CN102989000B - 制备美登木素生物碱抗体缀合物的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN102989000B CN102989000B CN201210308200.4A CN201210308200A CN102989000B CN 102989000 B CN102989000 B CN 102989000B CN 201210308200 A CN201210308200 A CN 201210308200A CN 102989000 B CN102989000 B CN 102989000B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备美登木素生物碱抗体缀合物的方法。本发明提供的制备与细胞毒性剂化学偶联的抗体的方法包括使连接体与抗体共价连接、纯化步骤、使细胞毒性剂与抗体缀合和随后的纯化步骤。
Description
本申请是申请号为200680034242.6、申请日为2006年8月14日、发明名称为“制备美登木素生物碱抗体缀合物的方法”的专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及制备相当高纯度和稳定性的缀合物的方法,其中所述缀合物包含与药物化学偶联的细胞结合剂。
背景技术
随着更有效地靶向并杀灭癌细胞的药物开发,癌症治疗取得显著的进步。为了这个目的,研究人员利用癌细胞选择性表达的细胞表面受体和抗原,来开发基于抗体的药物,所述抗体与肿瘤特异性或肿瘤相关性抗原结合。在这点上,已将细胞毒性分子例如细菌和植物毒素、放射性核素和某些化学治疗药物与单克隆抗体化学连接,所述单克隆抗体与肿瘤特异性或肿瘤相关性抗原结合(参见,例如,国际专利申请WO00/02587、WO02/060955和WO02/092127,美国专利5,475,092、6,340,701和6,171,586,美国专利申请公布号2003/0004210A1,和Ghetie等,J.Immunol.Methods,112:267-277(1988))。通常将这类化合物分别称为毒素、放射性核素和药物“缀合物”。常常也将它们称作免疫缀合物、放射免疫缀合物和免疫毒素。在药物缀合物与肿瘤细胞结合并释放药物或/和激活药物的细胞毒活性时,发生肿瘤细胞杀灭。药物缀合物所提供的选择性使对正常细胞的毒性降到最低,因此提高了药物在患者中的耐受性。
先前已经描述了将抗体与含巯基的细胞毒性剂例如美登木素生物碱缀合的方法(参见,例如,美国专利5,208,020、5,416,064和6,441,163)。例如,美国专利5,208,020和5,416,064公开了制备抗体-美登木素生物碱缀合物的方法,其中首先用异双功能试剂(例如美国专利4,149,003、4,563,304和美国专利申请公布号2004/0241174A1中所述的)修饰抗体。美国专利5,208,020和5,416,064进一步描述了经修饰的抗体与过量的含巯基的细胞毒性剂在pH7的缀合,随后经SephadexTMG25色谱柱纯化。也描述了用尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC)纯化抗体-药物缀合物(参见,例如,Liu等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci(USA),93:8618-8623(1996)和Chari等,CancerResearch,52:127-131(1992))。
先前描述用于制备抗体-药物缀合物的方法是复杂的,因为它们被用于执行或生产免疫缀合物的累赘步骤所阻碍,与最佳期望的相比,所述免疫缀合物纯度更低或更不稳定。例如,在pH为6.0~6.5之间的缀合对于生产纯净和稳定的缀合物来说不是最佳的。此外,在这些条件下的缀合反应通常是缓慢和无效率的,导致需要应用过度的时间和材料。
改变或消除一个或多个制备步骤,而不损害产物质量例如纯度和/或稳定性,将是理想的。进一步理想的是,具有除迄今为止所述的那些之外的另外的纯化选择,因为一些使用细胞结合剂、连接体和药物的某些组合的选择比使用其它的将更有效。
鉴于前文所述,在本领域中存在如下需求:开发改进的制备具有相当高纯度和同时具有更大稳定性的细胞结合剂-药物缀合物组合物的方法。本发明提供这样的方法。根据本文提供的本发明的说明,本发明的这些和其它优点以及另外的发明特征将是明显的。
发明内容
发明简要概述
本发明提供一种制备相当高纯度和稳定性的缀合物的方法,该缀合物包含与药物化学偶联的细胞结合剂。该方法包括(a)用双功能交联试剂与细胞结合剂接触,以使连接体与细胞结合剂共价连接,从而制备第一混合物,该混合物包含其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂,(b)使第一混合物经受切向流过滤、吸附色谱法、吸附过滤、选择性沉淀或它们的组合,从而制备纯化的其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂的第一混合物,(c)通过在pH为大约4至大约9的溶液中将其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂与药物起反应,以制备第二混合物,该混合物包含(i)通过连接体与药物化学偶联的细胞结合剂、(ii)游离药物和(iii)反应副产物,来使药物与纯化的第一混合物中其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂缀合,以及(d)使第二混合物经受切向流过滤、吸附色谱法、吸附过滤、选择性沉淀或它们的组合,以从第二混合物的其它成分中纯化通过连接体与药物化学偶联的细胞结合剂,从而制备纯化的第二混合物。
发明详述
本发明提供一种制备相当高纯度和稳定性的细胞结合剂-药物缀合物的方法。这样的组合物因为该缀合物的高纯度和稳定性可用于治疗疾病。包含细胞结合剂例如与药物如美登木素生物碱化学偶联的抗体的组合物描述于例如美国专利申请公布号2004/0241174A1中。在本上下文中,相当高纯度被认为是:(a)大于90%,优选大于95%的缀合物种类为单体,和/或(b)缀合物制备物中游离药物水平小于2%(相对于总药物)。
在这方面,本发明的方法包括(a)用双功能交联试剂修饰细胞结合剂,以使连接体与细胞结合剂共价连接,从而制备第一混合物,该混合物包含其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂,(b)使第一混合物经受切向流过滤、吸附色谱法、吸附过滤、选择性沉淀或它们的组合,以从第一混合物的其它成分中纯化其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂,从而制备纯化的其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂的第一混合物,(c)通过在pH为大约4至大约9的溶液中使其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂与药物起反应,以制备第二混合物,该混合物包含(i)通过连接体与药物化学偶联的细胞结合剂、(ii)游离药物和(iii)反应副产物,来使药物与纯化的第一混合物中其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂缀合,和(d)使第二混合物经受切向流过滤、吸附色谱法、吸附过滤、选择性沉淀或它们的组合,以除去非缀合的药物、反应物和副产物以及获得相当纯化的细胞结合剂-药物缀合物。
优选地,在纯化步骤中利用切向流过滤(TFF,也称为交叉流过滤、超滤和渗滤)和/或吸附色谱法树脂。然而,当TFF用于第一个纯化步骤(步骤b)中,在(步骤c)中缀合应用的pH为6.0-6.5,并且于第二个纯化步骤(步骤d)中应用吸附色谱法树脂时,优选吸附色谱法树脂为非离子交换树脂。在另一个优选的实施方案中,TFF用于两个纯化步骤中,或吸附色谱法树脂用于两个纯化步骤中。替代选择地,吸附色谱法树脂用于第一个纯化步骤中,和TFF用于第二个纯化步骤中。TFF和吸附色谱法树脂的组合也可用于第一个和/或第二个纯化步骤中。
可以利用任何适合的TFF系统,包括Pellicon型系统(Millipore,Billerica,MA)、SartoconCassette系统(SartoriusAG,Edgewood,NY)和Centrasette型系统(PallCorp.,EastHills,NY)。
可以利用任何适合的吸附色谱法树脂。优选的吸附色谱法树脂包括用于羟磷灰石色谱法、疏水电荷诱导色谱法(HCIC)、疏水作用色谱法(HIC)、离子交换色谱法、混合式离子交换色谱法、固定化金属离子亲和色谱法(IMAC)、染料配体色谱法、亲和色谱法、反相色谱法及其组合的树脂。适用的羟磷灰石树脂的实例包括陶瓷羟磷灰石(I型和II型CHT,Bio-RadLaboratories,Hercules,CA)、HAUltrogel羟磷灰石(PallCorp.,EastHills,NY)和陶瓷氟磷灰石(I型和II型CFT,Bio-RadLaboratories,Hercules,CA)。适用的HCIC树脂的实例为MEPHypercel树脂(PallCorp.,EastHills,NY)。适用的HIC树脂的实例包括Butyl-Sepharose、Hexyl-Sepaharose、Phenyl-Sepharose和OctylSepharose树脂(均来自GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ)以及Macro-prepMethyl和Macro-Prept-Butyl树脂(BioradLaboratories,Hercules,CA)。适用的离子交换树脂的实例包括SP-Sepharose、CM-Sepharose和Q-Sepharose树脂(均来自GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ)和UnosphereS树脂(Bio-RadLaboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的混合式离子交换树脂的实例包括BakerbondABx树脂(JTBaker,PhillipsburgNJ)。适用IMAC树脂的实例包括ChelatingSepharose树脂(GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ)和ProfinityIMAC树脂(Bio-RadLaboratories,Hercules,CA)。适用染料配体树脂的实例包括BlueSepharose树脂(GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ)和Affi-gelBlue树脂(Bio-RadLaboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的亲和树脂的实例包含ProteinASepharose树脂(例如,MabSelect,GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ),其中细胞结合剂为抗体,和凝集素亲和树脂例如LentilLectinSepharose树脂(GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ),其中细胞结合剂携带适当的凝集素结合部位。替代选择地,可应用对细胞结合剂特异的抗体。这样的抗体可以固定在,例如,Sepharose4FastFlow树脂(GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ)上。适合的反相树脂的实例包括C4、C8和C18树脂(GraceVydac,Hesperia,CA)。
根据本发明的方法,制备第一混合物,其包括其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂,以及反应物和其它的副产物。通过使第一混合物经受纯化方法,从反应物和副产物中纯化修饰的细胞结合剂。在这点上,可应用切向流过滤(TFF)例如基于膜的切向流过滤方法、吸附色谱法、吸附过滤或选择性沉淀或任何其它适用的纯化方法、以及它们的组合来纯化第一混合物。该第一个纯化步骤提供纯化的第一混合物,换言之,与根据本发明纯化前的第一混合物相比,增加了其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂的浓度和降低了未结合的双功能交联试剂的量。
在纯化第一混合物以获得纯化的其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂的第一混合物后,通过在pH为大约4至大约9的溶液中使其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂与药物起反应,因此制备第二混合物,其包含(i)通过连接体与药物化学偶联的细胞结合剂、(ii)游离药物和(iii)反应副产物,来使药物与第一纯化的混合物中其上结合了连接体的细胞结合剂缀合。尽管缀合反应在大约pH4至大约pH9进行,但反应优选在pH为大约6或更低或在pH为大约6.5或更大进行,最优选在pH为大约4至大约6或在pH为大约6.5至大约9,尤其在pH为4至小于6或在pH大于6.5至9。当缀合步骤在pH为大约6.5或更大进行时,一些含巯基的药物通过二硫键形成可倾向于二聚化。在该情形下,考虑到高效率的反应,可能需要从反应混合物中除去痕量金属和/或氧,以及任选添加抗氧化剂或使用具有更反应性离去基团的连接体,或添加超过一等分量的药物。
任选地,可省略修饰的细胞结合剂的纯化。在如此情形下,药物可与交联试剂同时或在稍后时间点例如在加入交联试剂后1、2、3或更多小时加入到细胞结合剂中。
本发明方法可任选包括向本发明方法中所用的缀合步骤中添加蔗糖,以增加细胞结合剂-药物缀合物的溶解度和回收率。期望地,蔗糖加入的浓度为大约0.1%(w/v)至大约20%(w/v)(例如大约0.1%(w/v)、1%(w/v)、5%(w/v)、10%(w/v)、15%(w/v)或20%(w/v))。优选地,蔗糖加入的浓度为大约1%(w/v)至大约10%(w/v)(例如大约2%(w/v)、大约4%(w/v)、大约6%(w/v)或大约8%(w/v))。另外,缀合反应也可包括添加缓冲剂。可应用本领域已知的任何适用的缓冲剂。适用的缓冲剂包括例如柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、乙酸盐缓冲剂、琥珀酸盐缓冲剂和磷酸盐缓冲剂。
缀合步骤后,使第二混合物经受纯化步骤。在这点上,第二混合物可应用切向流过滤(TFF)例如基于膜的切向流过滤方法、吸附色谱法、吸附过滤、选择性沉淀或任何其它适用的纯化方法、以及它们的组合进行纯化,这些都在本文中提及。该第二个纯化步骤提供纯化的第二混合物,换言之,与根据本发明纯化前的第二混合物相比,增加了通过连接体与药物化学偶联的细胞结合剂的浓度和降低了第二混合物中的一种或多种其它成分的量。
细胞结合剂可为与细胞结合的任何适合的物质,所述细胞一般和优选为动物细胞(例如人细胞)。细胞结合剂优选为肽或多肽。适用的细胞结合剂包括例如抗体(例如,单克隆抗体和其片断)、淋巴因子、激素、生长因子、营养运输分子(例如转铁蛋白)和特异性结合细胞表面上靶分子的任何其它物质或分子。
本文所用的术语“抗体”是指任何免疫球蛋白,任何免疫球蛋白片断例如Fab、F(ab')2、dsFv、sFv、双抗体和三链抗体,或免疫球蛋白嵌合体,它们可与细胞表面上的抗原结合(例如,它们含有互补决定区(CDR))。任何适用的抗体可用作细胞结合剂。本领域普通技术人员将理解,适当抗体的选择将取决于要被靶向的细胞群。在这点上,在特定细胞群(一般和优选为病态细胞群)中选择性表达的细胞表面分子(即抗原)的类型和数目将决定用于本发明组合物中的适当抗体的选择。对于广泛多种的细胞类型(包括肿瘤细胞类型),细胞表面表达特性是已知的,或者如果不知道,可应用常规分子生物学和组织化学技术来测定。
抗体可为多克隆或单克隆抗体,但最优选为单克隆抗体。本文所用的“多克隆”抗体是指异质群体的抗体分子,一般包含在免疫动物的血清中。“单克隆”抗体是指均质群体的抗体分子,其对特定抗原为特异性的。单克隆抗体一般是通过B淋巴细胞(“B细胞”)单个克隆产生的。应用本领域技术人员已知的各种技术包括标准杂交瘤技术,可获得单克隆抗体(参见,例如,和Milstein,Eur.J.Immunol,5:511-519(1976),Harlow和Lane(编辑),Antibodies:ALaboratoryManual,CSHPress(1988),和C.A.Janeway等(编辑),Immunobiology,第五版,GarlandPublishing,NewYork,NY(2001))。简要地,生产单克隆抗体的杂交瘤方法一般包括给任何适用的动物(一般和优选为小鼠)注射抗原(即“免疫原”)。随后处死动物,将从其脾脏分离出的B细胞与人骨髓瘤细胞融合。产生杂交细胞(即“杂交瘤”),其在体外无限地增生和连续地分泌具有期望特异性的高滴度抗体。本领域已知的任何适当的方法可用于鉴定产生具有期望特异性的抗体的杂交瘤细胞。这样的方法包括例如酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)、蛋白印迹分析和放射性免疫测定法。筛选杂交瘤群体以分离各个克隆,每个克隆分泌针对抗原的单一抗体种类。因为每个杂交瘤为由与单一B细胞融合产生的克隆,其产生的所有抗体分子在结构上是相同的,包括它们的抗原结合部位和同种型。也可应用其它合适的技术生产单克隆抗体,包括EBV-杂交瘤技术(参见,例如,Haskard和Archer,J.Immunol.Methods,74(2):361-67(1984),和Roder等,MethodsEnzymol,121:140-67(1986))、噬菌体载体表达系统(参见,例如,Huse等,Science,246:1275-81(1989))或包含抗体片断如Fab和scFv(单链可变区)的噬菌体展示文库(参见,例如,美国专利5,885,793和5,969,108,和国际专利申请WO92/01047和WO99/06587)。
单克隆抗体可从任何适合的动物中分离或在其中产生,但是优选在哺乳动物中,更优选在小鼠或人中,和最优选在人中产生。在小鼠中产生抗体的方法对本领域技术人员来说是众所周知的,并被描述在本文中。至于人抗体,本领域普通技术人员将理解,多克隆抗体可从用适当抗原接种或免疫过的受试人的血清中分离出来。替代选择地,通过适应性改变在非人类动物例如小鼠中产生人抗体的已知技术可产生人抗体(参见,例如,美国专利5,545,806、5,569,825和5,714,352,以及美国专利申请公布号2002/0197266A1)。
虽然是人类治疗应用的理想选择,人抗体,尤其人单克隆抗体,通常比小鼠单克隆抗体更难以产生。然而,小鼠单克隆抗体当给人施用时,引起快速宿主抗体应答,这可减少抗体药物缀合物的治疗或诊断潜能。为了防止发生这些并发症,优选单克隆抗体不被人免疫系统认为是“外来物”。
为了这个目的,噬菌体展示可用于产生这种抗体。在这点上,应用标准分子生物学和重组DNA技术,可产生编码抗体的抗原结合可变(V)域的噬菌体文库(参见,例如,Sambrook等(编辑),MolecularCloning,ALaboratoryManual,第三版,ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryPress,NewYork(2001))。为了特异性结合期望的抗原,选择编码具有期望特异性的可变区的噬菌体,并重新构建包含所选可变域的完全人抗体。将编码重构抗体的核酸序列引入适当的细胞系如用于杂交瘤生产的骨髓瘤细胞中,使得具有单克隆抗体特性的人抗体由该细胞分泌(参见,例如,Janeway等,上文,Huse等,上文和美国专利6,265,150)。替代选择地,单克隆抗体可由对特异性人重和轻链免疫球蛋白基因是转基因的小鼠生产。这样的方法是本领域已知的,并被描述于例如美国专利5,545,806和5,569,825以及Janeway等,上文中。
最优选地,抗体是人源化抗体。本文所用的“人源化”抗体是其中小鼠单克隆抗体的互补决定区(CDR)(其形成抗体的抗原结合环)嫁接在人抗体分子的框架上的抗体。由于小鼠和人抗体框架的相似性,本领域中公认这种方法产生的单克隆抗体与人抗体是抗原相同的,但能与产生CDR序列的小鼠单克隆抗体结合相同的抗原。生产人源化抗体的方法是本领域中众所周知的,并被详细地描述在例如Janeway等,上文,美国专利5,225,539、5,585,089和5,693,761,欧洲专利号0239400B1,和英国专利号2188638中。也可应用美国专利5,639,641和Pedersen等,J.MolBiol,235:959-973(1994)中所述的抗体表面再建技术,产生人源化抗体。尽管本发明组合物的缀合物中所用的抗体最优选为人源化单克隆抗体,但如上所述的人单克隆抗体和小鼠单克隆抗体也在本发明的范围内。
具有至少一个抗原结合部位并因此识别和结合位于靶细胞表面上的至少一个抗原或受体的抗体片断,也在本发明的范围内。在此方面,完整抗体分子的蛋白酶剪切可产生多种抗体片断,所述抗体片断保留识别和结合抗原的能力。例如用木瓜蛋白酶有限消化抗体分子一般产生三个片断,其中两个是相同的且称作Fab片断,因为它们保留母体抗体分子的抗原结合活性。用胃蛋白酶裂解抗体分子正常产生两种抗体片断,其中一种保留了该抗体分子的两个抗原结合臂,因此称作F(ab')2片断。用二硫苏糖醇或巯基乙胺还原F(ab')2片断产生称作Fab'片断的片断。应用常规重组DNA技术,可产生单链可变区片断(sFv)抗体片断,它由截短的Fab片断组成,所述Fab片断包含经合成肽与抗体轻链的V域连接的抗体重链的可变(V)域(参见,例如,Janeway等,上文)。类似地,通过重组DNA技术,可制备二硫化物稳定的可变区片断(dsFv)(参见,例如,Reiter等,ProteinEngineering,7:697-704(1994))。然而,本发明上下文中的抗体片断不限于这些抗体片断的示例类型。可应用任何适合的能识别和结合期望细胞表面受体或抗原的抗体片断。抗体片断进一步描述在例如Parham,J.Immunol,131:2895-2902(1983),Spring等J.Immunol,113:470-478(1974),和Nisonoff等Arch.Biochem.Biophys.,89:230-244(1960)。应用本领域已知的任何适用方法例如放射性免疫测定法(RIA)、ELISA、蛋白质印迹、免疫沉淀法和竞争性抑制测定法,可以测定抗体-抗原结合(参见,例如,Janeway等,上文,和美国专利申请公布号2002/0197266A1)。
此外,所述抗体可为嵌合的抗体或其抗原结合片段。“嵌合的”是指抗体包含至少两个获自或产生自至少两种不同种类的免疫球蛋白或其片断(例如,两种不同的免疫球蛋白,如与鼠免疫球蛋白可变区组合的人免疫球蛋白恒定区)。抗体也可为结构域抗体(dAb)或其抗原结合片段,例如,骆驼化(camelid)抗体(参见,例如,Desmyter等,NatureStruct.Biol,3:752,(1996)),或鲨鱼抗体,例如,新抗原受体(IgNAR)(参见,例如,Greenberg等,Nature,374:168(1995)和Stanfield等,Science,305:1770-1773(2004))。
任何适用的抗体可用于本发明的上下文中。例如单克隆抗体J5为鼠IgG2a抗体,其对常见急性淋巴细胞性白血病抗原(CALLA)有特异性(Ritz等,Nature,283:583-585(1980)),可用于靶向表达CALLA的细胞(例如,急性淋巴细胞性白血病细胞)。单克隆抗体MY9为鼠IgG1抗体,其特异性结合CD33抗原(Griffin等,LeukemiaRes.,8:521(1984)),可靶向作用于表达CD33的细胞(例如,急性髓性白血病(AML)细胞)。
类似地,单克隆抗体抗-B4(也指作B4)为鼠IgG1抗体,其结合B细胞上的CD19抗原(Nadler等,J.Immunol.,131:244-250(1983)),可用于靶向表达CD19的B细胞或病态细胞(例如,非何杰金淋巴瘤细胞和慢性淋巴性白血病细胞)。N901为鼠单克隆抗体,其结合神经内分泌起源的细胞包括小细胞肺肿瘤上发现的CD56(神经细胞粘附分子)抗原,它可用于缀合物中使药物靶向于神经内分泌起源的细胞。J5、MY9和B4抗体在它们用作缀合物的一部分之前,优选被表面重建或人源化。抗体的表面重建或人源化描述于例如,Roguska等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,91:969-73(1994)。
此外,单克隆抗体C242结合CanAg抗原(参见例如,美国专利5,552,293),可用于使缀合物靶向于表达CanAg的肿瘤,例如结直肠癌、胰腺癌、非小细胞肺癌和胃癌。HuC242为单克隆抗体C242的人源化形式(参见例如,美国专利5,552,293)。生产HuC242的杂交瘤保藏于ECACC,鉴别号为90012601。应用CDR嫁接方法学(参见,例如,美国专利5,585,089、5,693,761和5,693,762)或表面再建技术(参见,例如,美国专利5,639,641),可制备HuC242。HuC242可用于使缀合物靶向于表达CanAg抗原的肿瘤细胞,例如,结直肠癌、胰腺癌、非小细胞肺癌和胃癌细胞。
为了靶向于卵巢癌和前列腺癌细胞,抗MUC1抗体可用作缀合物中的细胞结合剂。抗MUC1抗体包括例如,抗HMFG-2(参见,例如,Taylor-Papadimitriou等,Int.J.Cancer,28:17-21(1981))、hCTM01(参见,例如,vanHof等,CancerRes.,56:5179-5185(1996))和DS6。通过应用抗-前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)作为细胞结合剂如J591,前列腺癌细胞也可被缀合物靶向(参见,例如,Liu等,CancerRes.,57:3629-3634(1997))。另外,应用抗体曲妥珠单抗,可以靶向表达Her2抗原的癌细胞例如乳腺癌、前列腺癌和卵巢癌。与胰岛素样生长因子受体结合的抗IGF-IR抗体也可用于缀合物。
尤其优选的抗体为人源化单克隆抗体,其实例包括huN901、huMy9-6、huB4、huC242、曲妥单抗、比伐单抗、西罗珠单抗和利妥昔单抗(参见,例如,美国专利5,639,641和5,665,357,美国临时专利申请号60/424,332(其相关于美国专利专利公开号2005/0118183A1),国际专利申请WO02/16401,Pedersen等,上文,Roguska等,上文,Liu等,上文,Nadler等,上文,Colomer等,CancerInvest.,19:49-56(2001),Heider等,Eur.J.Cancer,31A:2385-2391(1995),Welt等,J.Clin.Oncol,12:1193-1203(1994),和Maloney等,Blood,90:2188-2195(1997))。最优选地,抗体为huN901人源化单克隆抗体或huMy9-6人源化单克隆抗体。其它优选的抗体包括CNTO95、huDS6、huB4和huC242。其它人源化单克隆抗体是本领域已知的,可结合本发明使用。
虽然细胞结合剂优选为抗体,但细胞结合剂也可为非抗体分子。适用的非抗体分子包括例如,干扰素(例如,α、β或γ干扰素)、淋巴因子(例如,白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL-3、IL-4或IL-6)、激素(例如胰岛素)、生长因子(例如,EGF、TGF-α、FGF和VEGF)、集落刺激因子(例如,G-CSF、M-CSF和GM-CSF(参见,例如Burgess,ImmunologyToday,5:155-158(1984))、生长抑素和转铁蛋白(参见,例如,O'Keefe等,JBiol.Chem.,260:932-937(1985))。例如,与髓样细胞结合的GM-CSF可用作细胞结合剂靶向于急性髓细胞白血病细胞。此外,与活化T细胞结合的IL-2可用于预防移植嫁植物排斥,用于治疗和预防移植物抗宿主病,和用于治疗急性T细胞白血病。表皮生长因子(EGF)可靶向于鳞癌如肺癌和头颈癌。生长抑素可用于靶向成神经瘤细胞和其它肿瘤细胞类型。
缀合物可包含任何适合的药物,一般为细胞毒性剂。本文所用的“细胞毒性剂”是指导致细胞死亡、引诱细胞死亡或减少细胞生存力的任何化合物。适用的细胞毒性剂包括例如,美登木素生物碱和美登木素生物碱类似物、紫杉烷类(taxoids)、CC-1065和CC-1065类似物和多拉司他汀和多拉司他汀类似物。在本发明优选的实施方案中,细胞毒性剂为美登木素生物碱,包括美坦西醇和美坦西醇类似物。美登木素生物碱为抑制微管形成的化合物,对哺乳动物细胞具有强毒性。适合的美坦西醇类似物的实例包括具有修饰的芳环的那些和在其它位置具有修饰的那些。这样的美登木素生物碱被描述在例如,美国专利4,256,746、4,294,757、4,307,016、4,313,946、4,315,929、4,322,348、4,331,598、4,361,650、4,362,663、4,364,866、4,424,219、4,371,533、4,450,254、5,475,092、5,585,499、5,846,545和6,333,410中。
具有经修饰的芳环的美坦西醇类似物的实例包括:(1)C-19-去氯(美国专利4,256,746)(通过LAH还原安丝菌素(ansamytocin)P2制得),(2)C-20-羟基(或C-20-去甲基)+/-C-19-去氯(美国专利4,361,650和4,307,016)(通过应用链霉菌(Streptomyces)或放线菌(Actinomyces)脱甲基或应用LAH脱氯而制得)和(3)C-20-去甲氧基、C-20-酰氧基(-OCOR)、+/-去氯(美国专利4,294,757)(通过应用酰基氯酰化而制得)。
在除芳环以外的位置具有修饰的美坦西醇类似物的实例包括:(1)C-9-SH(美国专利4,424,219)(通过用H2S或P2S5与美坦西醇反应制得),(2)C-14-烷氧基甲基(去甲氧基/CH2OR)(美国专利4,331,598),(3)C-14-羟甲基或酰氧基甲基(CH2OH或CH2OAc)(美国专利4,450,254)(由诺卡氏菌(Nocardia)制得),(4)C-15-羟基/酰氧基(美国专利4,364,866)(通过用链霉菌转换美坦西醇而制得),(5)C-15-甲氧基(美国专利4,313,946和4,315,929)(从滑桃树(Trewianudiflora)中分离出的)(6)C-18-N-去甲基(美国专利4,362,663和4,322,348)(通过用链霉菌将美坦西醇脱甲基而制得)和(7)4,5-脱氧(美国专利4,371,533)(通过三氯化钛/LAH还原美坦西醇而制得)。
本发明优选的实施方案中,缀合物应用含有硫醇的美登木素生物碱DM1,也称为N2′-脱乙酰-N2′-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素,作为细胞毒性剂。DM1的结构由式(I)表示:
在本发明另一个优选的实施方案中,缀合物应用含有硫醇的美登木素生物碱DM4,也称为N2′-脱乙酰-N2′-(4-甲基-4-巯基-1-氧代戊基)-美登素,作为细胞毒性剂。DM4的结构由式(II)表示:
其它美登素可用于本发明的上下文中,包括例如,在携带硫原子的碳原子上携带单或双烷基取代的含有硫醇和二硫化物的美登木素生物碱。尤其优选的为如下美登木素生物碱:在C-3位置具有(a)C-14羟甲基、C-15羟基或C-20去甲基官能度,和(b)被携带阻碍巯基的酰基酰化的氨基酸侧链,其中携带硫醇官能度的酰基碳原子具有一或两个取代基,所述取代基为CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链或支链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,和进一步地其中取代基之一可为H,且其中酰基在羰基官能度和硫原子之间具有至少三个碳原子长度的直链。
用于本发明的上下文中另外的美登素包括由式(III)表示的化合物:
其中Y'代表
(CR7R8)l(CR9=CR10)pC≡CqAr(CR5R6)mDu(CR11=CR12)r(C≡C)sBt(CR3R4)n-CR1R2SZ,其中R1和R2各自独立为CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,和其中R2也可为H,
其中A、B、D为具有3-10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基、简单的或取代的芳基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R11和R12各自独立为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t各自独立为零或1至5的整数,条件是l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t之中的至少两个在任何一次时都不为零,和
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R是具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、或简单的或取代的芳基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基。
式(III)优选的实施方案包括其中(a)R1为H、R2为甲基和Z为H,(b)R1和R2为甲基且Z为H,(c)R1为H、R2为甲基和Z为-SCH3,和(d)R1和R2为甲基且Z为-SCH3的式(III)化合物。
这类另外的美登素也包括式(IV-L)、(IV-D)或(IV-D,L)所表示的化合物:
其中Y代表(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立为CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,和其中R2也可为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m和n各自独立为1至5的整数,且另外n可为零,
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R是具有1至10个碳原子的直链或支链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基、或简单的或取代的芳基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,和
其中May代表在C-3、C-14羟甲基、C-15羟基或C-20去甲基上携带侧链的美登木素生物碱。
式(IV-L)、(IV-D)和(IV-D,L)优选的实施方案包括其中(a)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,和Z为H,(b)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,和Z为H,(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,和Z为-SCH3,或(d)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,和Z为-SCH3的式(IV-L)、(IV-D)和(IV-D,L)的化合物。
优选地,细胞毒性剂是由式(IV-L)所表示的。
另外优选的美登素也包括由式(V)表示的化合物:
其中Y代表(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立为CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,和其中R2也可为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m和n各自独立为1至5的整数,且另外n可为零,和
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、或简单的或取代的芳基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基。
式(V)优选的实施方案包括其中(a)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H;l和m各自为1;n为0,和Z为H,(b)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1;n为0,和Z为H,(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为l,n为0,和Z为-SCH3,或(d)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m为1,n为0,和Z为-SCH3的式(V)化合物。
再进一步优选的美登素包括由式(VI-L)、(VI-D)或(VI-D,L)表示的化合物:
其中Y2代表(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ2,
其中R1和R2各自独立为CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,和其中R2也可为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链环状烷基或烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m和n各自独立为1至5的整数,并且另外n可为零,
其中Z2为SR或COR,其中R是具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、或简单的或取代的芳基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,和
其中May代表美登木素生物碱。
另外优选的美登素包括由式(VII)表示的化合物:
其中Y2'代表
(CR7R8)l(CR9=CR10)p(C≡C)qAr(CR5R6)mDu(CR11=CR12)r(C≡C)sBt(CR3R4)n-CR1R2SZ2,
其中R1和R2各自独立为CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链或支链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,且另外R2也可为H,
其中A、B、D各自独立地为具有3-10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基、简单的或取代的芳基、或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R11和R12各自独立为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、取代的苯基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t各自独立为零或1至5的整数,条件是l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t之中的至少两个在任何一次时都不为零,和
其中Z2为SR或-COR,其中R是具有1至10个碳原子的直链烷基或链烯基、具有3至10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、或简单的或取代的芳基或杂环芳族基或杂环烷基。
式(VII)优选的实施方案包括其中R1为H和R2为甲基的式(VII)化合物。
除美登木素生物碱之外,用于缀合物中的细胞毒性剂可为紫杉烷或其衍生物。紫杉烷为一族化合物,包括细胞毒性天然产物紫杉醇和半合成的衍生物多西他赛两者均广泛用于癌症治疗。紫杉烷为有丝分裂纺锤体毒剂,抑制微管蛋白解聚,导致细胞死亡。虽然多西他赛和紫杉醇是癌症治疗中有用的药物,但它们的抗肿瘤活性由于它们对正常细胞的非特异毒性而受到限制。此外,象紫杉醇和多西他赛化合物本身不足够有效地用于细胞结合剂的缀合物中。
用于制备细胞毒性缀合物的优选紫杉烷为式(VIII)的紫杉烷:
合成可用于本发明上下文中的紫杉烷的方法以及使紫杉烷缀合至细胞结合剂例如抗体的方法,详细描述在美国专利5,416,064、5,475,092、6,340,701、6,372,738、6,436,931、6,596,757、6,706,708和6,716,821,和美国专利申请公布号2004/0024049A1中。
细胞毒性剂也可为CC-1065或其衍生物。CC-1065为从泽耳链霉菌(Streptomyceszelensis)培养肉汤中分离出来的有效抗肿瘤抗生素。CC-1065在体外与通常使用的抗癌药物例如多柔比星、氨甲蝶呤和长春新碱相比,作用强大约1000倍(Bhuyan等,CancerRes.,42:3532-3537(1982))。CC-1065及其类似物描述在美国专利5,585,499、5,846,545、6,340,701和6,372,738中。CC-1065的细胞毒性潜能与其烷化活性和其结合DNA或嵌入DNA的活性相关。这两种活性归于该分子的单独部分。在这方面,烷化活性包含在环丙吡咯并吲哚(CPI)亚单位并且DNA结合活性归于CC-1065的两个吡咯并吲哚亚单位。
几个CC-1065类似物是本领域已知的,也可用作缀合物中的细胞毒性剂(参见,例如,Warpehoski等,JMed.Chem.,31:590-603(1988))。已经开发了一系列的CC-1065类似物,其中CPI部分被环丙苯并吲哚(CBI)部分代替(Boger等,J.Org.Chem.,55:5823-5833(1990),和Boger等,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett,1:115-120(1991))。这些CC-1065类似物保持母体药物的体外高效能,而不引起小鼠迟发毒性。像CC-1065一样,这些化合物为烷化剂,其共价结合DNA小沟,引起细胞死亡。
通过经靶向递送至肿瘤部位改变体内分布,可极大地提高CC-1065类似物的治疗功效,导致对非靶组织更低的毒性,并因此降低全身性毒性。为了这个目的,已经产生了CC-1065的类似物和衍生物与细胞结合剂的缀合物,其特异靶向于肿瘤细胞(参见,例如,美国专利5,475,092、5,585,499和5,846,545)。这些缀合物在体外一般显示高度靶特异性细胞毒性,和在小鼠中人肿瘤异种移植物模型中显示抗肿瘤活性(参见,例如,Chari等,CancerRes.,55:4079-4084(1995))。
合成CC-1065类似物的方法详细地描述于美国专利5,475,092、5,585,499、5,846,545、6,534,660、6,586,618和6,756,397和美国专利申请公布号2003/0195365A1中。
药物例如氨甲蝶呤、柔红霉素、多柔比星、长春新碱、长春碱、美法仑、丝裂霉素C、苯丁酸氮芥、加利车霉素、小管素(tubulysin)和小管素类似物、倍癌霉素和倍癌霉素类似物、多拉司他汀和多拉司他汀类似物,也可用于本发明的上下文中。多柔比星和柔红霉素化合物(参见,例如,美国专利6,630,579)也可用作药物。
药物缀合物可通过体外方法制得。为了连接药物或前体药物至抗体上,应用连接基团。适合的连接基团是本领域众所周知的,包括二硫基、对酸不稳定的基团、对光不稳定的基团、对肽酶不稳定的基团和对酯酶不稳定的基团。优选的连接基团为二硫基。例如,使用抗体和药物或前体药物之间的二硫化物交换反应可构成缀合物。通过中间载体分子例如血清白蛋白,药物分子也可与细胞结合剂连接。
根据本发明,通过使双功能交联试剂与细胞结合剂反应,从而导致连接体分子与细胞结合剂共价连接,修饰细胞结合剂。本文所用的“双功能交联试剂”为使细胞结合剂与药物(如本文所述的药物)共价连接的任何化学部分。在本发明优选的实施方案中,连接部分的一部分由药物提供。在这方面,药物包含连接部分,其为更大连接体分子的一部分,连接体分子用于使细胞结合剂与药物连接。例如,为了形成美登木素生物碱DM1,对美登素C-3羟基的侧链进行修饰,以具有游离的巯基(SH)。美登素的这种硫醇化形式可与修饰的细胞结合剂起反应,形成缀合物。因此,最终的连接体由两种组分组装而成,其中一种组分由交联试剂提供,而另一种组分由DM1的侧链提供。
任何适合的双功能交联试剂可结合本发明使用,只要该连接体试剂分别提供药物和细胞结合剂的治疗性(例如细胞毒性)和靶向特性的保留。优选地,连接体分子通过化学键(如上所述)连接药物至细胞结合剂,使得药物和细胞结合剂彼此化学偶联(例如,共价键合)。优选地,连接试剂为可裂解性连接体。更优选地,连接体为温和条件下可裂解的,即在不影响药物活性的细胞内的条件下。适用的可裂解性连接体的实例包括二硫化物连接体、对酸不稳定的连接体、对光不稳定的连接体、对肽酶不稳定的连接体和对酯酶不稳定的连接体。包含二硫化物的连接体是通过生理条件下可发生的二硫化物交换可裂解的连接体。对酸不稳定的连接体是在酸性pH下可裂解的连接体。例如,某些细胞内的小室如核内体和溶酶体具有酸性的pH(pH4-5),所提供的条件适合裂解对酸不稳定的连接体。对光不稳定的连接体适用于可接触光的体表和许多体腔。此外,红外线可渗入组织。对肽酶不稳定的连接体可用于裂解细胞内外或细胞外的某些肽(参见,例如,Trouet等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,79:626-629(1982),和Umemoto等,Int.J.Cancer,43:677-684(1989))。
优选地,药物通过二硫键与细胞结合剂连接。连接体分子包含可与细胞结合剂起反应的反应性化学基团。优选的与细胞结合剂起反应的反应性化学基团为N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯和N-磺基琥珀酰亚氨基酯。另外,连接体分子包含反应性化学基团,优选二硫代吡啶基,其可与药物起反应形成二硫键。尤其优选的连接体分子包括例如,3-(2-吡啶二硫基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SPDP)(参见,例如,Carlsson等,Biochem.J,173:723-737(1978)),4-(2-吡啶二硫基)丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SPDB)(参见,例如,美国专利4,563,304),4-(2-吡啶二硫基)戊酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SPP)(参见,例如,CAS登记号341498-08-6)和美国专利6,913,748中描述的其它反应性交叉-连接体,在此将其全文引入,作为参考。
虽然优选将可裂解性连接体用于本发明方法中,非裂解性连接体也可用于产生上述的缀合物。非裂解性连接体为能以稳定的共价的方式连接药物例如美登木素生物碱、紫杉烷或CC-1065类似物至细胞结合剂的任何化学部分。因此,非裂解性连接体在药物或细胞结合剂保持活性的条件下,实质上可抵抗酸引起的裂解、光引起的裂解、肽酶引起的裂解、酯酶引起的裂解和二硫键断裂。
在药物和细胞结合剂之间形成非裂解性连接体的合适交联试剂是本领域众所周知的。非裂解性连接体的实例包括具有与细胞结合剂起反应的N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯或N-磺基琥珀酰亚氨基酯部分以及与药物起反应的马来酰亚胺基-或以卤代乙酰基为基础的部分的连接体。包含马来酰亚氨基为基础的部分的交联试剂包括4-(马来酰亚氨基甲基)环己烷羧酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SMCC)、SMCC的“长链”类似物N-琥珀酰亚氨基-4-(N-马来酰亚氨基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧基-(6-酰氨基己酸酯)(LC-SMCC)、κ-马来酰亚氨基十一酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(KMUA)、γ-马来酰亚氨基丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(GMBS)、ε-马来酰亚氨基己酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(EMCS)、间-马来酰亚氨基苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)、N-(α-马来酰亚氨基乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚胺酯(AMAS)、琥珀酰亚氨基-6-(β-马来酰亚氨基丙酰氨基)己酸酯(SMPH)、4-(对-马来酰亚氨基苯基)-丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SMPB)和N-(对-马来酰亚氨基苯基)-异氰酸酯(PMPI)。包含卤代乙酰基为基础的部分的交联试剂包括N-琥珀酰亚氨基-4-(碘代乙酰基)-氨基苯甲酸酯(SIAB)、碘醋酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SIA)、溴乙酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SBA)和3-(溴乙酰氨基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SBAP)。
缺少硫原子的可形成非裂解性连接体的其它交联试剂也可用于本发明方法中。这样的连接体可由以二羧酸为基础的部分产生。合适的以二羧酸为基础的部分包括但不限于通式(IX)的α,ω-二羧酸:
HOOC-Xl-Yn-Zm-COOH
(IX),
其中X为具有2至20个碳原子的直链或支链烷基、链烯基或炔基,Y为携带3至10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基,Z为携带6至10个碳原子的取代或未取代的芳族基,或取代或未取代的其中杂原子选自N、O或S的杂环基,和其中l、m和n各自为0或1,条件是l、m和n不同时全部为零。
本文公开的许多非裂解性连接体详细描述于美国专利申请号10/960,602中,它相应于美国专利申请公布号2005/0169933A1。
替代选择地,如同美国专利6,441,163B1中所公开,药物可首先被修饰以引入适合与细胞结合剂起反应的反应性酯。这些含有活化连接体部分的美登木素生物碱与细胞结合剂的反应,提供了另一种产生可裂解的或非可裂解的细胞结合剂美登木素生物碱缀合物的方法。
关于美登木素生物碱、包含它的细胞毒性剂、药物缀合物和相关制备方法的附加信息公开在美国专利申请号11/352,121和美国专利申请号10/849,136中,后者相应于美国专利申请公布号2004/0235840A1。
下列实施例进一步举例说明本发明,当然不应以任何方式将其解释为限制本发明的范围。
具体实施方式
实施例1
本实施例应用TFF证明用异双功能修饰试剂修饰的抗体的纯化。
在20℃,在含有50mMNaCl、2mMEDTA和5%乙醇的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.5)中,将huN901单克隆抗体(终浓度8mg/ml)与4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)戊酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SPP,5.6倍摩尔过量)一起孵育大约180分钟。在第一组中,应用SephadexTMG25F树脂柱,用含有50mMNaCl和2mMEDTA的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.5)使柱平衡并洗脱,将反应混合物纯化。在第二组中,应用PelliconXLTFF系统(Millipore,Billerica,MA)纯化反应混合物,应用10,000分子量截断膜(UltracelTM再生纤维素薄膜,Millipore,Billerica,MA)将抗体渗滤(5个体积)至50mM磷酸钾、50mMNaCl(pH6.5)和2mMEDTA中。两种样品在含有50mMNaCl和终浓度为3%DMA的pH6.5磷酸钾缓冲液中与DM1(相对于未结合的连接体1.7倍摩尔过量)缀合过18小时。
在两组中,用分光光度测量法(波长280nm)测定结合修饰和纯化步骤的产率。通过用二硫苏糖醇处理以释放吡啶-2-硫酮(它在343nM处消光系数为8,080M-1cm-1),也测定了连接体/抗体的比值。用分光光度测量法(波长280nm和252nm)测定缀合步骤的药物/抗体的比值。此外,通过HisepHPLC测量除去的SPP相关的小分子种类。
得到的数据描述于表1中。
表1:应用G-25F与TFF比较的修饰的huN901的纯化方法
如表1所示,TFF的应用产生药物缀合物产物,其质量至少相当于非吸附色谱法(G25)方法,但更方便和可规模化生产。
实施例2
本实施例应用吸附色谱法证明用异双功能修饰试剂修饰的抗体的纯化。
在室温,在含有50mMNaCl、2mMEDTA和5%乙醇的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.5)中,将huB4抗体用4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SPDB,5.4倍摩尔过量)修饰120分钟。在第一组中,应用如实施例1所述的SephadexTMG25F树脂,将反应混合物纯化。在第二组中,将反应混合物装载至陶瓷羟磷灰石柱(CHT,Bio-RadLaboratories,Hercules,CA),在12.5mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.5)中使柱平衡并用80mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.5)洗脱。
在两组中,如实施例1所述测定产率和连接体/抗体的比值。第一组具有91%的产率和4.2的连接体/抗体的比值。第二组具有89%的产率和4.2的连接体/抗体的比值。
在20℃,在含有2.7%蔗糖和5%乙醇的10mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH7.5)中,将CNTO95抗体(终浓度10mg/ml)用4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SPDB,4.5倍摩尔过量)修饰120分钟。在第一组中,应用SephadexTMG25F树脂,在含有12.5mMNaCl和0.5mMEDTA的12.5mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.6)中,将反应混合物纯化。在第二组中,将反应混合物装载至SPSepharoseFastFlow柱(GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ),用10mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH7.5)使柱平衡并用含有50mMNaCl的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.5)洗脱。
在两组中,如实施例1所述测定产率和连接体/抗体的比值。第一组具有96%的产率和4.0的连接体/抗体的比值。第二组具有97%的产率和4.1的连接体/抗体的比值。
本实施例中获得的数据证明吸附色谱法可用于纯化被异双功能修饰试剂修饰的抗体。
实施例3
本实施例证明在pH6.5以上经修饰的抗体与药物缀合的有益效果。
在第一个实验中,CNTO95抗体如实施例2所述修饰并纯化。然后将修饰的抗体分成两组。在第一组中,在20℃,在含有12.5mMNaCl、0.5mMEDTA、3%DMA和每连接体1.7倍摩尔过量的药物的pH6.5的12.5mM磷酸钾缓冲液中进行缀合。在第二组中,缀合反应在pH7.5下进行。缀合的抗体经NAP-10柱纯化。
测量两组的药物/抗体的比值。得到的数据描述于表2中。
表2:pH6.5与7.5比较的缀合反应的药物/抗体的比值
如表2中描述的数据所示,缀合在pH7.5比在pH6.5进行得更快。
在第二个实验中,huB4人源化单克隆抗体被以下修饰:(a)相对于抗体4.9倍摩尔过量的SPDB,或(b)相对于抗体4.8倍摩尔过量的SPDB。在两种情形下,室温,在含50mM磷酸钾、50mM氯化钾和2mMEDTA(pH6.5)的5%乙醇中进行反应总计120分钟。将样品(a)经SephadexTMG25F树脂柱纯化,所述柱在pH6.5的50mM磷酸钾、50mM氯化钠和2mMEDTA中平衡。将样品(b)等同纯化,除了将色谱缓冲液调节至pH7.5。室温,在终浓度为3%的二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)中将两种样品与DM4(相对于结合连接体1.7倍摩尔过量)缀合18小时。
因此,样品(a)在pH6.5缀合,样品(b)在pH7.5缀合。然后将这些样品经SephadexTMG25F树脂柱纯化,所述柱在pH6.5的9.6mM磷酸钾和4.2mM氯化钠中平衡。两种样品在4℃孵育至多7个月,并间隔地分析释放的游离药物。得到的数据描述于表3中。
表3:游离药物随时间从pH6.5和7.5缀合的样品中的释放
时间(月) | pH 6.5缀合 | pH 7.5缀合 |
0 | 1.0 | 0.8 |
1.5 | 1.8 | 1.0 |
2.5 | 3.2 | 1.9 |
7 | 4.0 | 2.8 |
如表3中描述的数据所示,相对于在pH6.5缀合的样品(a),游离药物从在pH7.5缀合的样品(b)中的释放实质上更慢。相应地,与在pH6.5制备的药物缀合物产物相比,在pH7.5制备的药物缀合物产物就游离药物随时间的释放而论显示出更稳定。在pH7.5的缀合也比在pH6.5缀合显示出更好的药物掺合,因而需要应用的药物更少。
实施例4
本实施例证明在pH6.0以下修饰的抗体与药物缀合的有益效果。
在20℃,在含有50mMNaCl、2mMEDTA和5%乙醇的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.5)中,将huN901单克隆抗体(终浓度8mg/ml)与4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)戊酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SPP,5.6倍摩尔过量)一起孵育大约180分钟。在第一组中,应用SephadexTMG25F树脂柱,用含有50mMNaCl和2mMEDTA的50mM柠檬酸钠缓冲液(pH5.0)使柱平衡并洗脱,将反应混合物纯化。在第二组中,应用SephadexTMG25F树脂柱,用含有50mMNaCl和2mMEDTA的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.5)使柱平衡并洗脱,将反应混合物纯化。室温,在终浓度为3%的二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)中将两种样品与DM4(相对于结合的连接体1.7倍摩尔过量)缀合3、19、25、48和120小时。
因此,第一组样品在含有50mMNaCl和2mMEDTA的50mM柠檬酸钠缓冲液(pH5.0)中缀合,第二组样品含有50mMNaCl和2mMEDTA的50mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH6.5)中缀合。然后将这些样品经SephadexTMG25F树脂柱纯化,所述柱用含有50mMNaCl的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.5)平衡并洗脱。
在两组中,通过用二硫苏糖醇处理以释放吡啶-2-硫酮(它在343nM处消光系数为8,080M-1cm-1),测定了连接体/抗体的比值。用分光光度测量法(波长280nm和252nm)测定缀合步骤的药物/抗体的比值。
第一组具有4.3的连接体/抗体的比值。第二组具有4.2连接体/抗体的比值。
两组随时间的药物/抗体的比值描述于表4中。
表4:DM1掺入SPP修饰的huN901中的速度,为缀合pH的函数
从表4中所述的数据明显的是,与在pH6.5缀合时制成的缀合物相比,通过使修饰的抗体与药物在pH5.0缀合而制成的缀合物在缀合反应过程中达到更高和更稳定水平的结合药物。除增加稳定性之外,结果表明与应用相同量的药物在pH6.5缀合相比,在pH5.0缀合时达到了更高的药物/抗体水平,因而表明在pH5.0时更有效率的药物应用。
两组中,测定了随时间的缀合物单体量。得到的数据描述于表5中。
表5:在SPP修饰的huN901与DM1缀合期间,缀合pH对缀合物单体水平的影响
从表5中所述的数据明显的是,与在pH6.5缀合时制成的缀合物相比,通过使修饰的抗体与药物在pH5.0缀合而制成的缀合物具有更高水平的缀合物单体。
实施例5
本实施例进一步证明在pH小于6时药物与修饰的抗体缀合的益处。
在室温,在50mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.5)、50mMNaCl、2mMEDTA和5%乙醇中,将BIWA4抗体用SPP(SPP的摩尔过量如表6所示)修饰120-140分钟。等分样的修饰抗体经单独NAP25柱纯化,所述柱用有多种pH值(pH4.6-6.5)的缓冲液平衡。pH4.6-5.9缓冲液由35mM柠檬酸钠、150mM氯化钠和2mMEDTA组成。pH6.5缓冲液为含有2mMEDTA的PBS。
在二甲基乙酰胺(DMA,终浓度3%)中,将修饰的抗体在各种pH下与DM1(相对于连接体1.7倍摩尔过量)缀合。在室温孵育17-18小时后,缀合的抗体样品通过用PBS(pH6.5)平衡的NAP25柱进行色谱法纯化。通过用二硫苏糖醇处理以释放吡啶-2-硫酮(它在343nM处消光系数为8,080M-1cm-1),测定了连接体/抗体的比值(表6中的L/A)。用分光光度测量法(波长280nm和252nm)测定缀合步骤的药物/抗体的比值。通过SEC-HPLC测定了缀合物单体、高分子量种类和低分子量种类,其应用在含有0.2M氯化钾和20%异丙醇的0.2M磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.0)中平衡和发展的TSKG3000SWXL柱。
该分析结果数据描述于表6中。
表6:药物缀合物产物相对于pH的特性
表6中描述的数据证明与在pH6.5的缀合相比,在pH6.0以下时SPP修饰的BIWA4与DM1的缀合是高效率的。在更低pH时,降低了达到特定最终药物/抗体比值要求的连接体和药物的量,特别是SPP连接体与DM1的量。此外,在更低pH时,缀合物单体、高分子量种类和低分子量种类的水平是更优化的,且产率得到提高。
实施例6
本实施例证明纯化修饰的抗体的步骤可任选地被除去。药物可以与双功能修饰试剂同时加入或在稍后的时间加入。
在修饰试剂后添加药物的实例中,在20℃,将20mg/mL浓度的人源化单克隆抗体CNTO95用双功能修饰试剂SPDB(SPDB相对于抗体4.6倍摩尔过量)修饰120分钟。修饰缓冲液为含有5.3%蔗糖和5%乙醇的44mM磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.5)。一等分样的修饰抗体经SephadexTMG25F树脂纯化(标准4步骤法),在含有12.5mMNaCl的12.5mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.5)平衡并洗脱,随后在室温使最终浓度为10mg/mL修饰抗体与DM4(药物相对于结合的连接体1.7倍摩尔过量)在含有12.5mMNaCl和10%DMA的12.5mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.5)中缀合20小时。第二等分样的修饰抗体在120分钟修饰反应结束时,没有进行进一步的纯化立即缀合(3步骤法)。
调节修饰反应混合物的蛋白质和缓冲液浓度,以产生10mg/mL浓度的修饰蛋白质和含有5.9mMNaCl和2.7%蔗糖的28mM磷酸钾缓冲组合物(pH7.5)。然后加入DM4(相对于开始SPDB1.7倍摩尔过量),调节DMA至终浓度为10%。在室温孵育20小时后,将两种等分样的缀合抗体经SephadexTMG25F树脂纯化,所述树脂在pH5.5的10mM组氨酸和10%蔗糖中平衡。
通过用二硫苏糖醇处理以释放吡啶-2-硫酮(它在343nM处消光系数为8,080M-1cm-1),测定了连接体/抗体(L/A)的比值。用分光光度测量法(波长280nm和252nm)测定缀合步骤的药物/抗体(D/A)的比值和产率。通过SEC-HPLC分析测定了单体的百分数。通过HPLC在Hisep柱上分析测定了游离药物的百分数。这些分析的结果描述于表7中。
表7:任选除去修饰抗体的纯化步骤
参数 | 4步骤法 | 3步骤法 |
开始SPDB | 4.6x | 4.6x |
L/A | 4.1 | 没有测定 |
D/A | 3.9 | 4.0 |
产率 | 79% | 91% |
%单体 | 95.8% | 96.1% |
%游离药物 | 2.4% | 1.1% |
如表7中描述的结果所证明的,在本发明上下文中可除去纯化修饰的抗体的步骤。
实施例7
本实施例证明纯化抗体的改良方法,所述抗体用异双功能修饰试剂修饰然后与美登木素生物碱缀合。
将如实施例1所述的用SPP(7倍摩尔过量)修饰并在SephadexTMG25F树脂上纯化的huN901抗体与美登木素生物碱DM1(相对于连接体1.7倍摩尔过量,溶于二甲基乙酰胺(DMA),终浓度3%)缀合。
第一样品缀合物通过标准色谱法在SephadexTMG25F树脂上在磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS,pH6.5)中纯化。
第二缀合物样品如实施例1所述通过PelliconXLTFF系统(Millipore,Billerica,MA)纯化。
第三缀合物样品应用MEPHypercell树脂柱纯化,所述柱在50mMTris(pH8.0)中平衡,并用50mM醋酸钠(pH4.0)洗脱。
第四缀合物样品应用UNOsphereS树脂柱纯化,所述柱在50mM磷酸钠(pH6.5)中平衡,并用0.2MNaCl和50mM磷酸钠(pH6.5)洗脱。
第五缀合物样品应用CHT树脂柱(Bio-RadLaboratories,Hercules,CA)纯化,所述柱在50mM磷酸钠(pH6.5)中平衡,并用0.3MNaCl和50mM磷酸钠(pH6.5)洗脱。
第六缀合物样品应用SPSepharose树脂柱纯化,所述柱在35mM柠檬酸钠、10mM氯化钠(pH5.0)中平衡,并用0.25MNaCl、35mM柠檬酸钠(pH5.0)洗脱。
应用在pH7.0的包含0.2M氯化钾和20%异丙醇的0.2M磷酸钾缓冲液中平衡和发展的TSKG3000SWXL树脂柱,通过SEC-HPLC测定缀合物单体。通过将缀合抗体的产率除以缀合的修饰抗体的量(在波长280nm处用分光光度测量法测定),测定了缀合步骤的产率。
这些分析的结果描述于表8中。
表8:缀合纯化步骤的比较
缀合物样品 | 缀合纯化步骤 | 缀合物单体% | 步骤的产率% |
1(对照) | G25F树脂 | 93.2 | 86 |
2(发明) | TFF | 92.8 | 85 |
3(发明) | MEP Hypercell树脂 | 94.5 | 74 |
4(发明) | UNOsphere树脂 | 96.3 | 81 |
5(发明) | CHT树脂 | 97.9 | 72 |
6(发明) | SP Sepharose树脂 | 95.1 | 81 |
表8中的结果表明,所有本发明的纯化方法(第2-6组)均得到相似于对照方法(第1组)所获得的产率。发明的每种色谱方法产生了缀合物单体水平的提高且容易扩大规模地生产。
除CHT(陶瓷羟磷灰石)之外,在相似色谱法条件下也可应用CFT(陶瓷氟磷灰石)。替代选择地,CHT和CFT树脂二者都可用于非吸附的方式,使得期望的产物(实质上单体缀合物)不被该树脂保留,而保留高分子量种类,因而与期望的产物分离。
虽然用于缀合的标准缓冲剂/溶剂组合物包含3%DMA、50mM磷酸钾、50mMNaCl和2mMEDTA,pH6.5(如实施例1所用的),但其它组分与本文所述的一些色谱法步骤更兼容并相对于标准方法提供其它的益处。例如,缀合可在3%DMA、12.5mM磷酸钾、12.5mMNaCl和0.5mMEDTA(pH6.5)中进行。在这些条件下,在huB4抗体中DM4掺入的量相对于连接体掺入的量比标准条件下高大约10%。此外,这些条件更适合装载至树脂例如阳离子交换和CHT树脂上。
本文引用的所有参考文献,包括出版物、专利申请和专利,均在此引入作为参考,如同各个参考文献被分别和具体地指明在此引入作为参考,且在此引入各个参考文献的全文。
在描述本发明的上下文中(尤其在下列权利要求的上下文中)应用术语“a”和“an”和“the”和相似指代,均应被解释为涵盖单数和复数,除非本文另外指明或明显与上下文相矛盾。术语“包含”、“具有”、“包括”和“含有”,除非另外注明均应被解释为开放式术语(即意指“包括但不限于”)。本文列举的值范围除非本文另外指明,仅仅旨在用作个别表示落在这个范围的各个单独值的速记方法,各个单独的值被并入说明书中,如同本文个别地列举一样。本文所述的所有方法可以以任何合适的次序进行,除非本文另外指明或另外明显与上下文相矛盾。本文提供的任何和所有实例或示例性语言(例如,“例如”)的应用仅仅旨在更好地阐释本发明而不形成对本发明范围的限制,除非另外声明。不应将说明书中的任何语言解释为表示任何未要求保护的要素是实施本发明所必需的。
本文描述了本发明的优选实施方案,包括发明人已知的实施本发明的最好方式。本领域普通技术人员在阅读上述说明后,那些优选的实施方案的变化可变得明显。发明人预期技术人员适当时应用这样的变化,发明人打算以本文明确描述以外的方式实施本发明。因此,本发明包括可适用法律允许的在此所附权利要求中所述的主题的所有修饰和等同物。而且,上述要素以其所有可能变化的任何组合都包括在本发明中,除非本文另外指明或另外明显与上下文相矛盾。
Claims (27)
1.制备抗体-美登木素生物碱缀合物的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
(a)用双功能交联试剂接触抗体,以使连接体与抗体共价连接,从而制备第一混合物,该混合物包含其上结合了连接体的抗体,
(b)通过在pH为4至9的溶液中使其上结合了连接体的抗体与美登木素生物碱起反应,使美登木素生物碱与第一混合物中其上结合了连接体的抗体缀合,以制备第二混合物,该混合物包含(i)通过连接体与美登木素生物碱化学偶联的抗体,(ii)游离的美登木素生物碱和(iii)步骤(b)期间产生的反应副产物,以及
(c)使第二混合物经受切向流过滤、选择性沉淀、吸附过滤、吸附色谱法或其组合,以从第二混合物的其它成分中纯化通过连接体与美登木素生物碱化学偶联的抗体,从而制备纯化的通过连接体与美登木素生物碱化学偶联的抗体的第二混合物;
其中所述第一混合物没有进行进一步的纯化而被立即缀合。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述的吸附色谱法选自羟磷灰石色谱法、疏水电荷诱导色谱法、疏水作用色谱法、离子交换色谱法、染料配体色谱法、亲和色谱法、反相色谱法及其组合。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述的离子交换色谱法是混合式离子交换色谱法,并且所述的亲和色谱法是固定化金属离子亲和色谱法。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)中的溶液的pH为4至6.0。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)中的溶液的pH为6.5至9。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)中的溶液包含蔗糖。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)中的溶液包含缓冲剂,其选自柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、乙酸盐缓冲剂、琥珀酸盐缓冲剂和磷酸盐缓冲剂。
8.制备抗体-美登木素生物碱缀合物的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
(a)用双功能交联试剂接触抗体,以使连接体与抗体共价连接,从而制备第一混合物,该混合物包含其上结合了连接体的抗体,
(b)使第一混合物经受吸附色谱法,从而制备纯化的其上结合了连接体的抗体的第一混合物,
(c)通过在pH为4至9的溶液中使其上结合了连接体的抗体与美登木素生物碱起反应,使美登木素生物碱与纯化的第一混合物中其上结合了连接体的抗体缀合,以制备第二混合物,该混合物包含(i)通过连接体与美登木素生物碱化学偶联的抗体、(ii)游离的美登木素生物碱和(iii)反应副产物,以及
(d)使第二混合物经受吸附色谱法,以从第二混合物的其它成分中纯化通过连接体与美登木素生物碱化学偶联的抗体,从而制备纯化的通过连接体与美登木素生物碱化学偶联的抗体的第二混合物。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所述的吸附色谱法选自羟磷灰石色谱法、疏水电荷诱导色谱法、疏水作用色谱法、离子交换色谱法、染料配体色谱法、亲和色谱法、反相色谱法及其组合。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述的离子交换色谱法是混合式离子交换色谱法,并且所述的亲和色谱法是固定化金属离子亲和色谱法。
11.权利要求8的方法,其中步骤(c)中的溶液的pH为4至6.0。
12.权利要求8的方法,其中步骤(c)中的溶液的pH为6.5至9。
13.权利要求8的方法,其中步骤(c)中的溶液包含蔗糖。
14.权利要求8的方法,其中步骤(c)中的溶液包含缓冲剂,其选自柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、乙酸盐缓冲剂、琥珀酸盐缓冲剂和磷酸盐缓冲剂。
15.权利要求1~14任何一项的方法,其中所述的抗体为单克隆抗体。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中所述的抗体为人源化单克隆抗体。
17.权利要求1~14任何一项的方法,其中所述的抗体为嵌合抗体。
18.权利要求1~14任何一项的方法,其中所述的抗体为与CD19抗原结合的鼠抗体B4的人源化或表面重建的抗体;与CD56抗原结合的鼠抗体N901的人源化或表面重建的抗体;或与CD33抗原结合的鼠抗体MY9的人源化或表面重建的抗体。
19.权利要求1~14任何一项的方法,其中所述的抗体选自huN901、huMy9-6、huB4、huC242、曲妥单抗、比伐单抗、西罗珠单抗、CNTO95、huDS6和利妥昔单抗。
20.权利要求1~14任何一项的方法,其中所述的美登木素生物碱包含硫醇基。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中所述的美登木素生物碱为N2'-脱乙酰-N2'-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素。
22.权利要求20的方法,其中所述的美登木素生物碱为N2'-脱乙酰-N2'-(4-甲基-4-巯基-1-氧代戊基)-美登素。
23.权利要求1~14任何一项的方法,其中所述的抗体经化学键与所述的美登木素生物碱化学偶联,所述的化学键选自二硫键、对酸不稳定的键、对光不稳定的键、对肽酶不稳定的键、硫醚键和对酯酶不稳定的键。
24.权利要求1~14任何一项的方法,其中所述的双功能交联试剂选自3-(2-吡啶二硫基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、4-(2-吡啶二硫基)丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、4-(2-吡啶二硫基)戊酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、4-(马来酰亚氨基甲基)环己烷羧酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、N-琥珀酰亚氨基-4-(N-马来酰亚氨基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧基-(6-酰氨基己酸酯)、κ-马来酰亚氨基十一酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、γ-马来酰亚氨基丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、ε-马来酰亚氨基己酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、间-马来酰亚氨基苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、N-(α-马来酰亚氨基乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚胺酯、琥珀酰亚氨基-6-(β-马来酰亚氨基丙酰氨基)己酸酯、4-(对-马来酰亚氨基苯基)-丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、N-(对-马来酰亚氨基苯基)-异氰酸酯、N-琥珀酰亚氨基-4-(碘代乙酰基)-氨基苯甲酸酯、碘醋酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、溴乙酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯和3-(溴乙酰氨基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中所述的双功能交联试剂是4-(2-吡啶二硫基)丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯。
26.权利要求24的方法,其中所述的双功能交联试剂是4-(2-吡啶二硫基)戊酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯。
27.权利要求24的方法,其中所述的双功能交联试剂是4-(马来酰亚氨基甲基)环己烷羧酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯。
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2013
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2014
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2015
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2018
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Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6441163B1 (en) * | 2001-05-31 | 2002-08-27 | Immunogen, Inc. | Methods for preparation of cytotoxic conjugates of maytansinoids and cell binding agents |
WO2003057163A2 (en) * | 2002-01-03 | 2003-07-17 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Methods for preparing immunoconjugates |
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