晶体管带来的效率和裸片面积增益对于证明更高晶体管计数和复杂性仍然足够有利。由于必须在VX的各个共模电压倍数下控制并且操作这些低压晶体管,所以复杂性增加。以图2为例,将最顶部的电容器连接至为6V的VIN的开关可以是3.3V晶体管,这是因为,当晶体管不导通时,晶体管显示出跨其漏极-源极端子的为2V的电压差,虽然在晶体管漏极端子和源极端子处的绝对电压电平超过了3.3V(4V或者6V,这取决于操作阶段;4V是该开关的共模电压电平)。这是因为BVDSS是跨晶体管漏极-源极端子的差分电压约束,而不是在晶体管端子中的每一个处的绝对约束。虽然漏极和源极端子针对硅衬底分别具有绝对击穿电压,但是这些绝对击穿电压通常远高于BVDSS并且因此使晶体管在高于BVDSS的共模电压电平下被操作。
除了BVDSS之外,针对MOS晶体管的另一差分电压约束是通过栅极氧化物击穿电压确定的最大栅极-源极电压(VGSmax)。具有小几何形状和低压晶体管的现代CMOS工艺需要更薄的栅极氧化物来维持性能,这也导致了更低的额定VGSmax。这进一步使得使用低压晶体管开关的高压转换比电荷泵的设计复杂化,这是因为在切换操作期间必须注意避免超过栅极-源极电压约束和漏极-源极电压约束。
通常可用的低压晶体管倾向于诸如1.8V、3.3V晶体管,间或是5V晶体管,通常指定了等于最大操作漏极-源极额定电压VDsmax的额定电压VGSmax,其中,VGSmax<BVDSS。对于在操作范围内的最小VX电压明显高于晶体管阈值电压的应用,切实可行且方便的做法是针对晶体管栅极驱动器使用相同的VX电压电平而非生成针对该目的的单独内部电源轨。这是由于如下事实:VX电平电压已经生成并且支撑在交错电荷泵中的每个非开关节点(例如,在图2中的电容器之间的VIN、VX、4V节点)之间,为电荷泵操作自身所固有。因此,用于每个晶体管的栅极驱动器可以电平移位为该晶体管的共模电压电平,使用相同的低压晶体管,并且驱动晶体管栅极-源极电压在0V与VX之间,如图3所示。示出了在电容器的顶部处的一对开关的交错电荷泵的第n部分,其中n为整数。在右侧示出了等效晶体管电平,其中,栅极驱动器用于开通和关断晶体管。晶体管和栅极驱动器电路系统显示出跨它们的VX电压的最大值。示出的高侧开关是PMOS晶体管,但是,如果其栅极驱动器引导在示出的电容器节点与在Vn+1与Vn+2之间切换的相邻电容器节点之间,其也可以是NMOS。
电荷泵通过存储跨电容器的输入电压的一部分或者多个输入电压,来降压或者升压输入电压。随着转换强度的增加,所使用的电容器的数量也增加。每个电容器有助于在操作周期的一部分期间建立唯一的中间电压。用于将电容器重新布置为不同配置的开关需要由一些能源供电。
在图4A和图4B中,示出了1:5(降压)配置(或者5:1升压,如果功率流反转的话)的串并行电荷泵和Dickson电荷泵。在每个节点上的电压标签具有两个值:第一个值是在操作阶段1期间的电压值;第二个值是在操作阶段2期间的电压值。
在Dickson电荷泵中,每个阶段显示出在电荷泵的高压侧处的总电压的仅仅一小部分。这允许使用更低的额定电压装置并且改进了效率。然而,如果高压侧突然快速升压,那么低压开关可能会经历暂时性的过电压应力,这可能会导致损坏。
在一般情况下,重要的是保护开关元件避免暴露于超过其击穿电压的电压,以防止损坏转换电路或者防止电路的错误操作。
发明内容
在一个方面中,在一般情况下,通过测量与开关元件(例如,晶体管)或者相位节点相关联的一个或者多个内部电压和/或电流、或者在转换器的端子处的电压或者电流,并且基于这些测量检测到在测量结果偏离预定范围时已经发生的条件,来检测针对开关电容器功率转换器的瞬时或者故障条件。在检测到所述条件时,故障控制电路系统改变所述转换器的操作,例如,通过使用高压开关来将开关元件中的至少一些与所述转换器的一个或者多个端子电断开、或者通过改变相位信号的定时特性来改变所述转换器的操作。
在另一个方面中,在一般情况下,在电容器意外对下一个阶段、跨自身、或者对接地(诸如,其底板针对接地)短路的情况下,可以实施过电压和欠电压保护。监测在电荷泵中的每个电容器,以查看是否其处于给定电荷泵比的可接受范围内。例如,如果电荷泵的输出应该是2V,那么最接近输出的电容器也应该大约为2V。在绝热充电中,电容器电压在每个周期期间可以变化较大,从而在过电压保护和欠电压保护中需要足够的裕度来考虑正常电压变化。
在另一个方面中,在一般情况下,开关电容器功率转换器具有:第一端子,所述第一端子用于在基本高压下耦合至第一外部电路;以及第二端子,所述第二端子用于在低于所述高压的基本低压下耦合至第二外部电路。在功率转换器的操作中,电荷在所述第一端子与所述第二端子之间的电荷传输路径上传递。所述转换器包括多个半导体开关元件。这些开关元件包括第一组开关元件,所述第一组开关元件在所述第一端子与所述第二端子之间的所述电荷传输路径上,其中,在所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件都不与所述第一端子或者所述第二端子串联连接以传送通过所述端子的基本上所有的电流,以及其中,在所述第一组开关元件中的每个开关元件配置为在多个电容器的对应子组之间形成可控制的电荷传输路径。所述开关元件还包括第二组开关元件,所述第二组开关元件配置为形成所述电容器中的至少一些与交流参考电压的电连接。所述多个开关元件配置为在操作中在连续状态下形成所述互连。所述转换器进一步包括测量电路系统,所述测量电路系统配置为测量所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的一个或者多个开关元件的电压和/或电流特性;以及耦合至所述测量电路系统的故障控制电路系统,所述故障控制电路系统配置为:在检测到在测量得到的所述开关元件的特性偏离所述特性的预定范围时确定的条件时,改变所述功率转换器的操作。
各个方面可以包括一个或者多个以下特征。
所述多个开关元件进一步包括第三组开关元件,所述第三组开关元件处于所述第一端子与所述第二端子之间的所述电荷传输路径上,与所述第一端子或者所述第二端子串联连接。
所述第二组开关元件包括在一些操作状态期间(例如,在转换器的“相位节点”处)形成所述电容器中的至少一些与所述低压端子的电连接的开关元件。
所述操作阶段包括时钟阶段的重复序列。
所述转换器进一步包括所述多个电容器,每个电容器具有耦合至所述多个开关元件中的至少一个开关元件的端子的端子。在一些示例中,所述电容器和所述开关元件集成在单片装置中。
所述转换器包括Dickson电荷泵。
所述一个或者多个开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性属于由以下构成的组:
●跨所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件的端子的电压;
●通过所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件的电流;
●在所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件与所述多个电容器中的电容器之间的结处的电压;
●跨所述多个电容器中的耦合至所述开关元件的电容器的端子的电压;
●在所述第二组开关元件中的开关元件与所述多个电容器中的电容器之间的结处的电压;以及
●通过所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件的电流。
所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括跨所述开关元件的端子的电压。
所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括通过所述开关元件的电流。
所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括在所述开关元件的端子处的电压。
所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括跨所述多个电容器中的耦合至所述开关元件的电容器的端子的电压。
所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件形成相位发生器,以及其中,所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括由所述相位发生器供应的电压和/或电流。
所述半导体开关元件中的每一个包括FET晶体管,所述FET晶体管用于耦合所述电容器中的至少两个。
所述半导体开关元件中的至少一些包括多个FET晶体管的网络。
所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件中的至少一些具有小于所述高压的最大额定电压。
所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件中的至少一些具有小于所述高压与所述低压之差的最大额定电压。
所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件中的至少一些具有不大于所述高压与所述低压之差的一部分1/N的最大额定电压,N>1。
所述故障控制电路系统包括一个或者多个开关,每个所述开关具有大于所述多个开关中的至少一些的所述额定电压的最大额定电压,所述一个或者多个开关配置为电断开或者限制流过所述多个开关元件中的至少一些开关元件的电流。在一些示例中,所述一个或者多个开关包括直接地耦合至所述第一端子的开关。在一些示例中,所述一个或者多个开关包括耦合在所述多个开关元件中的两个开关元件之间的开关。
所述故障控制电路系统配置为:在检测到所述条件时,修改所述相位的所述特性。在一些示例中,所述相位的所述特性属于由以下构成的组:
●时钟相位的占空比;
●所述相位的时钟频率;以及
●时钟相位的一个或者多个时钟周期的跳过。
附图说明
图1A和图1B分别是1:3电压转换比(降压)电荷泵、3:1电压转换比(升压)电荷泵的示意图。
图2是在图1A中的交错版本的降压电荷泵的示意图。
图3是一对开关的晶体管级表示的示意图。
图4A和图4B分别是串并行电荷泵和Dickson电荷泵。
图5是故障指示电路的示意图。
图6是具有故障检测电路的电荷泵的示意图。
图7是具有级联开关的电荷泵的示意图。
图8是具有级联开关和检测电路系统的电荷泵的示意图。
图9是具有输入控制的电荷泵的示意图。
图10是具有输入断开的电荷泵的示意图。
图11A至图11B分别是用于降压和升压的高侧开关和低侧开关的示意图。
图12A至图12B是电流感测电路的示意图。
图13是具有如图1A所示的电荷泵的故障检测器的示意图。
图14至图15是适合用在图13的电路中的电流感测和比较电路的示意图。
图16是包括具有故障检测电路系统的降压电荷泵的示意图。
图17至图20分别是包括缺失或者开路端子故障检测器的示意图
具体实施方式
1、概述
下面描述了针对用于检测开关电容器功率转换器和/或耦合至这种转换器的电路系统(例如,负载电路系统)的故障(或者,潜在故障或者潜在失效、超过装置额定电压等)的多种相关方法,并且在一些情况下,用于在检测到这种故障之后控制转换器的操作的方法,以例如避免在电荷泵内和电荷泵外的失效。这些故障或者失效可能发生在操作中,或者在关闭时(即,不主动用作功率转换器),但是不会发生在供电状态下。注意,下面描述的方法可以独立使用,并且在一般情况下,可以以各种组合的方式一起使用。而且,应该理解,虽然可以在特定类型的转换器(例如,串联/并联或者Dickson)的背景下图示下面描述的方法,但是这些方法中的至少一些方法可以适用于更宽范围的转换器。
下面描述的多种方法根据所测量的内容以及根据缓解故障或者失效的方式而有所不同。测量包括以下一个或者多个:
●跨开关晶体管的源极和漏极的电压;
●通过开关晶体管的电流;
●在转换器的电容器的端子处(例如,在附接有外部电容器的装置的端部处、在附接有开关晶体管的端子处等)的电压;
●在转换器的高压端子或者低压端子处的电压和/或电流;
●在相位节点的输出处或者在电容器的附接至相位节点的端子处的电压和/或电流。
用于缓解故障或者失效的方法可以包括以下一种或者多种:
●对转换器的暂停操作(例如,使时钟操作暂停);
●在不进行暂停操作的情况下,例如,通过增加或者减慢时钟速率、改变占空比等,来修改转换器的时钟,以在转换器内允许电压平衡,从而抑制所有切换;
●重启转换器(例如,执行启动操作序列);
●控制在转换器的高压端子处的高压开关(晶体管),例如,以限制流过转换器的电流(例如,通过打开开关来停止电流流动、或者使开关处于恒流模式);
●利用一个或者多个开关(例如,高压开关)通过电容器来解耦电气路径,该开关可以在转换器的内部路径上;
●生成引起引脚过渡或者外部中断信号的逻辑故障指示符,从而通知用户并且可以采取校正行动(例如,减少外部负载、使转换器操作暂停);
●根据测量得到的故障的类型来改变在内部寄存器中的一个或者多个位的逻辑状态,以在该内部寄存器的内容重读时帮助用户调试该故障。
在下面的论述中,将FET晶体管用作半导体开关元件的示例。其他类型的装置(例如,其他类型的晶体管)和多个装置的网络(例如,晶体管的串联和/或并联连接)可以用于形成这种开关。
注意,在一些实施方式中,转换器可以包括彼此异相地操作的多个并联转换器(例如,两个180度异相的并联转换器、三个具有重叠相位的120度异相的转换器等),并且检测和缓解方法可以针对每个相位独立地执行,或者可以协调地执行。例如,在并联转换器中的一个并联转换器的恢复/重启期间,可以将其他转换器重新配置为按照提供不间断功率转换(例如,通过适当地调节它们的相对相位、过时钟速率等)的方式来操作。
2、在端子处的过电压/欠电压感测
如上所介绍的,一种方法一般使用在转换器的端子处感测到的电压来检测过电压或者欠电压情况。在多个实施例中,电荷泵配置为防止电荷泵在非典型条件或者故障条件下操作,该非典型条件或者故障条件将:
a)超过开关晶体管、其栅极驱动器和相关联的控制电路系统的额定VGSmax和VDSmax;
b)在可以发生功能或者参数不当行为的弱状态下,操作晶体管;
c)使与VX串联连接的子系统在正常范围之外操作。
如果发生事件(a),那么对电荷泵的损坏可以是即时的或者长期的,借此,零件可以继续操作,但是稳健性和性能水平都会下降。事件(b)和(c)可以导致不正常的操作行为,这也可以降低零件的稳健性和性能。由于VX可能是封装引脚,从而可能暴露在外并且用户易于与之产生物理接触,所以可能发生这种事件。而且,组装过程自身可以导致封装引脚或者外部部件的短路或者开路,或者在相邻的引脚或者部件之间产生短路。例如,用户在操作降压电荷泵的同时探测在封装体或者板上的节点可能不经意间对接地或者对电源轨短路VX。或者,用户可能在无意间施加大于在VX上的特定负载电流的电流,导致VX电压降低到低于正常操作范围。当电容器在电荷泵裸片和封装体外部时,组装过程缺陷可以省去电容器或者使至电荷泵的电容器连接中的一个电容器连接开路。如果电荷泵用缺失或者开路电容器进行操作,那么VX电压也会降低。
在电荷泵与另一子系统(诸如LDO)或者另一开关转换器(基于感应器或者电容器的)串联操作的应用中,VX可以是向该子系统供电的输入或者向电荷泵供电的子系统输出。在这两种情况下,在VX处的欠电压或者过电压事件对于子系统的性能和稳健性而言都可能不是希望的。
2.1、VX欠电压和过电压感测和锁定
在一些实施例中,在操作期间或者在关闭但是供电的状态下,感测VX电压,并且,由在电荷泵中的电路系统或者与电荷泵相关联的电路系统生成内部指示符,以在每当VX电压移到预定电压窗口之外时,使操作失效或者在启用(锁定)时防止电荷泵操作。当VX降低到低于窗口的下限时,VX为欠电压,而当VX上升到高于窗口的上限时,VX为过电压。如果超过了晶体管的绝对最大额定电荷或者如果晶体管由于栅极驱动不足而无法可靠地进行切换,那么通过防止电荷泵操作,VX欠电压(UVLO)和过电压(OVLO)感测和锁定实现了对高压转换比电荷泵中使用的低压晶体管的第一级保护。
OVLO阈值或者VX感测窗口的上限应该设置为大于该应用所需的最大操作VX电平但却低于晶体管的额定电压VDSmax,以给出OVLO电路和VX电压瞬时的公差范围。例如,UVLO阈值或者VX感测窗口的下限设置为低于包括跨该应用空间可发生的最大VX波纹振幅的最小操作VX电平,但却高于其中基本晶体管功能将失效或者降低到会负面影响电荷泵和/或与VX串联连接的子系统的性能的点的电平。后一种约束的示例是栅极驱动器输出无法根据栅极驱动器输入而转换的电压,或者栅极驱动器的传播延迟增加到会在电荷泵中的任何地方处导致不当行为的程度的电压。根据应用空间,在设置UVLO阈值与OVLO阈值方面通常更具灵活性,这是因为后者主要受到电荷泵晶体管的额定电压的约束。如果该信息通过感测得到的输入或者内部编程的设置而可用于电荷泵,那么UVLO阈值可以是根据VX电压电平和VX波纹振幅的变量,而不是固定的电压电平。例如,电荷泵切换频率和电容值可以是内部编程的设置,并且这些设置直接控制VX波纹振幅。
图5示出了在VX节点处实施UVLO和OVLO感测的电路示例。该示例使用其输出由或门组合而成的两个比较器来生成逻辑故障指示符。至比较器的输入是VX或者通过使用内部分压器生成的一部分VX、以及阈值VTHuvlo和VTHovlo,该阈值从UVLO阈值和OVLO阈值缩放了与至比较器的基于VX的输入相同的部分。对于所有可行的目的,VTHovlo>VTHuvlo。当VX电压位于UVLO阈值与OVLO阈值之间时,比较器的输出均为低,并且因此,故障指示符也为逻辑低。否则,故障指示符将为逻辑高,并且该逻辑状态可以用于使电荷泵操作无效或者启用电荷泵操作。
注意,虽然上面图示的大多数电荷泵是针对降压配置的,但是该方法也可以按照相似的方式适用于升压配置,这是因为其中一个是另一个的反向功率流版本。
3、内部电压偏离的检测
另一种方法检测在转换器中的电容器上的在其期望操作范围之外的电压偏离。
3.1、检测方案1
图6示出了用于检测电容器C1上的故障条件的基本技术。需要相似的电路来检测在C2、C3和C4上的电压。该示例示出了5:1降压Dickson电荷泵,但是作为其他示例,可以相似地应用于升压配置、所有可能的电荷泵比、和串并行电荷泵拓扑。
电荷泵按照基本上常规的方式进行操作,添加了PMOS装置MP1(其必须选择为在跨C1的更高电压下操作),连同晶体管R1和R2、以及开关S10和比较器CMP1和CMP2。
电流I1与跨C1的电压大致成比例(误差为MP1的源极-栅极电压)。电流I2与I1近乎相同。通过合理选择R2,跨该电阻器的电压大致与跨C1的电压相似,并且若需要,可以缩放。开关S10,连同电容器Cfilter,用于仅当开关S8导通时(开关S9迫使R2电压为0),对在R2上的电压进行检测。CMP1和CMP2,连同欠电压参考电压和过电压参考电压,形成所谓的窗口比较器。所称的OV或者UV输出指示故障条件,该故障条件然后触发所实施的一个或者多个保护机构。
3.2、检测方案2
图7示出了5:1Dickson电荷泵的可能更可行的实施例。需要额外的开关,这是因为,参照图6,当在关断状态下时,开关S2、S3和S4暴露出来,以使在关断状态下跨开关S1和S5的电压加倍。
对于给定电荷泵比和固定VIN,所注释的电压V1、V2和V3没有明显地变化。图8示出了依赖于借由用于每个电容器(之前上面描述的)窗口电容器来检测在跨电荷泵封盖的电压的大变化的检测方案。至该窗口比较器的输入是电荷泵电容器电压自身的减弱版本。选择电阻率R1/R2、R3/R4和R5/R6,以便合理地缩放这些电容器电压。比较器输出信号OV_和UV_可以用于触发所实施的任何一个或者所有保护机构。
4、高侧瞬时保护
参照图9,避免瞬时故障的另一种方法是在瞬时事件期间使用作为电压或者电流限制装置的高压断开(SWINP)开关。在图9的电路中实施的方法利用一种操作模式或者多种操作模式的组合来控制SWINP开关。
●一种可能的模式为低压差(LDO)稳压器。
●第二种模式是限流(CL)开关。
●第三种模式是瞬时电压抑制器(TVS)。
在LDO模式下,在N1处的电压具有最大值。CONTROL不允许在N1上的电压超过电荷泵可以维持的最大电压。在VIN低于最大电压的情况下,开关SWINP将处于低阻抗状态。例如,在N1上最大允许的电压为22伏。在正常操作中,在VIN上的电压为20V。在N1上的电压近乎20伏。VIN电源上升到22伏。在N1上的电压保持在20伏。
在CL模式下,存在使SWINP从VIN穿过到达N1的最大电流。另外,当N1处于或者低于通过LDO设置的最大电压时,SWINP的输出电流受到限制。例如,在正常操作中,VIN等于16伏,并且在N1上的电压近乎16伏。通过SWINP的电流小于1安培。出现了通过SWINP的电流需要供应3安培以将N1维持在16伏的情形。该3安培超过了开关的安全操作范围。CONTROL会将SWINP电流限制为2安培,并且在N1上的电压会降低。注意,该模式对于间接地缓解瞬时电压对端子的影响也有用。
在TVS模式下,不允许在N1上的电压改变大于预定义速率。在N1上的电压低于LDO允许的最大值,电流低于CL允许的最大值。TVS使电荷泵能够将来自N1的电压合理地重新分配在电容器C_上。例如,在正常操作中,VIN等于16伏。通过SWINP的电流小于1安培。出现了在VIN上的电压在10-6秒(1μs)内升高至18伏的情形。在N1上的最大电压转换速率设计为每微秒0.100伏。在N1上的电压将上升到18伏,但是CONTROL使得达到在N1上的该新电压电平需要20微秒。
4.1、高侧保护
在常规的Dickson电荷泵(见,例如,图4B)中,每个阶段都显示出在电荷泵的高压侧(VIN)处的总电压的仅仅一小部分。在稳态操作中,跨任何SW_的电压不超过VOUT。这允许使用更低的额定电压开关,并且改进了效率。
在将电力施加至电路之前,所有节点都处于零伏(GND)电位。当首次向电路施加电压VIN时,跨电容器C1、C2、C3、C4的电压仍然为零伏。这要求将开关SW4设计为支持VIN的全电压。
开关SW_均按照预定义序列定期在低阻抗状态与高阻抗状态之间转换。每个开关SW_具有栅极电容。栅极电容的充电和放电是功率损耗。当转换开关时,存在有限的功率损耗。该功率损耗降低了电荷泵的效率。功率损耗取决于开关设计。
更高的额定电压开关通常具有更大的栅极电容。高压设计的开关的转换功率损耗明显大于相同低阻抗值的低压设计的开关的功率损耗。
有利的是在为高压设计的高压侧上使用额外的断开开关(SWINP),如图10所示。由于当电荷泵正在操作时该开关不会周期性地转换,所以其大栅极电容不会影响到性能。
在充电期间,开关SWINP能够管理施加至剩余开关的电压。管理在N1上的电压,从而使得电容器C_可以到达稳态电压,而不会使开关SW_应力过大。这使剩余开关全部保持为低压设计的开关。
存在用于电荷泵功率转换器的多种可能的故障。这些故障包括内部装置和外部装置。故障可能发生在施加电力之前或者在供电操作期间。电容器可以变为电开路,或者任何两个节点可以电短路。常见的故障包括组装错误,在印刷电路板连接处存在太多或者不足的焊料。当发生故障时,该SWINP开关可以电流限制或者将高压侧与电荷泵断开,并且帮助保护其不经受有损坏性的电流电平。
5、相位节点监测
多种另外的方法利用了监测在转换器的相位节点处的电流。
下面描述了这n种方法的实施例,并且提供了有效的方式来检测可能会影响电荷泵及其电容器的多种类型的故障事件。检测到的故障事件包括:相位节点对固定轨(接地或者相位泵电源)短路;电容器的正极端子对固定轨(接地或者输入电压VIN)或者电荷泵输出电压VOUT短路;第一电容器的正极端子对第二电容器(第一电容器最接近输入电压VIN)的正极端子短路;缺失电容器或者开路电容器端子;以及电荷泵输出对接地或者输出过电流短路。
当电荷泵使用外部或者非集成式电容器时,由于这些部件及其连接都暴露在外并且易于与用户发生物理接触,所以这些故障事件最有可能发生。而且,组装过程自身可以导致针对引脚或者部件发生短路或者开路,或者在相邻的引脚或者部件之间生成短路。故障事件可以发生在启动或者正常操作期间。
下面描述的实施例至少部分地依赖于如下认识:可以通过感测在电荷泵相位节点中的电流以有效的方式(在裸片面积、静态电流方面)来实现电荷泵的广泛故障覆盖。通过在开关导电的同时感测流过每个开关的电流,可以基于开关电流强度和极性来检测故障事件。
也可以通过感测通过输入电压VIN或者通过在每个电容器的正极端子处的开关的电流,来检测前述故障事件中的一些。然而,输入电压VIN和每个电容器的正极端子可以在高压下操作,这取决于电荷泵配置,从而需要通过使用高压装置来设计电流感测电路或者使电流感测电路在高压轨之间供电。
与通过最低电荷泵电压电平供电的等效电路相比,高压操作的设计通常需要更多的裸片面积和更多的静态电流,如在此处描述的方法中所使用的。而且,由于每个电荷泵仅仅存在两个相位节点,所以,相较于在每个电容器的正极端子的开关处的电流感测(在这种情况下,有可能无节点或者引脚共用),当相位节点为操作状态所共用时,该方法可以产生明显更高的裸片面积和静态电流节省。然而,这种共用并非是获得该方法的有益效果所必要的(例如,针对每个电容器具有单独的相位节点)。
图11A通过用于降压电荷泵的高侧和低侧开关来限定电流流动极性。相似地,图11B通过用于升压电荷泵的高侧和低侧开关来限定电流流动极性。用实线箭头图示了在正常操作期间的电流流动极性,而用虚线箭头图示了可以根据故障事件发生的反向电流流动极性。
对于一些故障事件,与无故障时的强度相比,导电高侧或者低侧开关仅仅显示出电流强度的非典型增加。在其他事件中,导电高侧和低侧开关显示出电流流动极性的反向和电流强度的增加。由于在电荷泵中的每个开关(导电或者不导电)的状态总是已知的并且很好控制,所以不难将开关电流强度和/或极性与发出有效故障事件信号的预定义电平进行比较。如果该信息可用于电荷泵,那么对于电荷泵、用户可编程或者追踪特定信号(比如,输出负载电流)的所有操作条件,该预定义电平可以是固定的。在检测到故障事件时,可以通过立刻关断所有相位节点开关并且使相位节点变为高阻抗来防止零件损坏或者“烟火”发生。注意,为了避免一些类型的故障,控制相位节点的开关必须具有高额定电压。
表1总结了针对以下故障事件通过降压电荷泵的高侧和低侧开关的电流流动极性:对接地短路的相位节点、对相位泵电源短路的相位节点、对接地短路的电容器的正极端子、对输入电压VIN短路的电容器的正极端子、对输出电压VOUT短路的电容器的正极端子、对第二电容器的正极端子短路的第一电容器的正极端子、和对接地或者输出过电流短路的电荷泵输出。对于升压电荷泵,除了用星号注释的故障事件之外,高侧和低侧开关电流流动极性与降压相反。
表1
除了输出过电流之外,当电容器集成在与电荷泵相同的裸片上、通过使用硅穿孔工艺连接至电荷泵、或者由共同封装在单个模块内的电荷泵裸片的顶部上的离散部件构成时,在表1中列出的故障不大可能发生。然而,当发生流程缺陷(例如,在相邻的片上电容器之间发生金属短路或者开路)或者共同封装错误时,进行故障检测仍然可以用作诊断工具或者用于防止烟火事件。
图12A至图12B图示了可以用于执行开关电流感测的两个电路。两个电路都利用跨导放大器GM1来将跨开关或者与该开关串联连接的感测电阻器的电压降转换为感测电流ISEN,该感测电流ISEN的强度与开关电路ISW成比例。在放大器GM1内外的感测电流ISEN的极性跟随开关电流ISW的极性。然后,将感测电流ISEN与其强度和极性与待检测的故障事件一致的电流进行比较,以生成逻辑电平输出故障指示符。
例如,如果在图12A中的放大器GM1的跨导设计为与开关电导成正比,那么感测电流ISEN可以是开关电流ISW的直接倍数并且不再对第一级可变化。可替代地,在图12B中,与开关串联的感测电阻器可以由在开关与封装引脚之间的金属互连组成,其可以是与开关导通电阻相同的数量级。
图13示出了可以将故障检测器的示例与在图1A中的电荷泵耦合的方式。跨在相位节点P1和P2处的四个开关中的每一个开关的是电流感测和比较电路:CS1感测在相位节点P1处的高侧开关电流,CS2感测在相位节点P2处的高侧开关电流,CS3感测在相位节点P1处的低侧开关电流,并且CS4感测在相位节点P2处的低侧开关电流。四个电流感测和比较电路中的每一个具有逻辑输出,该逻辑输出当检测到无故障时为逻辑低,而当基于开关电流强度和极性变化检测到故障时为逻辑高。如果四个电流感测和比较电路CS1至CS4中的任何一个或者多个在电荷泵操作中途具有逻辑高输出,那么逻辑门OR1将输出设置复位锁存SR1的逻辑高信号,从而生成可以用于闭合所有开关的锁存逻辑信号,立即关闭电荷泵并且生成总线中断或者切换输出故障指示符引脚。然后,电荷泵保持关闭,直到设置复位锁存SR1接收到故障复位信号被止,在该点时,可以恢复电荷泵操作。故障复位信号可以来自电源欠电压锁定或者电荷泵启用输入的转换。
图14和图15图示了实施在图13中的电流感测和比较电路的两个电路,其中,相同的实施方式可以适用于所有四个电流感测和比较电路CS1至CS4。虽然仅仅示出了在图12A中的电路,但是可以通过使用图12A或者图12B中的电路来实施图14和图15的电流感测部。在图14中,通过使用电流镜或者电流放大器,将强度和极性跟随开关电流的感测电流ISEN反射到三个单独的电流ISEN1至ISEN3中,每个等于感测电流ISEN或者是其倍数。通过使用电阻器,可以将电流ISEN1和ISEN2单独地转换为电压VSEN1和VSEN2,然后通过分别使用电压比较器CP1和CP2,将电压VSEN1和VSEN2与阈值电压VTH1和VTH2进行比较。将电流ISEN3馈入用于确定电流极性的单端电流比较器ICP1中(诸如,Traff电流比较器)。当开关电流极性正常时,感测电流ISEN流出跨导放大器GM2并且反射的电流ISEN3流入到单端电流比较器ICP1输入端子中,导致ICP1的输出电压变为逻辑低;反过来,当开关电流极性根据故障事件反转时,感测电流ISEN也反转极性并且反射的电流ISEN3流出单端电流比较器ICP1输入端子,导致ICP1的输出电压变为逻辑高。电压比较器CP1和CP2用于确定正常极性开关电流的强度是否超过与故障事件一致的电平。不同的故障事件可以与不同的开关电流强度相关联,并且可以通过使用一个以上的比较器输入电压阈值来检测和区分(VTH1≠VTH2)。通过逻辑门OR2将电压比较器CP1、CP2和ICP1的输出组合在逻辑OR操作中,以生成逻辑故障指示符,每当比较器输出中的任何一个或者多个为逻辑高时,该逻辑故障指示符为逻辑高。应该注意,比较器CP1和CP2不必是电压比较器,相反,也可以是差分电流比较器,在是差分电流比较器的情况下,不再需要电阻器,并且应该用与待检测的每个故障事件一致的电流阈值电平替代电压阈值VTH1和VTH2。
图15示出了在图4A中的电流感测和比较电路的替代实施方式,其中,不是使用在图4B中的单端电流比较器(比如,ICP1)来感测开关电流极性的反转,而是使用与电压比较器CP1和CP2相似的电压比较器CP3。将感测电流ISEN馈入参考电压(VREF)断电的分压电阻网络中,同时通过三个电压比较器CP1至CP3比较从分压电阻网络抽出的共用电压(VSEN)。抽头电压VSEN的强度是感测电流ISEN的强度和极性的函数。当开关电流极性正常时,感测电流ISEN流出跨导放大器GM2并且流入到在抽头电压点VSEN处的分压电阻网络中,从而将VSEN的强度增加为高于定义为VDIV的电平,该电平VDIV一般通过电阻分压比和参考电压(VREF)的值来确定。因此,应该将阈值电压VTH1和VTH2(当开关电流强度通常升高时,对应于故障事件)设置为高于VDIV。在开关电流极性反转的故障事件时,感测电流ISEN流入到跨导放大器GM2输出中,从而拉动抽头电压低于VDIV。因而,应该将电压阈值VTH3设置为低于VDIV。如图4B,通过逻辑门OR2将电压比较器CP1至CP3的输出组合在逻辑OR操作中,以生成逻辑故障指示符,每当比较器输出中的任何一个或者多个为逻辑高时,该逻辑故障指示符为逻辑高。
缺失电容器或者开路电容端子故障事件通常不会导致直接的电荷泵损坏或者烟火事件。然而,理想的是检测该故障发生并且采取保护措施,诸如关闭电荷泵,否则电荷泵在最终超过规定容差之前将继续操作多个周期。
图16图示了在操作中途用故障检测电路系统检测外部电容器开路端子连接的降压电荷泵50。此处,将外部电容器定义为最接近输入电压VIN或者输出电压VOUT的电容器。每当电荷泵具有如图1A和图1B所示的两个或者更少个电容器时,所有的电容器都是外部电容器。
电荷泵50具有N个电容器,C1至CN,其中,N是偶整数。奇数编号的电容器C1、C3、…、CN-1共用第一相位节点P1,而偶数编号的电容器C2、C4、…、CN共用第二相位节点P2。第一高侧开关和第二高侧开关HS1、HS2将第一相位节点和第二相位节点P1、P2分别耦合至输出电压VOUT。相似地,第一低侧开关和第二低侧开关LS1、LS2将第一相位节点和第二相位节点P1、P2分别耦合至接地。在该示例中,外部电容器是C1和CN。在电荷泵50输出处的负载是电流源IOUT,该电流源IOUT能够在被描述为软充电的流程中经由与IOUT成比例的平稳且稳定的充电电流在电容器之间实现电荷传输。
在利用软充电进行的正常稳态操作期间,在每种状态下通过导电相位开关的电流在强度方面是相等的。例如,在第一状态中,第一高侧开关HS1和第二低侧开关LS2传导电流,其中,这两个开关均携带相同强度的电流。同样,在第二状态中,第二高侧开关HS2和第一低侧开关LS1传导电流,其中,这两个开关均携带相同强度的电流。
如果外部电容器C1或者CN中的一个端子在操作中途断开,那么,在电荷泵输出最终崩塌之前,如下情况会发生多个切换周期:相位节点电流在每个其他状态下变为不平衡,或者通过一个导电高侧开关的电流强度不再与通过其他同时导电的低侧开关的电流强度匹配。然后,可以通过在每种状态期间同时感测并且比较相位节点,并且在每当电流强度变为失配了一个以上的预定义偏移时生成逻辑标记,来检测该故障。为了避免误报,只有在至少多个连续周期中电流失配超过预定义偏移时,才应该设置该逻辑标记,并且,该预定义偏移应该大到足以忽略可由外部电容器值中的失配导致的非故障失配。
图16也示出了四个电流感测和比较电路CS5、CS6、CS7、CS8;每个电路都跨四个相位开关中的一个相位开关。每个电流感测和比较电路的具体实施方式与在图14或者图15中的实施方式相似。为了检测在每种状态下在高侧开关电流与低侧开关电流之间的失配,可以将图14或者图15的电压阈值VTH1或者VTH2中的一个设计成是该状态下的开关电流的函数。例如,在第一状态下,当第一高侧开关HS1和第二低侧开关LS2导电时,在电流感测和比较电路CS5中的电压阈值VTH1应该与低侧开关LS2的电流强度成比例,以便感测在高侧开关HS1与低侧开关LS2之间的电流失配强度。相似地,在第二状态下,当第二高侧开关HS2和第一低侧开关LS1导电时,在电流感测和比较电路CS6中的电压阈值VTH1应该与低侧开关LS1的电流强度成比例,以便感测在高侧开关HS2与低侧开关LS1之间的电流失配强度。用于生成电压阈值VTH1的相位开关电流强度的比例确定了预定义偏移,通过该预定义偏移,可以检测开路外部电容器端子故障,并且将其与非故障失配区分开来。另外,比较器CP1应该具有对称的输入偏移或者迟滞,或者应该是窗口比较器以便检测双向电流失配。
缺失或者开路电容端子故障检测器的示例也可以适用于共态电容器不共用相位节点和开关的充电泵,诸如在图17中示出的电荷泵60A。与电荷泵50A一样,在电荷泵60A中,存在N个电容器,C1至CN,其中,N是偶整数。每个电容器具有其自身的一对相位开关,这些相位开关连接在接地与输出电压VOUT之间的电容器负极端子。还存在N个高侧开关和N个低侧开关,而不像在图13和图16中的电荷泵只有2个高侧开关和2个低侧开关。跨每个相位开关的是电流感测电路,如图17所示,作为用于高侧开关的HCS1至HCSN和用于低侧开关的LCS1和LCSN。相位节点电流感测方案在裸片面积和静态电流方面现在适用于大量开关,却提供了有关通过每个电容器的电流的更多信息和更宽的故障覆盖率。在这种情况下,可以通过标记实际上为零或者明显低于其他电容器电流电平的值的单电容器电流电平,在任何一个电容器中,不仅仅是外部电容器,检测开路电容端子故障。
图18是用于在图17中的高侧开关的故障检测器的具体实施方式。可以使用在图12A或者图12B中的电路来实施跨每个相位开关的电流感测电路。如之前所描述的,每个电流感测电路的输出是表示对应开关电流的强度和极性的电流。在图18中,通过使用电流镜或者电流放大器,首先将第一高侧开关电流感测电路HCS1的电流输出复制成两个电流副本ISENHA1和ISENHB1。将奇数编号的高侧开关电流感测电路HCS3、HCS5、...、HCSN-1的剩余电流输出与ISENHAI求和以生成用于第一状态的总高侧开关电流ISENH_STATE1,该总高侧开关电流ISENH_STATE1与在图16中的高侧开关HS1电流相等。然后,可以通过使用第二电流镜或者电流放大器来复制ISENH_STATE1以实施之前在图4B和图4C中描述的比较器方案,来感测导致开关电流强度和极性变化的故障事件。ISENHB1用于检测在电容器C1处的缺失或者开路端子故障,这是由于在发生故障时通过第一高侧开关的电流强度和ISENHBI的延伸会降为零:通过将ISENHBI连接至电流电容器ICP3的输入,如果检测到ISENHBI接近为零,那么电容器输出逻辑电平将为高,并且,如果ISENHBI为与其他电流输出ISENH1、ISENH3、ISENH5、…、ISENHN-1相同的强度级别,那么电容器输出逻辑电平将为低。
相似地,在第二状态下,图18示出了偶数编号的高侧开关电流感测电路HCS2、HCS4、...、HCSN的电流输出,将这些电流输出求和以生成用于第二状态的总高侧开关电流ISENH_STATE2,该总高侧开关电流ISENH STATE2与在图16中的高侧开关HS2电流相等。然后,由此产生的故障检测实施方式与用于ISENH_STATE1的实施方式相似,并且针对每种状态的独立逻辑故障信号可以逻辑组合在或操作中。
图19示出了用于图17中的低侧开关的故障检测器的具体实施方式。在第一状态期间,通过使用电流镜或者电流放大器,首先将偶数编号的低侧开关电流感测电路LCS2、LCS4、LCS6、…、LCSN的电流输出复制成两个副本。在第二状态期间,使用电流镜或者电流放大器,相似地复制奇数编号的高侧开关电流感测电路LCS1、LCS3、LCS5、…、LCSN-1的电流输出。对于每种操作状态,将对应于每种状态的第一组复制电流(在第一状态下为ISENLA2、ISENLA4、ISENLA6、…、ISENLAN;在第二状态下为ISENLA1、ISENLA3、ISENLA5、…、ISENLAN-1)求和以生成总低侧开关电流ISENL_STATE1和ISENL_STATE2,该总低侧开关电流ISENL_STATE1和ISENL_STATE2分别与在图5的低侧开关LS2和LS1中的电流相等。然后,可以通过使用ISENL_STATE1和ISENL_STATE2来应用之前在图14和图15中描述的比较器方案。
缺失或者开路电容器端子负载检测器与用于如之前在图18中图示的高侧开关的缺失或者开路电容器端子负载检测器略有不同。将对应于每种状态的第二组复制电流(在第一状态下的ISENLA2、ISENLA4、ISENLA6、…、ISENLAN;在第二状态下为ISENLA1、ISENLA3、ISENLA5、…、ISENLAN-1)中的每一个连接至电流比较器ICPL1至ICPLN,以便通过检测电流强度为零或者接近零的时间,来检测在任何电容器处的缺失或者开路端子故障。该零电流检测器事实上也可以用于高侧开关实施方式(图18),但是,对于所有高侧开关和低侧开关,并不一定都需要使用零电流检测器,这是因为图17的电容器C2至CN在第一状态和第二状态两种状态下总是与低侧开关串联连接;仅有外部电容器C1在第一状态期间不与低侧开关串联连接。因此,如在图18中的电流比较器ICP3所示,仅需要针对第一高侧开关使用零电流检测器。相反地,图17的电容器C1至CN-1在第一状态和第二状态中总是与高侧开关串联连接;仅有外部电容器CN在第一状态期间不与高侧开关串联连接。作为示例,图18和图19示出了用于所有低侧开关和仅仅连接至电容器C1的第一高侧开关的零电流检测器,这两种实施方式都能够检测到在图17的电荷泵中的任何电容器处的缺失或者开路端子故障,而不仅仅是在外部电容器处的缺失或者开路端子故障。
图20示出了一种用于检测在用于图1A中的电荷泵的任何电容器处的缺失或者开路电容器端子故障的替代方法,虽然该方法也可以按照相同的方式应用于在图1B、图16和图17中的电荷泵。该方法的一个优点在于:电荷泵无须利用软充电操作来使故障检测器工作。在发生缺失或者开路电容器端子故障事件时,在电荷泵操作中途或者在电荷泵操作开始之前,电荷泵不能够将输出VOUT调节为通过电荷泵转换比设置的目标,并且VOUT在连续切换周期内降为更低。通过使用电压比较器CP8将VOUT电压电平与电压阈值VUVLO进行比较,可以将电压比较器CP8的输出用作当VOUT降为低于电压阈值VUVLO时使电荷泵操作无效的逻辑故障指示符。在应用中,应该将电压阈值VUVLO设置为低于最小操作VOUT电平,包括将跨应用空间发生的最大VOUT波纹振幅,但是高于在基本晶体管功能将失效或者降低至将负面影响电荷泵和/或与VOUT串联连接的子系统的性能的点的电平。如果该信息通过感测得到的输入或者内部编程的设置可用于电荷泵,那么,电压阈值VUVLO阈值可以是固定电压,或者啊根据VOUT电压电平和VOUT波纹振幅的变量。例如,电荷泵切换频率和电容值可以是内部编程的设置,并且这些设置直接控制VOUT波纹振幅。
6、实施方式
通过使用集成式和/或外部(例如,离散)电容器,可以将上面描述的各种方法的实施方式集成到单片装置中。可以将用于检测并且处理检测到的状态的控制逻辑完全集成在该装置上,或者可以至少部分地通过使用外部电路系统来实施该控制逻辑。该集成式和/或外部电路系统可以使用专用逻辑电路系统(例如,专用集成电路(ASIC))和/或软件实施的逻辑,包括控制器、处理器、或者一些其他软件控制的元件。可以将这种软件存储在有形机器可读介质(例如,半导体存储器、光盘等)上。也可以将用于控制实施上述方法的装置的至少一些设计或者制备状态的指令存储在有形机器可读介质上。
要理解,前述说明旨在图示本发明的范围而不是限制本发明的范围,本发明的范围包括所附权利要求书的范围。其他示例都在以下权利要求书的范围内。
Claims (23)
1.一种开关电容器功率转换器,其包括:
第一端子,所述第一端子用于在基本高压下耦合至第一外部电路;
第二端子,所述第二端子用于在低于所述高压的基本低压下耦合至第二外部电路,其中,在所述功率转换器的操作中,电荷在所述第一端子与所述第二端子之间的电荷传输路径上传递;
多个半导体开关元件,所述多个半导体开关元件包括:
第一组开关元件,所述第一组开关元件位于所述第一端子与所述第二端子之间的所述电荷传输路径上,其中,在所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件都不与所述第一端子或者所述第二端子串联连接以传送通过所述端子的基本上所有的电流,以及其中,在所述第一组开关元件中的每个开关元件配置为在多个电容器的对应子组之间形成可控制的电荷传输路径,以及
第二组开关元件,所述第二组开关元件配置为形成所述电容器中的至少一些与交流参考电压的电连接,
其中,所述多个开关元件配置为在操作中在连续状态下形成所述互连;
测量电路系统,所述测量电路系统配置为测量所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的一个或者多个开关元件的电压和/或电流特性;以及
耦合至所述测量电路系统的故障控制电路系统,所述故障控制电路系统配置为:在检测到在测量得到的所述开关元件的特性偏离所述特性的预定范围时确定的条件时,改变所述功率转换器的操作。
2.根据权利要求所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述多个开关元件进一步包括:
第三组开关元件,所述第三组开关元件位于所述第一端子与所述第二端子之间的所述电荷传输路径上,与所述第一端子或者所述第二端子串联连接。
3.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述第二组开关元件包括在一些操作状态期间形成所述电容器中的至少一些与所述低压端子的电连接的开关元件。
4.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述操作阶段包括时钟阶段的重复序列。
5.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其进一步包括所述多个电容器,每个电容器具有耦合至所述多个开关元件中的至少一个开关元件的端子的端子。
6.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容转换器,其中,所述电容器和所述开关元件集成在单片装置中。
7.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述转换器包括Dickson电荷泵。
8.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述一个或者多个开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性属于由以下构成的组:
跨所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件的端子的电压;
通过所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件的电流;
在所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件与所述多个电容器中的电容器之间的结处的电压;
跨所述多个电容器中的耦合至所述开关元件的电容器的端子的电压;
在所述第二组开关元件中的开关元件与所述多个电容器中的电容器之间的结处的电压;以及
通过所述第一组开关元件中的开关元件的电流。
9.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括跨所述开关元件的端子的电压。
10.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括通过所述开关元件的电流。
11.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括在所述开关元件的端子处的电压。
12.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括跨所述多个电容器中的耦合至所述开关元件的电容器的端子的电压。
13.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件形成相位发生器,以及其中,所述开关元件的所述电压和/或电流特性包括由所述相位发生器供应的电压和/或电流。
14.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容功率转换器,其中,所述半导体开关元件中的每一个包括FET晶体管,所述FET晶体管用于耦合所述电容器中的至少两个。
15.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述半导体开关元件中的至少一些包括多个FET晶体管的网络。
16.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件中的至少一些具有小于所述高压的最大额定电压。
17.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件中的至少一些具有小于所述高压与所述低压之差的最大额定电压。
18.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述第一组开关元件或者所述第二组开关元件中的所述开关元件中的至少一些具有不大于所述高压与所述低压之差的一部分1/N的最大额定电压,N>1。
19.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述故障控制电路系统包括一个或者多个开关,每个所述开关具有大于所述多个开关中的至少一些的所述额定电压的最大额定电压,所述一个或者多个开关配置为电断开或者限制流过所述多个开关元件中的至少一些开关元件的电流。
20.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述一个或者多个开关包括直接地耦合至所述第一端子的开关。
21.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述一个或者多个开关包括耦合在所述多个开关元件中的两个开关元件之间的开关。
22.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述故障控制电路系统配置为:在检测到所述条件时,修改所述相位的所述特性。
23.根据权利要求0所述的开关电容器功率转换器,其中,所述相位的所述特性属于由以下构成的组:
时钟相位的占空比;
所述相位的时钟频率;以及
时钟相位的一个或者多个时钟周期的跳过。
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