CN102778898B - Automatic tracking device and method of maximum exposure dose of photovoltaic cell - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置及方法。该装置包括光伏电池、传动系统及控制电路；其中，光伏电池包括光伏电池板和用于支撑光伏电池板的固定支架，光伏电池板对称铰接于固定支架上；传动系统分别与光伏电池板两端连接，且设于两端边缘的中部；控制电路包括电流电压采样电路和电机驱动电路；其中，电流电压采样电路与光伏电池板电连接，电机驱动电路与传动系统电连接，而电流电压采样电路和电机驱动电路电连接。本发明设计了一种实际可行的光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置，系统结构较为简单，不需要外部供电，能够实现快速的光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪。
The invention discloses an automatic tracking device and method for the maximum radiation amount of a photovoltaic cell. The device includes a photovoltaic cell, a transmission system and a control circuit; wherein, the photovoltaic cell includes a photovoltaic cell panel and a fixed bracket for supporting the photovoltaic cell panel, and the photovoltaic cell panel is symmetrically hinged on the fixed bracket; the transmission system is respectively connected to the two ends of the photovoltaic cell panel connected, and located in the middle of the edges of both ends; the control circuit includes a current and voltage sampling circuit and a motor drive circuit; wherein, the current and voltage sampling circuit is electrically connected to the photovoltaic panel, the motor drive circuit is electrically connected to the transmission system, and the current and voltage sampling circuit It is electrically connected with the motor drive circuit. The present invention designs a practical and feasible automatic tracking device for maximum irradiation of photovoltaic cells. The system structure is relatively simple, no external power supply is required, and fast automatic tracking of maximum irradiation of photovoltaic cells can be realized.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明光伏电池涉及技术领域，特别涉及一种光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置及方法。 The photovoltaic cell of the invention relates to the technical field, in particular to a device and method for automatically tracking the maximum radiation amount of a photovoltaic cell.
背景技术 Background technique
太阳能是地球上最主要的可再生能源之一，具有储量大、分布广、清洁无污染等优点，是未来社会发展最重要的能源来源。目前，对太阳能的利用主要包括光热效应与光伏效应两个方面。其中，光伏发电技术的研究和应用具有巨大的发展空间。 Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources on the earth. It has the advantages of large reserves, wide distribution, clean and pollution-free, and is the most important energy source for future social development. At present, the utilization of solar energy mainly includes two aspects: photothermal effect and photovoltaic effect. Among them, the research and application of photovoltaic power generation technology has huge development space.
太阳能发电是指利用光伏电池板将太阳能转化成电能，光伏发电的效率是指光伏电池输出电能占单位面积内的太阳能辐照量的百分比。由于受到光伏电池材料本身的限制，光伏电池板的光电转换效率一般只有14%~20%之间，最高不超过40%；另一个影响光电转换效率的因素是光伏电池板的安装方法，即倾斜角与高度角的设计。高度角的选择一般以当地纬度和占地面积为主要依据，在特定的纬度地区，高度角的设计比较简单；倾斜角的设计一般遵循年发电量均衡的原则或夏季发电量最大的原则等。无论是那种原则，都存在倾斜角一旦固定就无法改变的问题；这样就导致了光伏电池的日、年发电量大大降低。 Solar power generation refers to the use of photovoltaic panels to convert solar energy into electrical energy, and the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation refers to the percentage of solar radiation output by photovoltaic cells in a unit area. Due to the limitation of the photovoltaic cell material itself, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cell panel is generally only between 14% and 20%, and the maximum is not more than 40%. Another factor that affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency is the installation method of the photovoltaic cell panel, that is, tilting Angle and elevation angle design. The choice of altitude angle is generally based on the local latitude and land area. In a specific latitude area, the design of the altitude angle is relatively simple; the design of the inclination angle generally follows the principle of balanced annual power generation or the principle of maximum power generation in summer. Regardless of the principle, there is a problem that once the inclination angle is fixed, it cannot be changed; thus, the daily and annual power generation of photovoltaic cells is greatly reduced. the
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的发明目的是针对现有光伏电池的技术不足，提供一种增加日、年发电量且实用快速精确的光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置。 The purpose of the present invention is to provide a practical, fast and accurate maximum irradiation automatic tracking device for photovoltaic cells that increases the daily and annual power generation in view of the technical deficiencies of the existing photovoltaic cells.
进一步地，本发明提供一种采用同上述光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置的方法。 Further, the present invention provides a method using the same automatic tracking device for the maximum radiation amount of photovoltaic cells mentioned above.
为实现上述发明目的，本发明采用的技术方案为： For realizing above-mentioned purpose of the invention, the technical scheme that the present invention adopts is:
提供一种光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置，包括光伏电池、传动系统及控制电路；其中，光伏电池包括光伏电池板和用于支撑光伏电池板的固定支架，所述光伏电池板对称铰接于固定支架上；所述传动系统分别与光伏电池板两端连接，且设于两端边缘的中部；所述控制电路包括电流电压采样电路和电机驱动电路；其中，电流电压采样电路与光伏电池板电连接，电机驱动电路与传动系统电连接，而电流电压采样电路和电机驱动电路电连接。 An automatic tracking device for the maximum radiation amount of a photovoltaic cell is provided, including a photovoltaic cell, a transmission system and a control circuit; wherein the photovoltaic cell includes a photovoltaic cell panel and a fixed bracket for supporting the photovoltaic cell panel, and the photovoltaic cell panel is symmetrically hinged on the on a fixed bracket; the transmission system is respectively connected to both ends of the photovoltaic cell panel, and is located in the middle of the edges of the two ends; the control circuit includes a current and voltage sampling circuit and a motor drive circuit; wherein, the current and voltage sampling circuit is connected to the photovoltaic cell panel electrical connection, the motor drive circuit is electrically connected to the transmission system, and the current and voltage sampling circuit is electrically connected to the motor drive circuit.
优选地，所述固定支架底座平面面向光伏电池的安装地的正南方向且与水平面的夹角为 ，=当地纬度-，取2°~5°。 Preferably, the plane of the base of the fixing bracket faces the south direction of the place where the photovoltaic cell is installed, and the included angle with the horizontal plane is , = local latitude - , Take 2 ° ~5 ° .
优选地，所述光伏电池板能够绕固定支架铰接点转动，且在不受外力的情况下能够保持稳定。 Preferably, the photovoltaic battery panel can rotate around the hinge point of the fixing bracket, and can remain stable without external force.
优选地，所述电流电压采样电路包括为光伏电池板最大功率跟踪电路与传感器，所述光伏电池板最大功率跟踪电路通过光伏电池板接线盒与光伏电池板电连接，所述光伏电池板最大功率跟踪电路通过直流总线与传感器电连接。 Preferably, the current and voltage sampling circuit includes a photovoltaic cell panel maximum power tracking circuit and a sensor, the photovoltaic cell panel maximum power tracking circuit is electrically connected to the photovoltaic cell panel through a photovoltaic cell panel junction box, and the photovoltaic cell panel maximum power The tracking circuit is electrically connected to the sensor through the DC bus.
优选地，所述电机驱动电路包括单片机与电机，所述传感器与单片机电连接；所述传感器采样光伏电池板的输出电压电流并送入单片机中，单片机进行功率计算并产生驱动信号以控制电机正反转；电机输出端连接传动系统。电机采用直流电机。 Preferably, the motor drive circuit includes a single-chip microcomputer and a motor, and the sensor is electrically connected to the single-chip microcomputer; the sensor samples the output voltage and current of the photovoltaic panel and sends it to the single-chip microcomputer, and the single-chip microcomputer performs power calculation and generates a drive signal to control the motor. Reverse; the output of the motor is connected to the transmission system. The motor adopts a DC motor.
优选地，所述传动系统包括传动齿轮、被动齿轮、第一齿条、第二齿条与直角套筒，传动齿轮由电机带动且与第一齿条耦合；被动齿轮与第二齿条耦合；所述传动齿轮通过变向调速齿轮驱动被动齿轮连接，其中，变向调速齿轮分别与传动齿轮、被动齿轮耦合；所述第一齿条、第二齿条的一端分别与光伏电池板的两端连接，且光伏电池板不能绕链接点转动；所述第一齿条、第二齿条的另一端分别接入直角套筒的两个直角边，使得第一齿条、第二齿条始终保持垂直状态。 Preferably, the transmission system includes a transmission gear, a driven gear, a first rack, a second rack and a right-angle sleeve, the transmission gear is driven by a motor and coupled with the first rack; the driven gear is coupled with the second rack; The transmission gear is connected to the passive gear driven by the direction-changing speed-regulating gear, wherein the direction-changing speed-regulating gear is coupled with the transmission gear and the driven gear respectively; one end of the first rack and the second rack is respectively connected to the The two ends are connected, and the photovoltaic panel cannot rotate around the link point; the other ends of the first rack and the second rack are respectively connected to the two right-angle sides of the right-angle sleeve, so that the first rack and the second rack Always stay vertical.
优选地，所述光伏电池板宽边与固定支架之间的倾角为，取-60°~60°；且倾角调节的步长为，取2°或5°。可通过倾角步长计算第一齿条和第一齿条的伸长或缩短尺寸，进而设计出齿轮组各齿轮的齿数和电机的旋转速度，进而实现功率检测、光伏电池板倾角调节以及最大输出功率跟踪。 Preferably, the inclination angle between the broad side of the photovoltaic cell panel and the fixed support is , Take -60 ° ~60 ° ; and the step size of the inclination adjustment is , Take 2 ° or 5 ° . The elongation or shortening dimensions of the first rack and the first rack can be calculated through the inclination step, and then the number of teeth of each gear in the gear set and the rotation speed of the motor can be designed to realize power detection, photovoltaic panel inclination adjustment and maximum output power tracking.
一种采用上述光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置的方法，包括如下步骤：当前倾角条件下，传感器采样光伏电池板接收到的太阳能辐射所发电的输出额定功率；将此功率与前一次的检测功率进行比较，从而控制电机正/反转方向和转数；电机正/反转带动齿轮组正/反转，从而拖动第一齿条与第二齿条伸长/缩短；随着第一齿条与第二齿条长度的变化，光伏电池板的倾角随之发生改变以调整太阳直射光线与光伏电池板面垂直，从而实现光伏电池最大辐照量的自动跟踪。 A method for using the above-mentioned automatic tracking device for the maximum irradiance of photovoltaic cells, comprising the following steps: under the current inclination condition, the sensor samples the output rated power generated by the solar radiation received by the photovoltaic cell panel; compares this power with the previous detection The power is compared to control the forward/reverse direction and the number of revolutions of the motor; the forward/reverse rotation of the motor drives the forward/reverse rotation of the gear set, thereby dragging the first rack and the second rack to elongate/shrink; As the length of the rack and the second rack changes, the inclination angle of the photovoltaic cell panel changes accordingly to adjust the direct sunlight to be perpendicular to the surface of the photovoltaic cell panel, thereby realizing automatic tracking of the maximum irradiance of the photovoltaic cell.
本发明相对于现有技术，具有以下有益效果： Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1、本发明设计了一种实际可行的光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置，系统结构较为简单，不需要外部供电，能够实现快速的最大辐照量自动跟踪。 1. The present invention designs a practical and feasible automatic tracking device for maximum irradiation of photovoltaic cells. The system structure is relatively simple, no external power supply is required, and fast automatic tracking of maximum irradiation can be realized.
2、本发明的提出有利于提高光伏电池的发电效率，增加光伏电池日、年平均发电量；本发明的结构简单、合理，且成本较低，能达到节能要求。 2. The proposal of the present invention is conducive to improving the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic cells and increasing the daily and annual average power generation of photovoltaic cells; the structure of the present invention is simple and reasonable, and the cost is low, which can meet the energy-saving requirements.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置使得结构示意图； Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the automatic tracking device for maximum irradiation of photovoltaic cells;
图2为光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置的侧视图； Fig. 2 is a side view of the automatic tracking device for maximum irradiation of photovoltaic cells;
图3为本发明的固定支架底座与水平面的夹角示意图； Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the included angle between the base of the fixed bracket of the present invention and the horizontal plane;
图4为本实施例中光伏电池板与固定支架之间的倾角示意图； Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the inclination angle between the photovoltaic cell panel and the fixed support in this embodiment;
图5为齿条伸出时，光伏电池板与固定支架之间的倾角示意图； Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the inclination angle between the photovoltaic cell panel and the fixed bracket when the rack is stretched out;
图6为齿条伸入时，光伏电池板与固定支架之间的倾角示意图。 Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the inclination angle between the photovoltaic cell panel and the fixed bracket when the rack is inserted.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明的发明目的作进一步详细地描述，实施例不能在此一一赘述，但本发明的实施方式并不因此限定于以下实施例。除非特别说明，本发明采用的材料和加工方法为本技术领域常规材料和加工方法。 The purpose of the invention of the present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, and the embodiments cannot be repeated here one by one, but the implementation of the present invention is not therefore limited to the following embodiments. Unless otherwise specified, the materials and processing methods used in the present invention are conventional materials and processing methods in the technical field.
如图１所示，一种实用的光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置。该装置主要包括光伏电池、控制电路以及齿轮齿条传动系统。光伏电池包括光伏电池2和用于支撑光伏电池板的固定支架15。其中，光伏电池板的尺寸为长边（120cm）×宽边（80cm）且输出额定功率为200W。光伏电池板2对称铰接于固定支架15上；固定支架与光伏电池板的链接点4位于宽边中点且始终垂直于光伏电池板面。光伏电池板2能够绕固定支架铰接点4转动，且在不受外力的情况下能够保持稳定. As shown in Figure 1, a practical automatic tracking device for the maximum irradiance of photovoltaic cells. The device mainly includes a photovoltaic cell, a control circuit and a rack and pinion transmission system. The photovoltaic cell includes a photovoltaic cell 2 and a fixed support 15 for supporting the photovoltaic cell panel. Among them, the size of the photovoltaic cell panel is long side (120cm) × wide side (80cm) and the output rated power is 200W. The photovoltaic cell panel 2 is symmetrically hinged on the fixed bracket 15; the connection point 4 between the fixed bracket and the photovoltaic cell panel is located at the midpoint of the broadside and is always perpendicular to the surface of the photovoltaic cell panel. The photovoltaic panel 2 can rotate around the hinge point 4 of the fixed bracket, and can remain stable without external force.
控制电路部分由电流电压采样电路18和电机驱动电路19组成，电流电压采样电路18通过传感器和分压电阻分别采样光伏电池输出端的电流和电压；然后传感器将采样的电流电压输入单片机，单片机进行功率运算并对直流电机20进行控制。 The control circuit part is composed of a current and voltage sampling circuit 18 and a motor drive circuit 19. The current and voltage sampling circuit 18 samples the current and voltage of the output terminal of the photovoltaic cell through a sensor and a voltage dividing resistor; Calculate and control the DC motor 20 .
电流电压采样电路18包括为光伏电池板最大功率跟踪电路16与传感器，光伏电池板最大功率跟踪电路16通过光伏电池板接线盒3与光伏电池板2电连接，光伏电池板最大功率跟踪电路16通过直流总线17与传感器电连接。 The current and voltage sampling circuit 18 includes a photovoltaic cell panel maximum power tracking circuit 16 and a sensor, the photovoltaic cell panel maximum power tracking circuit 16 is electrically connected to the photovoltaic cell panel 2 through the photovoltaic cell panel junction box 3, and the photovoltaic cell panel maximum power tracking circuit 16 passes through The DC bus 17 is electrically connected to the sensor.
电机驱动电路19包括单片机与电机，传感器与单片机电连接；传感器采样光伏电池板的输出电压电流并送入单片机中，单片机进行功率计算并产生驱动信号以控制电机正反转；电机输出端连接传动系统。电机采用直流电机20。传感器采用霍尔电流传感器。 The motor drive circuit 19 includes a single-chip microcomputer and a motor, and the sensor is electrically connected to the single-chip electromechanical; the sensor samples the output voltage and current of the photovoltaic cell panel and sends it into the single-chip microcomputer, and the single-chip microcomputer performs power calculation and generates a drive signal to control the forward and reverse rotation of the motor; the output terminal of the motor is connected to the transmission system. Motor adopts DC motor 20. The sensor adopts Hall current sensor.
传动系统包括传动齿轮9、被动齿轮8、第一齿条6、第二齿条10与直角套筒11、12、13，传动齿轮9由直流电机20带动且与第一齿条6耦合。被动齿轮8与第二齿条10耦合。传动齿轮9通过变向调速齿轮7驱动被动齿轮8连接。其中，变向调速齿轮7分别与传动齿轮9、被动齿轮8耦合。第一齿条6、第二齿条10的一端分别与光伏电池板2的两端边缘的中部连接，且光伏电池板2不能绕链接点转动，链接点自由度为零。第一齿条6、第二齿条10的另一端分别接入直角套筒的两个直角边11与13，使得第一齿条6、第二齿条10齿条始终保持垂直状态。 The transmission system includes a transmission gear 9 , a driven gear 8 , a first rack 6 , a second rack 10 and right-angle sleeves 11 , 12 , 13 . The transmission gear 9 is driven by a DC motor 20 and coupled with the first rack 6 . The driven gear 8 is coupled with the second rack 10 . The transmission gear 9 drives the passive gear 8 to connect through the direction changing speed regulating gear 7 . Wherein, the direction changing speed regulating gear 7 is coupled with the transmission gear 9 and the driven gear 8 respectively. One end of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 are respectively connected to the middle of the two ends of the photovoltaic cell panel 2 , and the photovoltaic cell panel 2 cannot rotate around the connection point, and the degree of freedom of the connection point is zero. The other ends of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 are connected to the two right-angle sides 11 and 13 of the right-angle sleeve respectively, so that the racks of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 are always kept vertical.
如图2所示，固定支架底座平面21与光伏电池板板面平行，使该平面与水平面相交，面向安装地的正南方向且与水平面夹角为，=当地纬度-，取20~50之间。另外，保持两者的交线与光伏电池板的宽边平行；光伏电池板可绕固定支架链接点在光伏板板面垂直面自由旋转，且在不受外力影响的情况下保持稳定，从而不发生晃动。 As shown in Figure 2, the plane 21 of the base of the fixing bracket is parallel to the surface of the photovoltaic cell panel, so that the plane intersects with the horizontal plane, faces the south direction of the installation site, and has an angle of , = local latitude - , Take between 2 0 and 5 0 . In addition, keep the line of intersection between the two parallel to the wide side of the photovoltaic panel; the photovoltaic panel can rotate freely around the connection point of the fixed bracket on the vertical plane of the photovoltaic panel surface, and remains stable without external force, so as not to Shaking occurs.
控制电路直接通过光伏电池板获取控制电源，I、U为通过霍尔电流传感器和分压电阻分别采样光伏电池的输出电流和电压，将采样信号送入单片机，进行功率计算和比较，输出控制信号驱动直流电机转向（正或反）和转数；电机带动齿轮转动，使齿条左右或上下移动，如图4、5、6所示。 The control circuit obtains the control power directly through the photovoltaic panel, and I and U respectively sample the output current and voltage of the photovoltaic cell through the Hall current sensor and the voltage dividing resistor, and send the sampling signal to the single-chip microcomputer for power calculation and comparison, and output the control signal Drive the direction (forward or reverse) and the number of rotations of the DC motor; the motor drives the gear to rotate, so that the rack moves left and right or up and down, as shown in Figures 4, 5, and 6.
由于第一齿条6、第二齿条10的一端分别连接光伏电池板长边中部且链接点自由度为零；第一齿条6、第二齿条10的另一端分别插入直角套筒的两个直角边11与13中，因此，当齿轮顺或逆时针转动时，第一齿条6伸入或缩短直角边11的长度增大，第二齿条伸出或缩短直角边13的长度也增加，从而使光伏电池板2的倾角改变。 Since one end of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 are respectively connected to the middle of the long side of the photovoltaic panel and the degree of freedom of the link point is zero; the other ends of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 are inserted into the right-angled sleeve respectively. Among the two right-angled sides 11 and 13, therefore, when the gear rotates clockwise or counterclockwise, the length of the first tooth bar 6 stretching into or shortening the right-angled side 11 increases, and the second tooth bar stretches out or shortens the length of the right-angled side 13 also increases, so that the inclination angle of the photovoltaic cell panel 2 changes.
光伏电池板与固定支架之间的倾角为，取-60°~60°；且倾角调节的步长为，取2°或5°；通过倾角步长计算第一齿条6和第二齿条10的伸长或缩短尺寸，进而设计出各齿轮的齿数和直流电机的旋转速度，进而实现功率检测、光伏电池板倾角调节以及最大输出功率跟踪。 The inclination angle between the photovoltaic panel and the fixed support is , Take -60 ° ~60 ° ; and the step size of the inclination adjustment is , Take 2 ° or 5 ° ; calculate the elongation or shortening size of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 through the inclination step, and then design the number of teeth of each gear and the rotation speed of the DC motor, and then realize power detection, photovoltaic Panel inclination adjustment and maximum output power tracking.
一种采用上述光伏电池最大辐照量自动跟踪装置的方法，包括如下步骤：当前倾角条件下，传感器采样光伏电池板接收到的太阳能辐射所发电的输出额定功率；将此功率与前一次的检测功率进行比较，从而控制直流电机20正/反转方向和转数；直流电机20正/反转带动齿轮组正/反转，从而拖动第一齿条6与第二齿条10的伸长/缩短；随着第一齿条6与第二齿条10长度的变化，光伏电池板2的倾角随之发生改变以调整太阳直射光线与光伏电池板面垂直，从而实现光伏电池最大辐照量的自动跟踪。 A method for using the above-mentioned automatic tracking device for the maximum irradiance of photovoltaic cells, comprising the following steps: under the current inclination condition, the sensor samples the output rated power generated by the solar radiation received by the photovoltaic cell panel; compares this power with the previous detection The power is compared to control the forward/reverse direction and the number of rotations of the DC motor 20; the forward/reverse rotation of the DC motor 20 drives the forward/reverse rotation of the gear set, thereby dragging the elongation of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 /shortening; as the length of the first rack 6 and the second rack 10 change, the inclination angle of the photovoltaic panel 2 changes accordingly to adjust the direct sunlight to be perpendicular to the surface of the photovoltaic panel, thereby realizing the maximum irradiance of the photovoltaic cell automatic tracking.
上述实施例仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并非用来限定本发明的实施范围。即凡依本发明内容所作的均等变化与修饰，都为本发明权利要求所要求保护的范围所涵盖。 The above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the implementation scope of the present invention. That is, all equivalent changes and modifications made according to the content of the present invention are covered by the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
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