CN102695528A - 创伤敷料、其使用方法及其形成方法 - Google Patents
创伤敷料、其使用方法及其形成方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102695528A CN102695528A CN2010800473838A CN201080047383A CN102695528A CN 102695528 A CN102695528 A CN 102695528A CN 2010800473838 A CN2010800473838 A CN 2010800473838A CN 201080047383 A CN201080047383 A CN 201080047383A CN 102695528 A CN102695528 A CN 102695528A
- Authority
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- wound dressing
- wound
- polymeric matrix
- release
- nitric oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 561
- -1 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 167
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 claims description 264
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 claims description 263
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Natural products CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- LHIJANUOQQMGNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoethylethanolamine Chemical compound NCCNCCO LHIJANUOQQMGNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003110 anti-inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- UXFQFBNBSPQBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(N)(C)CO UXFQFBNBSPQBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical group O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 238000001804 debridement Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Carbamate Chemical compound NC([O-])=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000018537 nitric oxide storage Effects 0.000 claims description 6
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- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Xylitol Natural products OCCC(O)C(O)C(O)CCO TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229960003444 immunosuppressant agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N meso ribitol Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 230000024883 vasodilation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960002675 xylitol Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001261 hydroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QJSFZHSTNBFQKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N imino(dioxido)azanium Chemical group [O-][N+]([O-])=N QJSFZHSTNBFQKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ICRHORQIUXBEPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionitrous acid Chemical group SN=O ICRHORQIUXBEPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003357 wound healing promoting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LJCJRRKKAKAKRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-amino-2-methylpropyl) 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Chemical group CC(C)(N)COC(=O)CCC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 LJCJRRKKAKAKRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FPHKYQIDIXQGFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(1-aminopropan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol Chemical compound CC(O)CNC(C)CN FPHKYQIDIXQGFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CWKVFRNCODQPDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-aminoethylamino)propan-2-ol Chemical compound CC(O)CNCCN CWKVFRNCODQPDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GHKSKVKCKMGRDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanol Chemical compound NCCCNCCO GHKSKVKCKMGRDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UOQYWMZLTNEIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-aminopropyl(methyl)amino]ethanol Chemical compound OCCN(C)CCCN UOQYWMZLTNEIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000022 2-aminoethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- AIDLAEPHWROGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC=C1C(O)=O AIDLAEPHWROGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002126 Acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003141 Eudragit® S 100 Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ALQSHHUCVQOPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane-1,5-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCO ALQSHHUCVQOPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001283 Polyalkylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
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- XYOVOXDWRFGKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N azepine Chemical compound N1C=CC=CC=C1 XYOVOXDWRFGKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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Abstract
根据本发明的一些实施方案提供了包括聚合物基质和在所述聚合物基质内和/或上的释放一氧化氮的聚硅氧烷大分子的创伤敷料。还提供了创伤敷料药盒及使用和形成所述创伤敷料的方法。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2009年8月21日提交的美国临时申请序号No. 61/235,927和2009年8月21日提交的美国临时申请序号No. 61/235,948的优先权,它们的公开内容全文经此引用并入本文。
政府资助声明
通过名为“Nitric Oxide-Releasing Antibacterial Wound Dressing”的Phase I NIH SBIR基金(基金号5R43AI074098-02)部分资助为本申请投入的研究。政府对本申请具有某些权利。
发明领域
本发明涉及可用作可释放一氧化氮(nitric oxide)的创伤敷料的材料。本发明还涉及制造和使用可释放一氧化氮的创伤敷料的方法。
发明背景
创伤护理的一个重要方面是控制感染,这可促进愈合过程。创伤敷料是防止伤口感染的最常用工具之一。常将抗微生物剂并入创伤敷料中以治疗和预防感染。但是,有几个缺点与抗微生物剂的使用相关。已经观察到,越来越多的病原体已对传统抗生素治疗产生耐药性。据统计,抗生素耐药病原体是所有致命医院感染中的大多数的主要原因。参见Robson等人, Surg. Clin. N. Am. 77, 637-650 (1977)。此外,许多防腐剂不仅杀灭病原体,还对可能有助于创伤愈合过程的增生肉芽组织、成纤维细胞和角化细胞造成威胁。另外,一些抗微生物剂可能对一些患者造成变态反应。
一氧化氮已知具有广谱抗微生物活性并可用作耐药菌的传统抗生素的替代品。此外,一些最近的研究已证实,一氧化氮也可通过刺激血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和提高的成纤维细胞胶原合成以促进血管生成而在创伤愈合过程中发挥重要作用。参见Schaffer MR等人, Diabetes-impaired healing and reduced wound nitric oxide synthesis: A possible pathophysiologic correlation. Surgery 1997;121(5):513-9;和Shi HP等人, The role of iNOS in wound healing. Surgery 2001;130 (2):225-9。因此,一氧化氮是用于创伤护理的传统抗生素治疗的有希望的补充和/或替代品。
一氧化氮在环境温度和大气压下是气体,其在生理环境中具有短半衰期。已开发出极大有助于理解在许多病状中的一氧化氮的几种小分子一氧化氮给体前药。但是,由于稳定性、不加选择的NO释放、单型一氧化氮释放动力学和不具靶向特定组织类型能力方面的问题,目前不存在以其气态形式以外的形式施用一氧化氮的临床可行的解决方案。可再现地输递适于给定的治疗适应症的量的一氧化氮是重要的,因为大量一氧化氮的释放可能有毒或造成不合意的副作用,如降低的血管生成或加重的炎症。因此,在创伤护理领域中非外部施用地使用一氧化氮富有挑战性,特别是在局部创伤愈合用途中,其中一氧化氮具有浓度依赖性作用并获益于以受控和靶向方式给药。
因此,需要可通过受控给药方法释放一氧化氮的创伤治疗和敷料。
发明概述
根据本发明的一些实施方案提供了包括聚合物基质和在所述聚合物基质内和/或上的释放一氧化氮(NO)的聚硅氧烷大分子的创伤敷料。在一些实施方案中,这种创伤敷料无毒并稳定储存NO。在一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子包括N-二醇二氮烯鎓(N-diazeniumdiolate)官能团和在一些实施方案中,包括S-亚硝基硫醇官能团。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的浓度为大约0.1至大约20重量%。
该创伤敷料可包括另外的添加剂。例如,该创伤敷料可包括水溶性致孔剂(porogen),例如氯化钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇及其混合物。该创伤敷料还可包括至少一种治疗剂,如抗微生物化合物、抗炎剂、镇痛药、免疫抑制剂、血管扩张剂、创伤愈合剂、抗生物被膜剂(anti-biofilm agents)及其混合物。
在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料包括包含亲水聚氨酯,例如,吸收其干重量的10%至60%的量的水的脂族聚醚聚氨酯的聚合物基质。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料包括包含至少一个聚异氰酸酯链段和至少一个多元醇链段的挠性开孔聚氨酯泡沫。在一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的大分子存在于所述聚合物泡沫的聚合物基质内并任选交联到其上。
在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料中的一氧化氮储存量为0.1 pmol NO cm-2至100 pmol NO cm-2,在一些实施方案中,100 pmol NO cm-2至1000 pmol NO cm-2和在一些实施方案中,1 nmol NO cm-2至10 μmol NO cm-2。
此外,根据本发明的一些实施方案提供了创伤敷料药盒、治疗创伤的方法和形成创伤敷料的方法。
附图简述
用于进一步理解本发明并包含在本申请中和构成本申请的一部分的附图图解本发明的某些实施方案。
图1描绘根据本发明的一个实施方案的创伤敷料的横截面图。
图2A和2B描绘根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料的横截面图。
图3A和3B描绘根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料的横截面图。
图4A和4B描绘根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料的横截面图。
图5A和5B描绘根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料的横截面图。
图6A和6B描绘根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料的横截面图。
图7显示特定聚氨酯聚合物基质随时间经过的水吸收。
图8显示载有递增重量百分比的聚(乙二醇)8000 MW作为致孔剂的Tecophilic?脂族热塑性聚氨酯HP-60D-20 (“T20”)的水吸收。
图9显示溶剂浇注成聚合物膜薄膜敷料并浸泡在生理温度和pH的磷酸盐缓冲盐水中的Tecophilic? Hydrogel热塑性聚氨酯 TG-2000的水吸收。
图10图解一氧化氮共价储存在作为二醇二氮烯鎓 NO给体的氨基硅烷N-甲基氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷上,随后与骨架烷氧基硅烷——四乙氧基硅烷共缩合,以形成Nitricil?组合物70。
图11描绘在生理缓冲液、pH和温度下测量的来自游离在溶液中的Nitricil? 70二氧化硅颗粒、创伤敷料组合物J和创伤敷料组合物D的NO释放的化学发光检测。
图12与Tegaderm?覆盖的对照物比较地显示各种释放NO的创伤敷料组合物对从创伤上冲洗出的浮游菌含量和从创伤上擦洗出的生物被膜菌含量的效力。
图13A和13B描绘浸泡在生理温度和pH(37℃, 7.4)的缓冲液中的最终器具的NO性能。
图14描绘与Tegaderm?覆盖的对照物比较的根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料的%完全上皮再形成 vs 时间。
本发明的实施方案的详述
现在参照本文中提供的描述和方法更详细描述本发明的上述和其它方面。应该认识到,本发明可以以不同形式具体实施并且不应被视为限于本文所述的实施方案。相反,提供这些实施方案以使本公开充分完全并向本领域技术人员充分传达本发明的范围。
本文中的发明描述中所用的术语仅用于描述具体实施方案且无意限制本发明。除非文中清楚地另行指明,本发明的实施方案的描述和所附权利要求书中所用的单数形式“一”和“该”也旨在包括复数形式。本文所用的“和/或”也是指并包括一个或多个相关列举项的任何和所有可能的组合。此外,本文所用的术语“大约”在表示可测量值,如化合物的量、剂量、时间、温度等时,意在包括规定的量的20%、10%、5%、1%、0.5%或甚至0.1%的变化。要进一步理解,术语“包含”在本说明书中使用时规定所述特征、整数、步骤、操作、要素和/或组分的存在,但不排除一个或多个其它特征、整数、步骤、操作、要素、组分和/或它们的组合的存在或添加。除非另行指明,说明书中所用的所有术语,包括技术和科技术语,具有与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同的含义。
本文中提到的所有专利、专利申请和出版物全文经此引用并入本文。在术语冲突的情况下,以本说明书为准。
本发明的一个方面中描述的实施方案不限于所述方面。这些实施方案也适用于本发明的不同方面,只要这些实施方案不阻碍本发明的这些方面达到其预期用途。
化学定义
本文所用的术语“烷基”是指C1-20(包括端点)线型(即“直链”)、支化或环状的、饱和或至少部分不饱和和在一些情况下完全不饱和(即烯基和炔基)的烃链,包括例如,甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、戊基、己基、辛基、乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、戊烯基、己烯基、辛烯基、丁二烯基、丙炔基、丁炔基、戊炔基、己炔基、庚炔基和联烯基(allenyl)。“支化”是指其中低级烷基,如甲基、乙基或丙基连接到直链烷基链上的烷基。示例性的支化烷基包括,但不限于,异丙基、异丁基、叔丁基。“低级烷基”是指具有1至大约8个碳原子(即C1-8烷基),例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8个碳原子的烷基。“高级烷基”是指具有大约10至大约20个碳原子,例如10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20个碳原子的烷基。在某些实施方案中,“烷基”特别是指C1-5直链烷基。在另一些实施方案中,“烷基”特别是指C1-5支化烷基。
烷基可任选被一个或多个可以相同或不同的烷基取代基取代(“取代烷基”)。术语“烷基取代基”包括,但不限于烷基、取代烷基、卤素、芳基氨基、酰基、羟基、芳氧基、烷氧基、烷基硫代、芳基硫代、芳烷基氧基、芳烷基硫代、羧基、烷氧基羰基、氧代和环烷基。可任选沿烷基链插入一个或多个氧、硫或取代或未取代氮原子、其中该氮取代基是氢、低级烷基(在本文中也称作“烷基氨基烷基”)或芳基。
因此,本文所用的术语“取代烷基”包括如本文中定义的烷基,其中该烷基的一个或多个原子或官能团被另一原子或官能团,包括例如,烷基、取代烷基、卤素、芳基、取代芳基、烷氧基、羟基、硝基、氨基、烷基氨基、二烷基氨基、硫酸酯和巯基替代。
术语“芳基”在本文中用于表示芳族取代基,其可以是单芳环或稠合在一起、共价连接或连接到共用基团,例如但不限于,亚甲基或亚乙基部分上的多芳环。共用连接基也可以是羰基,如在二苯甲酮中,或氧,如在二苯基醚中,或氮,如在二苯胺中。术语“芳基”尤其包括杂环芳族化合物。该芳环尤其可包含苯基、萘基、联苯、二苯基醚、二苯基胺和二苯甲酮。在具体实施方案中,术语“芳基”是指包含大约5至大约10个碳原子,例如5、6、7、8、9或10个碳原子并包括5-和6-元烃和杂环芳环的环芳基。
该芳基可任选被一个或多个可以相同或不同的芳基取代基取代(“取代芳基”),其中“芳基取代基”包括烷基、取代烷基、芳基、取代芳基、芳烷基、羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、芳烷基氧基、羧基、酰基、卤素、硝基、烷氧基羰基、芳氧基羰基、芳烷氧基羰基、酰氧基、酰基氨基、芳酰基氨基、氨基甲酰基、烷基氨基甲酰基、二烷基氨基甲酰基、芳基硫代、烷基硫代、亚烷基和-NR1R",其中R1和R"可各自独立地为氢、烷基、取代烷基、芳基、取代芳基和芳烷基。
因此,本文所用的术语“取代芳基”包括如本文中定义的芳基,其中该芳基的一个或多个原子或官能团被另一原子或官能团,包括例如,烷基、取代烷基、卤素、芳基、取代芳基、烷氧基、羟基、硝基、氨基、烷基氨基、二烷基氨基、硫酸酯和巯基替代。芳基的具体实例包括,但不限于,环戊二烯基、苯基、呋喃、噻吩、吡咯、吡喃、吡啶、咪唑、苯并咪唑、异噻唑、异噁唑、吡唑、吡嗪、三嗪、嘧啶、喹啉、异喹啉、吲哚、咔唑等。
“环状”和“环烷基”是指具有大约3至大约10个碳原子,例如3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个碳原子的非芳族单环或多环的环体系。该环烷基可任选部分不饱和。该环烷基也可任选被如本文中定义的烷基取代基、氧代和/或亚烷基取代。可任选沿环烷基链插入一个或多个氧、硫或取代或未取代的氮原子,其中氮取代基是氢、烷基、取代烷基、芳基或取代芳基,由此提供杂环基团。代表性的单环环烷基环包括环戊基、环己基和环庚基。多环环烷基环包括金刚烷基、八氢萘基、十氢化萘、樟脑、莰烷和正金刚烷基(noradamantyl)。
“烷氧基”是指烷基-O-基团,其中烷基如上所述。本文所用的术语“烷氧基”可以是指例如,甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基、丁氧基、f-丁氧基和戊氧基。术语“氧烷基”可与“烷氧基”互换使用。在一些实施方案中,烷氧基具有1、2、3、4或5个碳。
“芳烷基”是指芳基-烷基,其中芳基和烷基如上所述,并包括取代芳基和取代烷基。示例性的芳烷基包括苄基、苯基乙基和萘基甲基。
“亚烷基”是指具有1至大约20个碳原子,例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20个碳原子的直链或支化二价脂族烃基。该亚烷基可以是直链、支化或环状的。该亚烷基也可任选是不饱和的和/或被一个或多个“烷基取代基”取代。可任选沿亚烷基插入一个或多个氧、硫或取代或未取代氮原子(在本文中也称作“烷基氨基烷基”),其中氮取代基是如上所述的烷基。示例性的亚烷基包括亚甲基(-CH2-);亚乙基(-CH2-CH2-);亚丙基(-(CH2)3-);环亚己基(-C6H10-);-CH=CH-CH=CH-;-CH=CH-CH2-;其中q和r各自独立地为0至大约20的整数,例如0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20,且R是氢或低级烷基;亚甲基二氧基(-O-CH2-O-);和亚乙基二氧基(-O-(CH2)2-O-)。亚烷基可具有大约2至大约3个碳原子并可进一步具有6-20个碳。
“亚芳基”是指二价芳基。示例性亚芳基是亚苯基,其可具有可供在彼此的邻位、间位或对位(即分别)键合的环碳原子。该亚芳基也可以是萘。该亚芳基可任选被一个或多个可以相同或不同的如本文中定义的“芳基取代基”取代(“取代的亚芳基”)。
“亚芳烷基”是指含有烷基和芳基的二价基团。例如,亚芳烷基可具有两个烷基和芳基(即-烷基-芳基-烷基-)、一个烷基和一个芳基(即-烷基-芳基-)或两个芳基和一个烷基(即-芳基-烷基-芳基-)。
术语“氨基”和“胺”是指含氮基团,如NR3、NH3、NHR2和NH2R,其中R可以是烷基、支化烷基、环烷基、芳基、亚烷基、亚芳基、亚芳烷基。因此,本文所用的“氨基”可以是指伯胺、仲胺或叔胺。在一些实施方案中,氨基的一个R可以是阳离子稳定的二醇二氮烯鎓(diazeniumdiolate)(即NONO-X+)。
术语“阳离子胺”和“季胺”是指具有附加(即第四)基团,例如键合到氮上的氢或烷基的氨基。因此,阳离子胺和季胺带有正电荷。
术语“烷基胺”是指-烷基-NH2基团。
术语“羰基”是指-(C=O)-基团。
术语“羧基”是指-COOH基团且术语“羧酸根”是指由羧基形成的阴离子,即-COO-。
本文所用的术语“卤代”、“卤离子(halide)”或“卤素”是指氟(fluoro)、氯(chloro)、溴(bromo)和碘(iodo)基。
术语“羟基”是指-OH基团。
术语“羟基烷基”是指被-OH基团取代的烷基。
术语“巯基”或“硫代”是指-SH基团。术语“甲硅烷基”是指包含硅原子(Si)的基团。
本文所用的术语“烷氧基硅烷”是指包含键合到硅原子上的一个、两个、三个或四个烷氧基的化合物。例如,四烷氧基硅烷是指Si(OR)4,其中R是烷基。各烷基可以相同或不同。“烷基硅烷”是指其中一个或多个烷氧基已被烷基替代的烷氧基硅烷。因此,烷基硅烷包含至少一个烷基-Si键。术语“氟化硅烷”是指其中烷基之一被一个或多个氟原子取代的烷基硅烷。术语“阳离子或阴离子硅烷”是指其中烷基之一被具有正电荷(即阳离子)或负电荷(即阴离子)的烷基取代基进一步取代或可在特定环境中(即体内)带电(即可离子化)的烷基硅烷。
术语“硅烷醇”是指Si-OH基团。
根据本发明的一些实施方案提供了包括聚合物基质和在所述聚合物基质内和/或上的释放一氧化氮(NO)的聚硅氧烷大分子的创伤敷料。聚合物基质和释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的适当组合可产生稳定储存NO并可向创伤提供NO控释的创伤敷料。
聚合物基质
本文所用的术语“聚合物基质”意在包括可将至少一些释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子留在其内或其上的任何天然或合成聚合材料。因此,该聚合物基质可以是均聚物、杂聚物、无规共聚物、嵌段共聚物、接枝共聚物、任何合适的聚合物的混合物或共混物,其可以是任何合适的物理形式,如泡沫、膜、织造或无纺材料、水凝胶、凝胶基质、它们的混合物和共聚物等。如下面更详细描述,用于特定创伤敷料的聚合基质的选择及其物理化学性质取决于如聚合物基质内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和所需治疗作用的类型之类的因素。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,聚合物基质包括亲水聚氨酯、亲水聚丙烯酸酯、羧甲基纤维素和丙烯酸的共聚物、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚(羟基酸)、聚酐、聚原酸酯、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚烯(例如聚乙烯和聚丙烯)、聚亚烷基二醇(例如聚(乙二醇))、聚环氧烷(例如聚环氧乙烷)、聚对苯二甲酸亚烷基酯(例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯醚、聚乙烯基酯、聚卤乙烯(例如聚(氯乙烯))、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚硅氧烷、聚(乙酸乙烯酯)、聚苯乙烯、聚氨酯共聚物、纤维素、衍化纤维素、藻酸盐、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(丙烯酸)衍生物、丙烯酸系共聚物、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸衍生物、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、聚(丁酸)、聚(戊酸)、聚(交酯-共聚-己内酯)、它们的共聚物和它们的共混物中的至少一种。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,聚合物基质可包括高吸水性聚合物(superabsorbent polymer)(SAP)。如根据IUPAC定义,相对于其自身质量可吸收和保留大量水的聚合物被视为高吸水性。SAP可吸收大于其自重的500倍的水并可膨胀它们的原始体积的超过1000倍。示例性的SAP包括聚丙烯酸钠、聚氨酯Tecophilic? TG-T2000、聚丙烯酰胺共聚物、乙烯马来酸酐共聚物、交联羧甲基-纤维素、聚乙烯醇共聚物和交联聚环氧乙烷。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,可以使用如小于10重量%的吸水值规定的相对疏水的聚合物。可以使用任何合适的疏水聚合物。但是,相对疏水的示例性聚合物包括芳族聚氨酯、硅橡胶、聚己内酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚-L-丙交酯、聚-DL-乙交酯、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺和聚乙酸乙烯酯。
此外,在本发明的一些实施方案中,将聚合物基质改性以降低该聚合物的溶胀并因此防止大分子浸出(例如,释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子从聚合物基质迁移到创面床)。这种改性可包括聚合物链的交联。该聚合物基质也可通过使该聚合物与另外的试剂反应来改性。例如,可以将该聚合物改性以在聚合物链上添加亲水基团,如阴离子、阳离子和/或两性离子部分,或添加疏水基团,如有机硅部分。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物基质包括聚合物泡沫。术语“聚合物泡沫”意在包括以泡沫形式存在并可将至少一些释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子留在其中或其上的任何天然或合成聚合物。在一些实施方案中,该聚合物泡沫具有50微米至600微米的平均泡孔尺寸。此外,在一些实施方案中,该泡沫可以是开孔泡沫。在一些实施方案中,该泡沫的开孔壁可包括平均尺寸小于100微米的孔,各孔尺寸为10至80微米。本文所用的术语“开孔泡沫”是指具有基本互连的孔的泡沫,如其中至少50%,至少60%,至少70%,至少80%或至少90%的泡孔与至少一个其它泡孔连接的泡沫。在一些实施方案中,该泡沫可以是挠性的。本文所用的术语“挠性”是指具有至少40 MPa的弯曲强度的泡沫。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,该聚合物泡沫是聚氨酯泡沫。可以使用任何合适的聚氨酯泡沫。但是,在一些实施方案中,该聚氨酯泡沫可包括至少一个聚异氰酸酯链段和至少一个多元醇链段。可以由聚异氰酸酯和多元醇的反应形成聚氨酯。聚异氰酸酯链段是指由至少一种聚异氰酸酯形成的聚氨酯部分。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,所述至少一个聚异氰酸酯链段由甲苯二异氰酸酯、甲基亚苯基二异氰酸酯、改性二异氰酸酯(例如脲二酮、异氰脲酸酯、脲基甲酸酯、缩二脲、异氰酸酯预聚物和碳二亚胺-改性异氰酸酯)和/或其混合物中的至少一种形成。示例性的二异氰酸酯包括甲苯二异氰酸酯;1,4-丁二异氰酸酯;1,4-己二异氰酸酯;1,6-己二异氰酸酯;1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯;环丁烷-1,3-二异氰酸酯;环己烷-1,3-二异氰酸酯;环己烷-1,4-二异氰酸酯;1-异氰酸根合-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸根合甲基环己烷;2,4-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯;2,6-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯;2,6-六氢-1,3-亚苯基二异氰酸酯;2,6-六氢-1,4-亚苯基二异氰酸酯;全氢-2,4'-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯;全氢-4,4'-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯;1,3-亚苯基二异氰酸酯;1,4-亚苯基二异氰酸酯;2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯、2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯;二苯甲烷-2,4'-二异氰酸酯;二苯甲烷-4,4'-二异氰酸酯;萘-1,5-二异氰酸酯;1,3-苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯;1,4-苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯;4,4'-亚甲基-双(环己基异氰酸酯);4,4'-异丙基-双-(环己基异氰酸酯);1,4-环己基二异氰酸酯;3-异氰酸根合甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己基异氰酸酯(IPDI);1-甲氧基-2,4-亚苯基二异氰酸酯;1-氯苯基-2,4-二异氰酸酯;对-(1-异氰酸根合乙基)-苯基异氰酸酯;间-(3-异氰酸根合丁基)-苯基异氰酸酯;4-(2-异氰酸酯-环己基-甲基)-苯基异氰酸酯;及其混合物。
多元醇链段是指由至少一种多元醇形成的聚氨酯泡沫的部分。多元醇可包括聚醚多元醇和/或聚酯多元醇。聚醚多元醇可在其结构中具有显著量的醚键,而聚酯多元醇可在其结构内具有酯键。可以使用任何合适的多元醇。但是,在本发明的一些实施方案中,所述至少一个多元醇链段由具有2至18个碳原子的二醇和在一些实施方案中具有2至10个碳原子的二醇形成。示例性的二醇包括1,2-乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,10-癸二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2-甲基-2-丁基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,4-丁二醇、2-乙基-2-丁基-1,3-丙二醇、新戊二醇羟基特戊酸酯、二乙二醇和三乙二醇。也可以使用三醇和更高官能的多元醇并包括具有3至25个,在一些实施方案中3至18个,在具体实施方案中3至6个碳原子的化合物。可用的三醇的实例是甘油或三羟甲基丙烷。作为更高官能的多元醇,可以例如使用赤藓醇、季戊四醇和山梨糖醇。在一些实施方案中,可以使用多元醇的低分子量反应产物,例如三羟甲基丙烷与环氧烷,例如环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷的反应产物。这些低分子量多元醇可以单独或混合使用。
聚醚多元醇的实例包括市售多元醇PETOL28-3B、PETOL36-3BR和PETOL56-3MB、Multranol?、Arcol?和Acclaim?(Bayer Material Science)和Caradol?族的多元醇(Shell Chemical Corporation)。
可以合适地用在本发明中的聚酯多元醇的实例包括二乙二醇己二酸酯二醇、二辛酸酯二醇,和笼统而言,二羧酸和羟基酸与二醇的酯,和二醇官能化的聚酯低聚物聚乳酸酯、聚羟乙酸酯、聚辛酸酯、PET和商业制剂,如Desmophen? C聚碳酸酯二醇和Desmophen?聚丙烯酸酯二醇(Bayer)。
在一些实施方案中,可以使用为制造高弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫而专门配制的某些多元醇或其混合物。此类多元醇的实例包括具有50%至80%的环氧乙烷含量、至少40%的伯羟基含量和2500至6000的分子量的多元醇;通过高官能聚(氧乙烯)-聚(氧丙烯)低聚物与分子量为450至30,000且聚(氧乙烯)含量大于70%的第二聚(氧乙烯)多元醇低聚物的原位聚合制成的聚合物多元醇;和由大豆油、蓖麻油、棕榈油、亚麻籽油和低芥酸菜籽油(canola oil)生成的生物基多元醇。
可以使用其它聚异氰酸酯和多元醇,包括其中具有其它官能团的多元醇和聚异氰酸酯。因此,在一些实施方案中,聚异氰酸酯和多元醇可包括其它官能团,如醚、酯、脲、丙烯酸酯、吡咯烷酮、乙烯基、苯基和氨基键,只要所得聚氨酯适用于形成泡沫。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫包括高吸水性聚合物(superabsorbent polymer)(SAP)。可以通过包含在该泡沫的多元醇或“软”链段中包括具有高吸水性的聚合物链段来在泡沫结构中引入高吸水性。具有高吸水性的聚合物链段的实例可包括聚丙烯酰胺共聚物、乙烯马来酸酐共聚物、交联羧甲基-纤维素、聚乙烯醇共聚物和交联聚环氧乙烷。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,可以使用相对疏水的聚合物泡沫。可以使用任何合适的疏水聚合物。可以通过该聚氨酯泡沫的聚异氰酸酯或“软”链段的选择来引入疏水性。选择高疏水聚异氰酸酯可产生刚性泡沫,而缺乏充足疏水性会阻碍泡沫结构的形成。
疏水泡沫的常用聚异氰酸酯包括二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯及其异构体、甲苯二异氰酸酯、己二异氰酸酯及其混合物。在一些实施方案中,聚异氰酸酯还可包括之前提到的二异氰酸酯的共聚物。在一些实施方案中,也可以在相对疏水聚合物的聚合物链段的末端引入异氰酸酯基团以提供泡沫的更好控制。相对疏水的其它聚合物包括硅橡胶、聚己内酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚-L-丙交酯、聚-DL-乙交酯、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺和聚乙酸乙烯酯。
要发泡的聚合物也可以通过使该聚合物与附加试剂反应来改性。例如,可以将该聚合物改性以在聚合物链中添加亲水基团,如阴离子、阳离子和/或两性离子部分,或添加疏水基团,如有机硅基团。
可以通过聚异氰酸酯“硬”链段的异氰酸酯部分和多元醇或“软”链段的亲核端基之间的反应制备聚合物泡沫。该亲核基团可包括羟基、胺和/或羧基。
在一些实施方案中,该泡沫除多元醇和聚异氰酸酯构件外还可含有增链链段。聚胺共反应剂,由于它们与异氰酸酯的反应性,是用于提高该泡沫的链长和挠性的最常用增链剂。最常用的聚胺是聚天冬氨酸酯、聚醛亚胺、丁二胺和其它短链烷基二胺。
释放一氧化氮的聚硅氧烷大分子
术语“释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子”是指由单体硅烷成分合成的结构,其产生摩尔质量为至少500 Da且标称直径为0.1纳米–100微米的较大分子骨架并可包含两个或更多个大分子的聚集体(aggregation),由此用NO给体基团进一步改性该大分子结构。例如,在一些实施方案中,NO给体基团可包括二醇二氮烯鎓一氧化氮官能团。在一些实施方案中,NO给体基团可包括S-亚硝基硫醇官能团。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子可以是释放NO的颗粒形式,如美国公开No. 2009/0214618中描述的那些,其公开内容全文经此引用并入本文。可通过其中描述的方法制备此类颗粒。
例如,在本发明的一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的颗粒包括粒度为20纳米至10微米的载有NO的沉淀二氧化硅。所述载有NO的沉淀二氧化硅可以由一氧化氮给体改性的硅烷单体形成为共缩合硅氧烷网络。在本发明的一些实施方案中,一氧化氮给体是N-二醇二氮烯鎓。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,可以通过预充(pre-charging)法由氨基烷氧基硅烷形成一氧化氮给体,并可以由包括烷氧基硅烷和该氨基烷氧基硅烷的硅烷混合物的缩合合成共缩合硅氧烷网络,以形成一氧化氮给体改性的共缩合硅氧烷网络。本文所用的“预充法”是指在与烷氧基硅烷共缩合之前用一氧化氮“预处理”或“预充”氨基烷氧基硅烷。在一些实施方案中,可以通过化学方法实现一氧化氮的预充。在另一实施方案中,该“预充”法可用于制造被NO给体更密官能化的共缩合硅氧烷网络和材料。
该共缩合硅氧烷网络可以是具有一致粒度的二氧化硅颗粒、具有多种粒度的二氧化硅颗粒集合、非晶二氧化硅、煅制二氧化硅、纳米晶二氧化硅、陶瓷二氧化硅、胶体二氧化硅、二氧化硅涂层、二氧化硅膜、有机改性的二氧化硅、介孔二氧化硅、硅胶、生物活性玻璃,或二氧化硅的任何合适的形式或状态。
可以改变硅氧烷网络的组成(例如氨基烷氧基硅烷的量或化学组成)和一氧化氮充气条件(例如溶剂和碱)以优化一氧化氮释放的量和持续时间。因此,在一些实施方案中,可以改变二氧化硅颗粒的组成以调节从二氧化硅颗粒释放NO的半衰期。
在一些实施方案中,烷氧基硅烷是具有式Si(OR)4的四烷氧基硅烷,其中R是烷基。该R基团可以相同或不同。在一些实施方案中,选择原硅酸四甲酯(TMOS)或原硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)形式的四烷氧基硅烷。在一些实施方案中,氨基烷氧基硅烷具有式:R"-(NH-R')n-Si(OR)3,其中R是烷基,R'是亚烷基、支化亚烷基或亚芳烷基(aralkylene),n是1或2,且R"选自烷基、环烷基、芳基和烷基胺。
在一些实施方案中,氨基烷氧基硅烷可选自N-(6-氨基己基)氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(AHAP3);N-(2-氨基乙基)-3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(AEAP3);(3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基)二-亚乙基三胺(DET3);(氨基乙基氨基甲基)苯乙基三甲氧基硅烷(AEMP3);[3-(甲基氨基)丙基]三甲氧基硅烷(MAP3);N-丁基氨基-丙基三甲氧基硅烷(n-BAP3);叔丁基氨基-丙基三甲氧基硅烷(t-BAP3);N-乙基氨基异丁基三甲氧基硅烷(EAiB3);N-苯基氨基-丙基三甲氧基硅烷(PAP3);和N-环己基氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(cHAP3)。
在一些实施方案中,氨基烷氧基硅烷具有式:NH[R'-Si(OR)3]2,其中R是烷基且R'是亚烷基。在一些实施方案中,氨基烷氧基硅烷可选自双(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)胺、双-[3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基]胺和双-[(3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基]乙二胺。
在如上文所述的一些实施方案中,将氨基烷氧基硅烷预充以供NO-释放且氨基被二醇二氮烯鎓取代。因此,在一些实施方案中,氨基烷氧基硅烷具有式:R"-N(NONO-X+)-R'-Si(OR)3,其中R是烷基,R'是亚烷基或亚芳烷基,R"是烷基或烷基胺,且X+是选自Na+、K+和Li+的阳离子。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,共缩合硅氧烷网络进一步包括至少一个式(R1)x(R2)ySiR3的可交联官能部分,其中R1和R2各自独立地为C1-5烷基或C1-5烷氧基,X和Y各自独立地为0、1、2或3,且X+Y等于3,R3是可交联官能团。在进一步实施方案中,R1是C1-3烷氧基且R2是甲基。在另一实施方案中,R3选自丙烯酰基(acrylo)、烷氧基、环氧基、羟基、巯基、氨基、异氰基、羧基、乙烯基和脲。R3向二氧化硅提供附加官能,这产生多官能器具。在另一实施方案中,可交联官能部分选自甲基丙烯酰氧基甲基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-丙烯酰氧基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷、N-(3-甲基丙烯酰氧基-2-羟基丙基)-3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、5,6-环氧基己基三乙氧基硅烷、2-(3,4-环氧基环己基)乙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-(环氧丙氧基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷、3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-异氰酸根合丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、巯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、11-巯基十一烷基三甲氧基硅烷、2-氰基乙基三乙氧基硅烷、脲基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、脲基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基甲基二乙氧基硅烷、乙烯基甲基二甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三异丙氧基硅烷和乙烯基三(2-甲氧基乙氧基)硅烷。在一些实施方案中,R3可用于使NO-给体改性二氧化硅与聚合基质或在聚合基质内交联。
所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子可以以任何合适的浓度存在于聚合物基质内和/或上,但在一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子以足以提高创伤愈合速率、减轻炎症和/或发挥抗微生物作用的浓度存在于聚合物基质内。在具体实施方案中,所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的浓度可以为大约0.1至大约20重量%。
在一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子可均匀分布在聚合物基质内。因此,在这样的实施方案中,释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的浓度在整个聚合物基质内基本恒定。
聚合物基质和释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子之间的相互作用
创伤愈合以几个不同阶段进行,并经0-12个月(或更久)发生。创伤愈合期包括:
(i)凝固
(ii)细胞增殖
(iii)肉芽组织形成
(iv)上皮形成
(v)新血管形成或血管生成
(vi)伤口收缩
(vii)基质沉积,包括胶原合成
(viii)组织重塑,包括瘢痕形成和瘢痕重塑
创伤愈合期在所选释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和聚合物基质的选择中起作用。一氧化氮可通过许多不同机制在创伤愈合中发挥作用。首先,长时间暴露在低浓度一氧化氮下可促进创伤愈合,由此一氧化氮在许多创伤愈合级联中充当信号分子。另外,一氧化氮也可在减轻伤后炎症中发挥作用。通过一氧化氮调节炎性细胞因子和炎症反应细胞可显著改变上述创伤愈合期。另外,作为抗炎剂局部施用一氧化氮可显著降低创伤并发症和疼痛。此外,一氧化氮可充当广谱抗微生物剂,特别是在相对较高浓度下。一氧化氮的抗微生物作用是宽范围的,不同的创伤类型可能被不同的创伤病原体(例如革兰氏阴性细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌等)定殖。另外,不同病原体可能比其它病原体对一氧化氮更敏感。在一些实施方案中,一氧化氮可通过直接杀灭浮游菌和其它生物体;直接杀灭生物被膜嵌入细菌和其它生物体;经亚硝化/氧化应激(nitrosative/oxidative stress)间接杀灭微生物;提高药物的跨微生物膜渗透性;和/或防止再出现感染或生物被膜形成来充当抗微生物剂。
因此,在一些实施方案中,由特定创伤敷料释放的一氧化氮可提供特定治疗作用,如充当创伤愈合级联中的信号分子、充当抗炎剂和/或充当抗微生物剂。所需治疗作用可决定在特定创伤敷料中使用哪种释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和聚合物基质。例如,两种特定类型的一氧化氮给体是二醇二氮烯鎓和亚硝基硫醇。这两种一氧化氮给体都具有至少一种一氧化氮释放机制。可通过暴露在水或另一质子源中来触发二醇二氮烯鎓释放一氧化氮,可通过暴露在光、酶作用和/或pH调节中来触发O2-保护的二醇二氮烯鎓释放一氧化氮。可通过热和辐射过程,和/或通过与铜和其它硫醇(例如谷胱甘肽)的相互作用来触发亚硝基硫醇释放一氧化氮。因此,从所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子中释放一氧化氮的机制可影响选择哪种聚合物基质。
具体而言,由于不同的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子可通过不同机制释放一氧化氮,所选聚合物基质应补充所用的特定释放NO的大分子。可以根据所用的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和创伤敷料的所需治疗作用调节聚合物基质的若干性质。这些性质包括:
(i)水分吸收/保留
水分吸收率可调节以满足该大分子的NO-释放动力学的要求,以实现创伤敷料的所需治疗作用。平衡保水性可以为在某些脂族聚合物的情况下5%至在水凝胶和高吸水性聚合物的情况下超过2000%。因此,在一些实施方案中,该聚合物基质具有0至10%的低平衡保水。在一些实施方案中,该聚合物基质具有10至100%的适中平衡保水。此外,在一些实施方案中,该聚合物基质具有100%或更高的高平衡保水。
(ii)湿气透过率(MVTR)
透气聚合物膜中的MVTR可调节以匹配薄膜中水反应性的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的要求,但仍保持对所需创伤或损伤区域而言充足的MVTR。保持湿创面床的创伤敷料被称作封闭性的(occlusive)。最佳MVTR保持激活促进创伤愈合的清创酶和生长因子的湿创伤环境。封闭敷料还充当外源性微生物的阻隔,由此防止感染。封闭敷料以小于35克水/平方米/小时的MVTR为特征。
(iii)溶胀能力
创伤敷料在与伤口水分接触时溶胀而不溶解的能力在高渗液伤口(exudating wound)中有益。该创伤敷料用于吸收过量水分,否则该水分会造成伤口浸软(maceration)和恶臭。
(iv)表面能
疏水创伤敷料以低表面能为特征,而带电和/或亲水创伤敷料具有高表面能。低表面能是合意的以便容易除去敷料而不破坏创面床。
(v)透氧率
充足氧含量促进新血管形成,有助于胶原合成并可预防或尽可能减轻创伤的微生物感染。由于创伤中的受损脉管系统,在创面床中可能存在低的氧张力,以造成缺氧和厌氧代谢,这些会延迟愈合过程。该创伤敷料可透氧以使创伤获得足以供愈合的局部氧。
(vi)一氧化氮渗透率
该创伤敷料的聚合物基质可具有充足的一氧化氮渗透率以使所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子生成的一氧化氮可以以所需治疗速率供应至创面床。亲水材料通常具有比疏水材料低的对一氧化氮的NO渗透率。使该敷料的NO渗透率与所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的释放动力学和该聚合物的吸水速率匹配,以提供来自该敷料的最佳NO释放。
(vii)生物可降解性/生物可吸收性
生物可降解性是指创伤敷料在生理条件下分解成较小分子量组分的性质。生物可再吸收性是指创伤敷料可分解成较小分子量片段且这些片段完全吸收到体内而没有任何生物反应的性质。如果敷料要长期用于空腔型创伤,这种性质是合意的。
(viii)拉伸强度
拉伸强度是创伤敷料在以任何方向拉伸时抗破损的能力。该创伤敷料需要具有充足拉伸强度以承受由于正常患者佩戴而发生的应力。
(ix)生物相容性
该创伤敷料的聚合物基质可以生物相容、无毒和无刺激。
(x)离子特性
该敷料的离子特性可能影响敷料表面能和生物相容性。可通过测量创伤敷料在生理条件下的ζ电势来量化敷料的离子特性。在一些实施方案中,表面的ζ电势可以为-30 mV至+20 mV,在一些实施方案中-10 mV至+10 mV,在一些实施方案中大约0。具有高的负(< -30 mV)或高的正(> + 20 mV)ζ电势的表面不合意,因为它们对创伤具有抗凝血或促凝血作用并可能提高敷料表面能。
(xi)透明度
创伤敷料允许可见光透过的能力便于直观监控创伤愈合过程。如本文所用的,创伤敷料或聚合物基质如果具有通过固态分光光度法测得的80%或更大透射比的光学透明度值,则是透明的。
由于水分促进从二醇二氮烯鎓-官能化聚硅氧烷大分子中释放一氧化氮,在亲水聚合物内和/或上包括二醇二氮烯鎓-改性的聚硅氧烷大分子的创伤敷料能以比疏水聚合物大的速率将一氧化氮释放至创伤。因此,可以通过提高或降低该聚合物的亲水性来调节希望施加到创伤上的一氧化氮含量。因此,通过将亲水聚合物与二醇二氮烯鎓-改性大分子合并,可以向创伤提供浓缩剂量的一氧化氮,通过将二醇二氮烯鎓-改性大分子与相对疏水的聚合物合并,可以向创伤提供“缓释”剂量的一氧化氮。缓释剂量能经预定时间,例如0-7天释放一氧化氮。另外,由于热和/或光能可促进亚硝基硫醇改性的聚硅氧烷大分子分解,聚合物基质和/或在聚合物基质上的包括亚硝基硫醇改性的聚硅氧烷大分子的附加层可以透明以使光可促进来自亚硝基硫醇的一氧化氮释放。可以调节透明度以控制一氧化氮释放水平。
因此,可以根据聚合物基质的至少一种性质和释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的至少一种性质来选择聚合物基质和释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子,以使聚合物基质和释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的性质的相互作用为该创伤敷料提供预定特性。在本发明的一些实施方案中,聚合物基质的所述至少一种性质可包括水分吸收/保留、湿气透过率(MVTR)、表面能、透氧率、一氧化氮渗透率、孔径大小、生物可降解性/生物可吸收性、拉伸强度、生物相容性、离子特性和/或透明度。在本发明的一些实施方案中,释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的所述至少一种性质可包括一氧化氮释放机制(例如水、热、光、酶、pH等)、以摩尔NO/毫克二氧化硅计的储存的一氧化氮总量、共缩合二氧化硅的疏水性/亲水性以及大分子骨架的生物可降解性/生物可再吸收性。预定特性可以是创伤敷料中的一氧化氮向一个或多个创伤愈合级联发送信号、充当抗炎剂和/或充当抗微生物剂的能力。
本文所用的术语“性质的相互作用”是指聚合物基质的特定性质和释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的特定性质结合以产生具有如本文中定义的预定特性的创伤敷料的能力。例如,聚合物基质的特定亲水性可以与水反应性的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的特定浓度相互作用以实现来自聚合物基质的所需一氧化氮释放速率。
下面显示作为敷料吸水速率的函数的一氧化氮释放反应速率的示例性计算。在这种计算中,将创伤敷料中随时间经过的吸水量建模。假定所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的NO释放在与扩散的水接触时立即开始。
参照图1,对于以a%加载浓度G(100 x g 释放NO的二氧化硅/g聚合物)包括均匀分散的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的聚合物基质薄膜100(厚度2A),在将该薄膜浸在水中时,水以通过非稳态扩散表达式得出的速率扩散到该薄膜中:
其中D = 聚合物基质中水的扩散系数,C(t) = 在时间t的水浓度,且是平衡时的水浓度,其是环境浓度(55 M)。在给定的时间t下,水仅扩散至聚合物膜中的一定厚度,由此“激活”所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子至深度z(t)。该膜中的水浓度是仅至该深度的水浓度并等于扩散至该深度的水质量除以渗透体积,由此
其中ε是该聚合物膜的孔隙率,这被认为是因为水仅渗入聚合物链之间的互连孔隙中。通过测量本体聚合物的吸水速率(U)(其可以实验测定),可以计算在给定时间(t)的薄膜中的水质量,并如下规定:
其中Mpoly = 聚合物膜的质量。由此在如上规定的渗透深度表达式中代入这种水质量表达式,
如果所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的固有NO释放速率已知是时间的函数,f(t),如下给出在时间t时来自已“激活”的聚合物中的二氧化硅的NO释放速率:
其中Mpoly = 整个聚合物膜的质量,其中在时间(t)仅Mpoly(t)已被水“润湿”。因此,
因此
因此,如下给出来自该聚合物的NO释放总速率
在本发明的一些实施方案中,该敷料中的一氧化氮储存量为0.1 pmol NO cm-2至100 pmol NO cm-2。在一些实施方案中,该敷料中的一氧化氮储存量为10 pmol NO cm-2至1 nmol NO cm-2。在一些实施方案中,该敷料中的一氧化氮储存量为1 nmol NO cm-2至10 μmol NO cm-2。可以通过Hetrick等人 (Hetrick等人 Analytical Chemistry of Nitric Oxide, Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2009, 2, 409-433, 其全文经此引用并入本文)综述的一氧化氮化学发光检测实时测量总一氧化氮储存(t[NO])和表面通量。在这种技术中可测量的一氧化氮释放的其它动力学参数是释放到最大NO通量的时间(tm)、在最大通量下的NO量([NO]m)、一氧化氮释放半衰期(t1/2)和一氧化氮释放持续时间(tD)。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,来自水合敷料表面的一氧化氮释放的瞬时通量为0.1 pmol NO cm-2 s-1至100 pmol NO cm-2 s-1并构成缓慢的初始释放速率。在一些实施方案中,来自水合敷料表面的一氧化氮释放的瞬时通量为100 pmol NO cm-2 s-1至1000 pmol NO cm-2 s-1并构成中间释放速率。在一些实施方案中,来自水合敷料表面的一氧化氮的瞬时通量为1 nmol NO cm-2 s-1至10 μmol NO cm-2 s-1并构成快速突释或快速NO-释放动力学。
稳定性
根据本发明的一些实施方案,该创伤敷料可稳定储存NO以使NO不在其预期治疗用途之前释放。在一些实施方案中,在25℃下在一周后保持原始NO载量的95%或更多。此外,在一些实施方案中,在25℃下保持85%的NO载量最多2年。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料形成稳定基质,由此将二氧化硅颗粒的浸出减至最低。来自聚合基质的微粒浸出的热力学还不是之前在现有技术中遇到的挑战。可以通过静态光散射或浸泡溶液中Si的元素分析测定硅氧烷基大分子的浸出。在一些实施方案中,在生理条件(pH = 7.4,37℃,磷酸盐缓冲盐水)下培养48小时后留住大于98%的嵌入的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子。在另一些实施方案中,在生理条件(pH = 7.4,37℃,磷酸盐缓冲盐水)下培养大于30天后留住大于95%的嵌入的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子。
示例性实施方案
在一些实施方案中,所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子是Nitricil? (Novan, Inc.),其是二醇二氮烯鎓-改性的沉淀二氧化硅。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物基质是吸收其干重量的大约6%至大约100%的水的脂族聚醚聚氨酯。在一些实施方案中,该脂族聚醚聚氨酯吸收其干重量的大约10至60%,在一些实施方案中其干重量的10至20%的量的水。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物基质是吸收其干重量的至少100%至最多5000%的量的水的高吸水性聚合物。在一些实施方案中,聚合物基质包括来自Lubrizol, Inc的Tecophilic?脂族热塑性聚氨酯。
添加剂
除所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子外,在聚合物基质内和/或上可存在其它添加剂。此类添加剂可改变聚合基质的性质。例如,在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料可进一步包括水溶性致孔剂。水溶性致孔剂是促进聚合物基质中的水吸收和扩散的添加剂。可以使用任何合适的致孔剂,但在一些实施方案中,该致孔剂可包括氯化钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇及其混合物。
聚合物基质的性质和吸水性也可影响一氧化氮的释放,因此影响聚合物基质的性质和/或吸水性的添加剂又影响所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的一氧化氮释放速率。
在该聚合物泡沫中也可包括直接影响所述释放NO的大分子的一氧化氮释放的添加剂。例如,在一些实施方案中,也可以使用碱性或其它阴离子物类缓冲聚合物泡沫的pH以减缓二醇二氮烯鎓分解和所造成的一氧化氮释放。在另一些实施方案中,可以使用螯合剂螯合金属离子,如Fe2+、Cu2+和Cu+以保持亚硝基硫醇NO给体稳定性和防止快速一氧化氮释放。在一些实施方案中,可以添加添加剂以在所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的固有缓慢的NO-释放动力学下提高NO给体分解。例如,可以在该泡沫中添加酸性或羧酸官能化添加剂以在水合时产生低的内部泡沫pH和加速N-二醇二氮烯鎓给体的分解。在另一实施方案中,半胱氨酸或谷胱甘肽可浸渍到泡沫基质中以促进转亚硝基反应(transnitrosation)和含亚硝基硫醇的大分子的随后硫醇介导的分解。
此外,可包括可用于泡沫形成和加工的其它添加剂。例如,可以添加表面活性剂以增强混合,充当脱模剂和/或影响泡沫的最终多孔结构。此外,发泡剂及其副产物也可存在于聚合物泡沫内。下面更详细描述发泡剂。可用于形成泡沫的添加剂包括用于增强混合以及影响最终泡沫结构的表面活性剂,和脱模剂。示例性的表面活性剂可见于美国专利No. 6,316.662,其公开内容全文经此引用并入本文。
在聚合物基质中可存在用于向创伤敷料提供附加治疗作用的添加剂,其与释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子协同或独立工作。例如,在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料还可包括至少一种治疗剂,如抗微生物剂、抗炎剂、止痛剂、麻醉剂、抗组胺剂、防腐剂、免疫抑制剂、抗出血剂、血管扩张剂、创伤愈合剂、抗生物被膜剂及其混合物。
抗微生物剂的实例包括青霉素和相关药物、碳青霉烯类、头孢菌素和相关药物、红霉素、氨基糖苷、杆菌肽、短杆菌肽、莫匹罗星、氯霉素、甲砜霉素、夫西地酸钠、林可霉素、克林霉素、大环内酯类、新生霉素、多粘菌素、利福霉素、奇霉素、四环素、万古霉素(vanomycin)、替考拉宁、链阳性菌素、抗叶酸剂,包括磺酰胺、甲氧苄氨嘧啶及其组合和乙胺嘧啶、合成抗菌剂,包括硝基呋喃、扁桃酸乌洛托品和马尿酸乌洛托品、硝基咪唑、喹诺酮、氟喹诺酮、异烟肼、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺、对氨基水杨酸(PAS)、环丝氨酸、卷曲霉素、乙硫异烟胺、丙硫异烟胺、氨硫脲、紫霉素、扁枝衣霉素(eveminomycin)、糖肽、甘氨酰四环素(glyclyclycline)、酮内酯、噁唑烷酮;亚胺培南(imipenen)、丁胺卡那霉素、奈替米星、磷霉素、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、Ziracin、利奈唑胺、Synercid、氨曲南和甲硝唑、依匹普林、山费培南钠、比阿培南、达内霉素(Dynemicin)、头孢瑞南、头孢噻利、山费培南西酯(Sanfetrinem celexetil)、头孢匹罗、Mersacidin、利福拉齐、Kosan、来那培南、Veneprim、硫培南、利替培南酯(ritipenam acoxyl)、Cyclothialidine、美加球菌素A、卡芦莫南、头孢唑兰和头孢他美。抗组胺剂的实例包括盐酸苯海拉明、水杨酸苯海拉明、苯海拉明、盐酸氯苯吡胺、马来酸氯苯吡胺、盐酸异西喷地、盐酸曲吡那敏、盐酸异丙嗪、盐酸甲吡咯嗪等。局部麻醉剂的实例包括盐酸地布卡因、地布卡因、盐酸利多卡因、利多卡因、苯佐卡因、对丁基氨基苯甲酸2-(乙基氨基)乙酯盐酸盐(p-buthylaminobenzoic acid 2-(die-ethylamino) ethyl ester hydrochloride)、盐酸普鲁卡因、丁卡因、盐酸丁卡因、盐酸氯普鲁卡因、盐酸羟基普鲁卡因、甲哌卡因、盐酸可卡因、盐酸哌罗卡因、达克罗宁和盐酸达克罗宁。
防腐剂的实例包括醇、季铵化合物、硼酸、氯己定和氯己定衍生物、碘、酚、萜烯、杀菌剂、消毒剂,包括硫柳汞、酚、百里酚、苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵、氯己定、聚维酮碘、氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓、丁子香酚和三甲基溴化铵。
抗炎剂的实例包括非甾类抗炎剂(NSAIDs);丙酸衍生物,如布洛芬和萘普生;乙酸衍生物,如吲哚美辛;烯醇酸衍生物,如美洛昔康、对乙酰氨基酚;水杨酸甲酯;水杨酸单乙二醇酯;阿司匹林;甲芬那酸;氟灭酸;吲哚美辛;双氯芬酸;阿氯芬酸;双氯芬酸钠;布洛芬;酮洛芬;萘普生;普拉洛芬;非诺洛芬;舒林酸;芬氯酸;环氯茚酸;氟比洛芬;芬替酸;丁苯羟酸;吡罗昔康;苯基丁氮酮;羟基保泰松;氯非宗;喷他佐辛;嘧吡唑;盐酸羟哌苯噻酮;类固醇,如丙酸氯倍他索、二丙酸倍他米松酯(bethamethasone dipropionate)、丙酸卤贝他索酯(halbetasol proprionate)、双醋二氟拉松、醋酸氟轻松、哈西奈德、安西缩松、去羟米松、曲安奈德、糠酸莫米松、丙酸氟替卡松、二丙酸倍他米松、曲安奈德、丙酸氟替卡松、地奈德、氟轻松、戊酸氢化可的松、泼尼卡酯、丙炎松、氟轻松(fluocinolone acetonide)、氢化可的松和本领域中已知的其它、氢化泼尼松、地塞米松、氟轻松、醋酸氢化可的松、醋酸氢化泼尼松、甲泼尼龙、醋酸地塞米松、倍他米松、戊酸倍他米松、氟米松(flumetasone)、氟米龙(fluorometholone)、二丙酸倍氯米松、氟轻松醋酸酯、局部皮质类固醇并可以是较低效力的皮质类固醇之一,如氢化可的松、氢化可的松-21-单酯(例如氢化可的松-21-乙酸酯、氢化可的松-21-丁酸酯、氢化可的松-21-丙酸酯、氢化可的松-21-戊酸酯等)、氢化可的松-17,21-二酯(例如氢化可的松-17,21-二乙酸酯、氢化可的松-17-乙酸酯-21-丁酸酯、氢化可的松-17,21-二丁酸酯等)、阿氯米松、地塞米松、氟米松、氢化泼尼松或甲泼尼龙,或可以是较高效力的皮质类固醇,如丙酸氯倍他索、苯甲酸倍他米松、二丙酸倍他米松、双醋二氟拉松、氟轻松醋酸酯、糠酸莫米松、丙炎松。
止痛剂的实例包括阿芬太尼、苯佐卡因、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、氨苯丁酯、辣椒素、可乐定、可待因、地布卡因、脑啡肽、芬太尼、可待因、氢可酮、氢吗啡酮、吲哚美辛、利多卡因、羟甲左吗喃、度冷丁、美沙酮、吗啡、尼可吗啡、鸦片、奥布卡因、羟考酮、羟吗啡酮、喷他佐辛、普莫卡因、丙美卡因、丙氧芬、丙氧间卡因、舒芬太尼、丁卡因和曲马多。
麻醉剂的实例包括醇,如酚;苯甲酸苄酯;炉甘石;氯二甲苯酚;达克罗宁;氯胺酮;薄荷醇;普莫卡因;间苯二酚;三氯生;普鲁卡因药物,如苯佐卡因、布比卡因、氯普鲁卡因;辛可卡因;可卡因;地昔伐卡因;二胺卡因;地不卡因;依替卡因;海克卡因;左布比卡因;利多卡因;甲哌卡因;羟乙卡因;丙胺卡因;普鲁卡因;丙美卡因;丙氧卡因;吡咯卡因;利索卡因;罗多卡因;罗哌卡因;丁卡因;及衍生物,如可药用盐和酯,包括盐酸布比卡因、盐酸氯普鲁卡因、环己氨磺酸二胺卡因、盐酸地布卡因、盐酸达克罗宁、盐酸依替卡因、盐酸左布比卡因、盐酸利多卡因、盐酸甲哌卡因、盐酸普莫卡因、盐酸丙胺卡因、盐酸普鲁卡因、盐酸丙美卡因、盐酸丙氧卡因、盐酸罗哌卡因和盐酸丁卡因。
抗出血剂的实例包括凝血酶、维生素K1、硫酸鱼精蛋白、氨基己酸、氨甲环酸、肾上腺色腙、肾上腺色腙磺酸钠、芸香苷和橙皮苷。
创伤敷料器具
可以使用创伤敷料器具的任何合适的构造。参照图2A,在一些实施方案中,创伤敷料101是包括聚合物基质103和在其内和/或其上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105的单层。参照图2B,在一些实施方案中,该单层创伤敷料在接触创面床的创伤敷料表面上可包括医学级粘合剂107。参照图3-5,在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料可包括两个或更多个层。例如,参照图3A,在一些实施方案中,创伤敷料101具有两层,包括聚合物基质103和在聚合物基质103内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105的第一层109;和在第一层109上的第二层111。此外,参照图3B,在一些实施方案中,医学级粘合剂107可以在接触创面床的第一层109的表面上。参照图4A,在一些实施方案中,聚合物基质103和在聚合物基质103内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105包括在第二层111中,其为创伤敷料101提供抗微生物阻隔。因此,第一层109可以包括或不包括聚合物基质103和在聚合物基质103内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105。无论第一层109是否包括聚合物基质103和在聚合物基质103内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105,医学级粘合剂107可以在接触创面床的第一层109的表面上。另外,在一些实施方案中,第一层109或第二层111可基本不含释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105。
参照图5A和5B,作为另一实例,在一些实施方案中,创伤敷料101具有三层,接触创面床的第一层109、在第一层109上的第二层111和在第二层111上的第三层113。医学级粘合剂107可以在第一层109上(图5B)。聚合物基质103和在聚合物基质103内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105可存在于第一层109、第二层111和/或第三层113中。在一些实施方案中,第一层109、第二层111和第三层113至少之一基本不含释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105。但是,如图5中所示,在一些实施方案中,聚合物基质103和在聚合物基质103内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105仅存在于第二层111中。第一层109可充当防止释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105浸出到创伤中和/或提供疏水或不粘创伤接触表面的创伤接触层。第三层113可用于将一氧化氮包围在创伤敷料101内并可控制创伤敷料101的MVTR、氧扩散和/或微生物渗透。
参照图6A,在一些实施方案中,创伤敷料101的至少一层包括多孔层115。“多孔层”115包括划定在聚合物基质103内的至少一个孔117。在一些实施方案中,聚合物基质103包括划定在其内的一列孔117。聚合物基质103中的孔117可具有任何合适的宽度119,但在一些实施方案中,孔117具有大约200至大约5000微米的宽度119。术语“宽度”119是指横跨该孔的最大距离。对圆柱形孔117而言,宽度119是直径。孔117的宽度119可基于各种参数进行选择,如创伤水分、聚合物基质、层和/或敷料的厚度、是否使用粘合剂和/或其是否与负压创伤疗法(NPWT)一起使用。在一些实施方案中,释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105可存在于多孔层115的聚合物基质103中。这种多孔层115可以以任何合适的组合与其它多孔层115和/或与无孔层一起使用。另外,多孔层115可以不包括释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105和/或可以与包括聚合物基质103和在聚合物基质103内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子105的其它层联合使用。此外,如图6B中所示,医学级粘合剂107可以在接触创面床的多孔层115的表面上。多孔层115的使用能使来自创伤的水分与多孔层115上的层中的释放NO的二氧化硅相互作用,可提高气体(例如一氧化氮)扩散到创面床中,并提供适合与NPWT一起使用的材料。
可以通过任何合适的方法形成多孔层115。但是,在一些实施方案中,通过使用模具或通过将物体压到聚合物基质103中以形成至少一个孔117,形成多孔层115,其中也可以根据聚合物基质103的性质熔融和熔结孔边缘。另外,在一些实施方案中,可以通过在模具中,例如在无水和/或低温法中固化聚合物基质103来形成多孔层115的孔117,随后脱出或包装在独立多孔托盘中。
根据本发明的一些实施方案,附加治疗剂,如本文所述的那些,可存在于创伤敷料的任何层中。例如,在一些实施方案中,基本不含释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的层可包括至少一种治疗剂。作为另一实例,包括释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的层还可包括至少一种附加治疗剂。
在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料可进一步包括接触聚合物基质的聚合物背衬层或在聚合物基质上的聚合物层。在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料是岛型创伤敷料,且聚合物背衬层和任选接触创面床的至少一部分聚合物基质可在其上包括医学级粘合剂。例如,该创伤敷料可包括聚合物背衬层和包含在其内或其上具有释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的聚合物基质的聚合物基质层,其中该聚合物基质层粘贴到一部分聚合物背衬层上,且其中面向但未粘贴到聚合物基质层上的至少一部分聚合物背衬层被医学级粘合剂涂布。此类创伤敷料还可包括附加层,如创伤接触层,其中该创伤接触层在聚合物基质层的没有粘附到聚合物背衬层上的面上。
根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料的各层可具有任何合适的厚度。但是,在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料的一个或多个层可具有大约10至大约5000微米的厚度。在本发明的一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料的至少一层可基本透明。此外,在一些实施方案中,整个创伤敷料可以基本透明。术语“基本透明”是指具有使用固态分光光度计测得的80%或更大的%透射比的材料。另外,如上所述,在一些实施方案中,该创伤敷料的至少一层在其上具有医学级粘合剂。例如,接触创伤的创伤敷料的表面可在其上具有医学级粘合剂。
可以在皮肤上安全使用的医学级粘合剂的实例是丙烯酸酯基粘合剂,如与极性官能单体,如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸甲酯、N-乙烯基己内酰胺或甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯共聚的丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸异辛酯或丙烯酸正丁酯。另外的实例包括辛基氰基丙烯酸酯、AcrySure?粘合剂(MACtaC)、基于丝蛋白的粘合剂、硅胶基粘合剂(Bluestar Silicones的Silbione?)和聚氨酯基粘合剂共混物。
创伤敷料药盒
如上所述,可以通过长时间的低浓度一氧化氮给药由此一氧化氮充当许多创伤愈合级联中的信号分子来实现创伤愈合。在一些实施方案中,促进创伤愈合所必需的来自水合敷料表面的一氧化氮释放的瞬时通量在最初施用于患者时可以为0.5 pmol NO cm-2 s-1至20 pmol NO cm-2 s-1并构成缓慢释放速率。中间的释放NO的创伤敷料可立即减轻伤后、慢性创伤的清创术后、拖延创伤(stalled wounds)或感染创伤中的发炎期。在发炎期中,从水合敷料表面释放的一氧化氮的通量在最初施用于患者时为20 pmol NO cm-2 s-1至1000 pmol NO cm-2 s-1并构成中间释放速率。由第三基质/释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子组合物释放的高量NO可能是实现抗微生物活性所必需的,其利用一氧化氮的快速突释通过氧化/亚硝化中间体杀灭微生物。在这些实施方案中,水合敷料表面释放的一氧化氮通量在最初施用时为1 nmol NO cm-2 s-1至1 μmol NO cm-2 s-1并可构成提供对宽范围微生物的一次或多次log减少所必需的一氧化氮快速突释。
因此,根据本发明的一些实施方案提供了包括具有设计成针对这三种创伤过程的三种独特敷料类型的组合物的针对治疗过程的创伤敷料的药盒。对特定创伤而言,一个方案可实施指定天数,由此相继或以一定频率重复施用这三种独特敷料(例如以保持低的微生物负担)。
治疗创伤的方法
在本发明的一些实施方案中提供了通过施用根据本发明的一个实施方案的创伤敷料来治疗创伤的方法。这些方法可以与任何其它已知的创伤治疗方法联合使用,包括施用药剂,如具有抗炎、镇痛、免疫抑制、血管舒张、创伤愈合和/或抗生物被膜形成性质的那些。对本文所用的方法而言,可以在施用根据本发明的实施方案的凝胶之前、同时或之后使用附加治疗剂和方法。根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料也可以与本领域技术人员已知的其它创伤敷料结合使用。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,本文中提供的创伤敷料可以与破坏生物被膜宏观结构的至少一种试剂(其在施用该创伤敷料之前或与其一起)联合使用。在一些实施方案中,该抗生物被膜剂可破坏生物被膜的细胞外基质。可由此发挥作用的抗生物被膜剂的实例包括乳铁蛋白、高碘酸盐、木糖醇、DNase、蛋白酶和降解细胞外多糖的酶。在本发明的一些实施方案中,该抗生物被膜剂的制剂可以是酸性的以促进DNase(例如哺乳动物DNases,如DNase II)的酶活性,酸性条件同时还可提高来自二醇二氮烯鎓改性二氧化硅的NO释放速率。在一些实施方案中,该蛋白酶可包括蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶、Pectinex Ultra SP (PUS)和胰酶中的至少一种。在一些实施方案中,降解细胞外多糖的酶可包括N-乙酰基氨基葡糖苷酶(acetylglucosaminidase)(例如dispersin B)。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,该抗生物被膜剂可通过影响感染生物体中的群体感应基因或基因产物的转录、转译和/或转译后调节来发挥作用。例如,该抗生物被膜剂可包括金缕梅单宁、环状二-GMP和亚致死浓度的一氧化氮中的至少一种。
该抗生物被膜剂还可通过其它机制发挥作用。例如,该抗生物被膜剂可以使感染生物体从固着态转变成代谢活性态。作为另一实例,该抗生物被膜剂可通过使感染生物体从不动状态转变成能动表型来发挥作用。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,本文中提供的创伤敷料可以与清创程序联合使用。例如,在一些实施方案中,可以首先用清创程序处理创伤;随后将根据本发明的一个实施方案的创伤敷料施加到清创后的伤口上。根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料可提高创伤愈合速率、减轻炎症和/或发挥抗微生物作用。根据本发明的实施方案的创伤敷料可以与任何合适的清创程序联合使用。例如,该清创程序可以是选择性或非选择性的。
在一些实施方案中,清创程序可包括外科手术、酶法、自溶法、锐器法(sharp)、机械和生物学法中的至少一种。可以使用任何合适的外科手术方法,但在一些实施方案中,外科手术方法可包括外科医生切除创伤中的坏死组织。可以使用任何合适的酶法,但在一些实施方案中,酶法可涉及使用一种或多种蛋白酶、它们的所需辅助因子和任选任何增强剂,以消化该创伤中的坏死组织。示例性蛋白酶包括胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶或其它植物源蛋白酶和胶原酶。可以使用任何合适的自溶法,但在一些实施方案中,自溶法可涉及保持湿伤口环境以促进通过身体自然产生的酶分解坏死组织。可以使用任何合适的机械方法,但在一些实施方案中,机械方法可包括湿到干纱布(wet-to-dry gauze)、冲洗、脉冲式灌洗、涡旋疗法和/或低频超声。可以使用任何合适的锐器法,但在一些实施方案中,锐器法可涉及由合格临床人员(例如RN或执业护士)切除坏死组织。可以使用任何合适的生物学方法,但在一些实施方案中,生物学方法可涉及利用选择性消化创伤中的坏死组织的蛆。这些清创方法可以单独或联合使用。
在清创后,可以施用根据本发明的一个实施方案的创伤敷料。可以进行附加过程并可以施用治疗剂。例如,在清创后,可以在施用创伤敷料之前或与其联合地,对创伤施用抗生物被膜剂。示例性的抗生物被膜剂如上所述包括乙酰水杨酸(阿司匹林)、环状二-GMP、乳铁蛋白、镓、硒。也可以施用其它化合物,如金缕梅单宁(金缕梅提取物)、精氨酸和c-二–GMP。
根据本发明的一些实施方案还提供了与负压创伤疗(NPWT)联合使用根据本发明的一个实施方案的创伤敷料的方法。
适合用根据本发明的一个实施方案的创伤敷料或方法治疗的对象包括,但不限于,鸟类和哺乳动物对象。本发明的哺乳动物包括,但不限于,犬科动物、猫科动物、牛类、山羊、马、羊、猪、啮齿动物(例如大鼠和小鼠)、兔形动物、灵长类、人等和在子宫中的哺乳动物。需要根据本发明治疗的任何哺乳动物对象是合适的。人对象是优选的。可根据本发明治疗男性和女性和在任何发育期(即新生儿、婴儿、幼年、青少年、成年)的人对象。
根据本发明的示例性禽类包括鸡、鸭、火鸡、鹅、鹌鹑、雉鸡、平胸鸟类(例如鸵鸟)和驯化鸟类(例如鹦鹉和金丝雀)和壳内鸟卵(birds in ovo)。
还可以对动物对象,特别是哺乳动物对象,如小鼠、大鼠、狗、猫、家畜和马实施本发明以用于兽医用途,和用于药物筛选和药物开发用途。
形成创伤敷料的方法
本文所述的创伤敷料可通过任何合适的方法形成。但是,根据本发明的一些实施方案提供了形成创伤敷料的方法。在一些实施方案中,可通过使颗粒物理嵌入聚合物表面中、通过颗粒静电缔合到聚合表面上和/或通过颗粒共价连接或交联到聚合物表面上、聚合物内和/或泡沫泡孔内的反应性基团上来实现释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的并入。在一些实施方案中,形成创伤敷料的方法包括将释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和至少一种单体合并;和使所述至少一种单体聚合形成包含所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的聚合物基质。可通过任何合适的方法使单体聚合,但在一些实施方案中,使用或不使用引发剂,通过光固化和/或湿固化使单体聚合。在一些实施方案中,可以在与伤口环境接触时,例如通过伤口中的水分使单体聚合。在一些实施方案中,可以通过包括聚合物和释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的溶液的溶剂浇注的方法形成单层创伤敷料。
在一些实施方案中,通过液体浇注或熔融聚合物挤出进行聚合。在一些实施方案中,将液体单体、释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和引发剂沉积在表面上并在引发剂活化后发生聚合。也可以使用可聚合基团将颗粒外部官能化,此后可以在聚合过程中使颗粒共聚到聚合物中。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,形成创伤敷料的方法包括将所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子分散在形成泡沫的单体的混合物中;使所述形成泡沫的单体聚合形成聚合物;和随后使该聚合物发泡。
在一些实施方案中,形成创伤敷料的方法包括使所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子上的官能团与至少一种形成泡沫的单体反应;使所述至少一种形成泡沫的单体聚合形成在其中包括所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的聚合物;和随后使该聚合物发泡。
在一些实施方案中,可通过多元醇与化学计算过量添加的聚异氰酸酯、与按需要添加的其它共反应剂的反应制备聚氨酯泡沫敷料。在传统泡沫制造中,将化学计算量的水添加到反应混合物中。水与异氰酸酯基团反应形成CO2,其经过聚合物料发泡,以产生挠性泡沫的多孔结构。
对水反应性的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子而言,在释放NO的泡沫敷料的制备中不能使用水,因为水可活化所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子,以造成NO的过早释放和该泡沫敷料的治疗价值的降低。
可以通过用氨基醇或烷醇胺取代或补充该多聚水分子(polyhydrols)来合成完全非水泡沫。示例性的氨基醇和烷醇胺可见于美国专利No. 5,859,285,其公开内容全文经此引用并入本文。该烷醇胺可将CO2化学储存在它们的胺基团中,可通过加热释放这种CO2。可以将烷醇胺溶解在极性溶剂,优选二醇或三醇中并与CO2接触形成氨基甲酸酯。在一些实施方案中,该极性溶剂可以是作为该泡沫敷料中的软链段的多元醇本身。
该氨基甲酸酯溶液可用于与聚异氰酸酯反应形成聚氨酯泡沫。该氨基甲酸酯可充当泡沫形成中的催化剂,由此避免使用其它催化剂的必要性。
尽管可以使用任何合适的烷醇胺制造氨基甲酸酯,但在一些实施方案中,可使用下列烷醇胺制造氨基甲酸酯:2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇、(3-[(2-氨基乙基)氨基)]丙醇)、(2-[(3-氨基丙基)氨基]乙醇)、(1-[(2-氨基乙基)氨基]-2-丙醇、(2-[(3-氨基丙基)甲基氨基]乙醇、1-[(2-氨基-1-甲基乙基)氨基]-2-丙醇、2-[((2-氨基-2-甲基丙基)氨基]-2-甲基-1-丙醇、2-[(4-氨基-3-甲基丁基)氨基]-2-甲基-1-丙醇、17-氨基-3,6,9,12,15-五氮杂十七烷-1-醇和/或3,7,12,16-四氮杂十八烷-1,18-二醇,特别是基于2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇作为烷醇胺的那些。该氨基甲酸酯溶液可进一步与已预充NO并因此具有单个或多个释放NO的官能团的含多羟基或多胺的化合物掺合。
除以上述方式化学储存CO2发泡剂外,在泡沫制造中也可以使用物理发泡剂。物理发泡剂的实例包括:氢卤烯烃(参见美国专利申请公开No. 20090099272,其内容全文经此引用并入本文);烷烃(alkanes),如2-甲基丁烷、戊烷、庚烷(参见美国专利No 5,194,325,其内容全文经此引用并入本文)和其它惰性低沸点化合物,如戊烯和丙酮。也可以使用二氧化碳,包括超临界二氧化碳作为物理发泡剂。
在本发明的一些实施方案中提供了形成多层创伤敷料的方法,其包括合并一个或多个聚合层,其中一个或多个聚合物层可包括聚合物基质和在其内或其上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子。可通过任何合适的方法实现聚合层的合并,但在一些实施方案中,将聚合物层相互层压。示例性层压技术包括超声焊接、用无水有机溶剂退火和施加压敏粘合剂。
现在参照下列实施例更详细描述本发明。但是,这些实施例用于举例说明而不应被视为限制本发明的范围。
实施例
实施例1
浸泡在生理温度和pH的磷酸盐缓冲盐水中的三种亲水聚氨酯薄膜敷料的吸水显示在图7中。来自Lubrizol, Inc.的Tecophilic?脂族热塑性聚氨酯HP-60D-20 (“T20”)、HP-60D-60 (“T60”)和HP93A-100 (“T100”)随时间经过逐渐表现出重量百分比的提高。
实施例2
载有递增重量%聚(乙二醇)8000 MW作为致孔剂的Tecophilic?脂族热塑性聚氨酯HP-60D-20 (“T20”)的吸水显示在图8中。随着该聚合物基质的亲水性作为%PEG载量的函数提高,该聚合物膜的重量随时间经过提高。
实施例3
溶剂浇注成聚合物膜薄膜敷料并浸泡在生理温度和pH的磷酸盐缓冲盐水中的Tecophilic? Hydrogel热塑性聚氨酯TG-2000的吸水显示在图9中。这种高吸水性聚合物(SAP)的重量在暴露在水分中时快速提高并溶胀以储存超过其初始重量的2000%的水。
实施例4
图10图解一氧化氮共价储存在作为二醇二氮烯鎓 NO给体的氨基硅烷N-甲基氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷上,随后与骨架烷氧基硅烷——四乙氧基硅烷共缩合,以形成Nitricil?组合物70。将该Nitricil? 70与来自前述实施例的几种亲水聚氨酯合并,测试它们的革兰氏阴性菌绿脓杆菌的抗微生物活性。将106个细菌接种体沉积到在琼脂浆中的所述释放NO的创伤敷料的表面上并培养24小时。与对照聚氨酯材料相比,各组合物的绿脓杆菌减少%显示在表1中。该聚合物的吸水和来自Nitricil? 70的相应的NO-释放动力学直接影响杀菌活性。
表1
实施例5
图11描绘在生理缓冲液、pH和温度下测量的来自游离在溶液中的Nitricil? 70二氧化硅颗粒、创伤敷料组合物J和创伤敷料组合物D的NO释放的化学发光检测。来自敷料表面的NO释放通量以PPB/毫克加载的Nitricil?报道。作为聚合物基质如何控制所造成的NO释放的实例,来自组合物D的初始NO释放量比单独的Nitricil?低20X。与在相等的10% Nitricil?加载率下的组合物J相比,组合物D还在前60分钟内保持更一致的NO释放量。
实施例6
在施用于创伤后,创伤敷料的聚氨酯材料与创面床中的水分接触。由于在其结构中存在聚醚软链段,该聚氨酯对水分具有一定亲合力,这导致该敷料吸收限定量的水。水分在聚合物基质内的这种向内扩散使得聚合物链之间的距离提高并表现为聚合物溶胀。链之间的增大的距离和聚合物中的水与创面床中的本体水(bulk water)之间的浓度梯度给予嵌入的二氧化硅颗粒更大的运动空间。因此,这些颗粒可从聚合物中扩散出来,较小颗粒具有较大的倾向。这种现象表现为颗粒浸出。
工程设计包含释放NO的二氧化硅颗粒的创伤敷料以使暴露在创面床中的水分中时的浸出最小化。敷料聚合物组成和二氧化硅载量wt/wt都影响累积浸出量。光散射是常用于表征颗粒悬浮液,特别是测量粒度以及微米和纳米粒度的多分散性的技术。在静态光散射模式中,测量颗粒悬浮液散射的光的时间平均强度并非常依赖于粒度、其浓度和分子量。因此,对相当单分散的颗粒的稀悬浮液而言,时间平均的光强度应与颗粒浓度成正比,静态光散射据说以瑞利模式发生。散射强度vs. 颗粒浓度的曲线图得出直线并提供测定从创伤敷料原型浸出到溶液中的未知颗粒浓度的精确方法。
为了测量在生理缓冲溶液下培养24和48小时后积聚在溶液中的释放NO的二氧化硅的潜在浓度,测量各未知颗粒样品的光散射强度并使用校准曲线换算成其浓度。将载有释放一氧化氮的二氧化硅的聚氨酯敷料切成3个0.75” x 0.75”正方形样品。将样品称重并置于聚丙烯管瓶中,各添加10毫升在37℃下预热的过滤磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS,10mM磷酸二氢钠、137mM NaCl,2.3mM KCl,pH 7.4)。随后在保持在37℃下的水浴中培养这些管瓶。在24小时后,搅拌各管瓶并取出等分试样,将其转移到聚苯乙烯比色皿中。对照作为空白试样的过滤PBS,测定这种等分试样的静态光散射强度。随后使用校准曲线测定浸出液的二氧化硅浓度以将所得kcps值换算成mg/ml,所得mg/ml值以计算出的最初加载在敷料样品中的二氧化硅量的重量百分比表示。
下面显示代表性组合物的浸出值并表明对聚合物亲水性和二氧化硅聚氨酯复合材料的均匀性的依赖性:5% w/v T20在四氢呋喃中,80毫克二氧化硅/克聚合物,通过磁性搅拌制成的浆料(表2),5% w/v T20在四氢呋喃中,80毫克二氧化硅/克聚合物,通过声处理制成的浆料(表3),10% w/v T100在四氢呋喃中,160毫克二氧化硅/克聚合物,通过磁性搅拌制成的浆料(表4),10% w/v T20在四氢呋喃中,160毫克二氧化硅/克聚合物,通过声处理制成的浆料(表5)。将所有创伤敷料聚合物溶剂浇注成薄膜并在真空下干燥。
表2
实施例7
绿脓杆菌生物被膜在猪动物模型中在部分皮层受损伤口(thickness wound)中生长48小时。在生长2天后,记录用无菌缓冲液冲洗伤口和在无菌缓冲液中剧烈擦洗带有细菌/组织的伤口而得到的细菌基线含量。在用释放NO的创伤敷料治疗之前,浮游菌为大约108 CFU/mL且嵌有生物被膜的细菌高于1010 CFU/mL。在图12中与Tegaderm?覆盖的对照物比较地显示各种释放NO的创伤敷料组合物对从创伤上冲洗出的浮游菌含量和从创伤上擦洗出的生物被膜菌含量的效力。在对照体内生物被膜模型测试时,包含不同聚合物基质和可变百分比的Nitricil?载量的创伤敷料得出不同结果。
实施例8
将吸收其干重量的20%量的少量水的医学级脂族聚醚聚氨酯与14% w/w Nitricil? 70(载有一氧化氮的沉淀二氧化硅)合并以使Nitricil?永久并入聚氨酯基质各处。所得聚氨酯膜器具是透明的。将该聚合物共混物浇注到预印刷了1”正方形栅格(grid)的透明的硅化PET防粘衬层(FRA-308, Fox River Associates, LLC)上。
为评测设计和技术特征而进行的测试概括在下表6中。
表6
NO的化学发光检测用于表征来自该聚氨酯膜器具的一氧化氮释放性能。在暴露在水分中时释放该器具中的一氧化氮。图13A和13B描绘浸泡在生理温度和pH(37℃, 7.4)的缓冲液中的最终器具的NO性能。器具表面处的最大通量从未超过850 pmol NOcm-2 s-1(图13A),对所有受试器具而言,该器具中加载的总NO平均为1.2 ± 0.1微摩尔 NO/cm2(图13B)。优化来自所提出的器具的一氧化氮表面通量以助于提供微生物渗透的阻隔。
实施例9
使用实施例9的释放一氧化氮的创伤敷料治疗猪模型中的部分皮层受损伤口。设计这种研究以评估愈合潜力和所提出的器具与之前报道的局部一氧化氮制剂相比是否对正常创伤修复具有不利影响(表现为延迟的创伤愈合或明显红斑/水肿)。将160个测得为10mm x 7mm x 0.5mm深的矩形伤口分成四个治疗组(各40个伤口)。在受伤后立即包扎伤口,在第2、3、5和7天更换敷料。在受伤后第4天开始每天切除来自这四个组各组的五个伤口,并根据溴化钠盐切开(split)技术制备以评估表皮迁移。如果在真皮和表皮分离后不存在缺陷或孔,则上皮形成被认为完全(已愈合)。评测各组中的伤口直至观察到100%完全上皮形成。受试材料在清除时不粘着到创面床上(没有观察到再损伤)且来自任何治疗组的伤口无一产生红斑、溶胀或感染迹象。在第4天,治疗组无一完全上皮再形成,但在第6天,一氧化氮治疗组中的100%的伤口上皮再形成,与此相比,Tegaderm覆盖的封闭式创伤环境仅60%的伤口上皮再形成(图14)。在n=6批中实施例9中的创伤敷料的平均MVTR为31 ± 16 g/m2-24h,代表比在相同条件(3.34 g/m2-24h)下测得的3M Tegaderm Barrier创伤敷料大9倍的MVTR。此外,实施例9中的创伤敷料具有小于840 g/m2-24h的4%的MVTR值,在此以下,敷料被认为是封闭式的,并且是小于受损皮肤的3000至5000 g/m2-24h MVTR的1%(Rennekampff, 1996)。未治疗对照物(空气暴露)直到第10天才完全愈合,表明保持湿创伤环境的重要性。
实施例10
由独立实验室根据Good Laboratory Practices进行测试,以如FDA’s Blue Book Memo, G95-1, Use of International Standards ISO-10993和Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices Part 1: Evaluation and Testing推荐,评测实施例9中的创伤敷料的生物相容性。下面是已进行的试验以及结果概述。
· 细胞毒性(体外):无毒
由敷料提取物制备MEM洗脱提取物并施用于小鼠成纤维细胞。经72小时试验期将成纤维细胞的细胞毒性迹象记分。该创伤敷料提取物在所有时间点都得到0的细胞毒性分数。
· 致敏(体内):无致敏
由敷料提取物制备生理盐水和棉籽油提取物并使用Guinea Pig Maximization Sensitization Test测试。这两种提取物都得出0%致敏响应。
· 刺激/皮内反应性(体内):无刺激
由创伤敷料制备生理盐水和棉籽油提取物并注射到兔子体内。经72小时试验期将注射点的反应性记分。对各提取物而言,创伤敷料提取物的平均反应性分数与赋形剂对照物的平均反应性分数之间的差值为< 1.0。
· 全身(急性)毒性(体内):无毒
由创伤敷料制备生理盐水和棉籽油提取物并注射到小鼠体内。经72小时试验期观察动物的死亡率以及药理学和毒理学效应的迹象。这两种提取物都造成0动物死亡、0动物表现出临床毒性征象和0动物具有超出可接受的参数的体重变化。
· 亚急性(亚慢性)毒性(体内):无毒
由创伤敷料制备生理盐水和棉籽油提取物并经14天每天一次静脉内(盐水)或腹膜内(油)注射到小鼠体内。在试验期间观察动物的死亡率以及毒性迹象。没有致死性,在对照和试验动物之间没有统计显著的重量差,在试验期间对任何动物没有注意到异常临床征象。在动物尸体剖检期间没有注意到临床异常的发现。临床化学和血液学数据不指示毒性模式。
· 移植(体内):无刺激
已完成创伤敷料的两个移植研究,其中在1周或四周研究中,在白兔中肌内移植碎片。在一周移植结束时,计算出创伤敷料的刺激等级分数为1.2。在四周移植结束时,计算出创伤敷料的刺激等级分数为2.6。
· 致热原的LAL内毒素试验(体外,GMP):通过
验证与该创伤敷料一起使用的动力学显色LAL试验系统。来自无菌最终器具的三个生产批次的样品都含有<0.200 EU/器具。
实施例9的创伤敷料符合所有生物相容性试验的要求;因此可以推断,该产物是生物相容和无毒的,提供具有已证实的安全性和效率的局部一氧化氮释放方案。
实施例11
此实施例描述以100千克2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇作为为基础制造释放NO的挠性聚氨酯泡沫的方法。使用Desmodur N-100(22% NCO基团,Bayer Material Science, Pittsburgh, PA)作为聚异氰酸酯和Desmodur N-and Desmophen-R-221-75(3.3% OH基团,Bayer Material Science, Pittsburgh, PA)作为多元醇制备泡沫。Nitricil?-70 (Novan, Inc.)作为释放NO的大分子以1% (w/w)的载量加入泡沫中。
1. 将CO2鼓入100千克2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇以制备2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇氨基甲酸酯
2. 将该2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇氨基甲酸酯溶解在200千克Desmophen-R-221-75多元醇中
3. 将Nitricil?-70、发泡剂和凝胶催化剂添加到该混合物中(参见USP 4173691)
4. 在搅拌和在50℃加热下,使该混合物与化学计算过量的Desmodur N-100反应
5. 在50℃下固化该反应混合物以释放化学结合的CO2。
计算:
1. 需要鼓入的CO2量
2. 要添加的Desmodur N-100量
3. 为标称1% w/w载量而要添加的Nitricil?-70量。
CO2添加量的计算
每摩尔2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇有2摩尔NH。100 kg中2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇的摩尔数 = 961.54。NH摩尔数 = 2 * 961.54 = 1923.07摩尔。因此,所需CO2重量 = 1923.07摩尔* 44 g/mol = 84.6 kg。1.2倍过量气体以确保完全转化成氨基甲酸酯。因此,所需CO2量 = 101.52 kg。
催化剂添加量的计算
结合使用两种类型的催化剂,凝胶催化剂以加速氨基甲酸乙酯形成反应,和发泡催化剂以降低泡沫膨胀时间(rising time)。凝胶催化剂(例如辛酸亚锡)以每100份多元醇0.3份(w/w)存在。发泡催化剂(例如三2-乙基己酸锑)以每100份多元醇0.3份(w/w)存在。因此,催化剂计算基于反应的羟基化合物的总质量并包括2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇中的羟基。因此,凝胶催化剂的重量 = 300 kg /100kg* 0.3 = 9 kg。发泡催化剂的重量 = 9 kg。
Desmodur N-100添加量的计算
需要添加足够的Desmodur N-100以使NCO足以与2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇中和Desmophen中的OH反应。Desmophen-R-221-75中OH基团的当量(3.3% OH)= 17 * 100/3.3 = 515。100kg 2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇中OH基团的摩尔数 = 961.54。200 kg中的当量 = 200/515 = 0.388。Desmodur N-100中NCO基团当量(22% NCO)= 42 *100/22 = 191。与200kg Desmophen-R-221-75 1:1反应所需的NCO当量 = 191 * 0.388 = 74.2 kg。2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇中的% OH = 17/104 = 16.3%。OH基团的当量 = 17*100/16.3 = 104。100 kg中的当量 = 100/104 = 0.9615。1:1反应所需的NCO当量 = 0.9615 * 191 = 183.65kg。因此,总需求量 = 183.65 6+ 74.2 = 257.83 kg。使用2%过量确保完全反应。因此,Desmodur N-100总需求量 = 1.02 * 257.83 = 262.985kg。
Nitricil?-70添加量的计算
总反应物重量(不包括CO2) = 262.985 kg (Desmodur N-100) + 200 kg (Desmophen-R-221-75 多元醇) + 100 kg (2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇) + 18 kg (鼓泡催化剂和凝胶催化剂的重量) = 580.985 kg。因此,1% Nitricil?-70 = 5.81kg.
概述:
在附图和说明书中,已经公开了本发明的典型实施方案,尽管使用具体术语,但它们仅以一般和描述性意义使用而不是为了限制,在下列权利要求书中阐述本发明的范围。
Claims (37)
1.包含聚合物基质和在所述聚合物基质内和/或上的释放一氧化氮(NO)的聚硅氧烷大分子的创伤敷料,
其中所述创伤敷料是无毒的并稳定地储存NO。
2.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子包含N-二醇二氮烯鎓官能团。
3.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子包含S-亚硝基硫醇官能团。
4.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的浓度为大约0.1至大约20重量%。
5.权利要求1的创伤敷料,进一步包含选自氯化钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇及其混合物的水溶性致孔剂。
6.权利要求1的创伤敷料,进一步包含至少一种选自抗微生物化合物、抗炎剂、镇痛药、免疫抑制剂、血管扩张剂、创伤愈合剂、抗生物被膜剂及其混合物的治疗剂。
7.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述聚合物基质包含至少一种选自以下的聚合物:亲水聚氨酯、亲水聚丙烯酸酯、羧甲基纤维素和丙烯酸的共聚物、N乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚(羟基酸)、聚酐、聚原酸酯、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚烯、聚亚烷基二醇、聚环氧烷、聚对苯二甲酸亚烷基酯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基醚、聚乙烯基酯、聚卤乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚硅氧烷、聚(乙酸乙烯酯)、聚苯乙烯、聚氨酯共聚物、纤维素、衍化纤维素、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(丙烯酸)衍生物、丙烯酸共聚物、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸衍生物、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、聚(丁酸)、聚(戊酸)、聚(交酯-共聚-己内酯)、它们的共聚物和它们的共混物。
8.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述聚合物基质包含亲水聚氨酯。
9.权利要求8的创伤敷料,其中所述聚合物基质包含吸收其干重量的10%至60%的量的水的脂族聚醚聚氨酯.
9.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述聚合物是高吸水性聚合物。
10.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述聚合物基质是包含至少一个聚异氰酸酯链段和至少一个多元醇链段的挠性开孔聚氨酯泡沫。
11.权利要求10的创伤敷料,其中所述至少一个聚异氰酸酯链段由选自甲苯二异氰酸酯、甲基亚苯基二异氰酸酯、改性二异氰酸酯和/或其混合物的聚异氰酸酯形成。
12.权利要求10的创伤敷料,其中所述至少一个多元醇链段由至少一种具有2至18个碳原子的二醇形成。
13.权利要求12的创伤敷料,其中所述至少一种具有2至18个碳原子的二醇选自2-乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,10-癸二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2-甲基-2-丁基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,4-丁二醇、2-乙基-2-丁基-1,3-丙二醇、新戊二醇羟基特戊酸酯、二乙二醇、三乙二醇及其混合物。
14.权利要求10的创伤敷料,其中所述释放NO的大分子存在于所述聚合物泡沫的聚合物基质内并任选交联到其上。
15.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述创伤敷料是厚度为10至5000微米的单层。
16.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述创伤敷料是基本透明的。
17.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中从该水合敷料表面释放的一氧化氮的通量为0.1 pmol NO cm-2至100 pmol NO cm-2。
18.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述敷料中的一氧化氮储存量为100 pmol NO cm-2至1000 pmol NO cm-2。
19.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述敷料中的一氧化氮储存量为1 nmol NO cm-2至10 μmol NO cm-2。
20.治疗创伤的方法,包括将权利要求1的创伤敷料施用到创伤上。
21.权利要求20的方法,进一步包括在施用创伤敷料之前清创该创伤。
22.权利要求20的方法,进一步包括在施用创伤敷料之前、同时或之后对创伤进行负压创伤治疗。
23.权利要求22的方法,由此将负压创伤治疗器具和权利要求1的创伤敷料构造为一个器具。
24.权利要求20的方法,进一步包括在施用创伤敷料之前或与其联合地,用抗生物被膜剂治疗创伤。
25.形成创伤敷料的方法,包括:
将释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和至少一种单体合并;和
使所述至少一种单体聚合形成包含所述释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的聚合物基质。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中通过光固化使所述单体聚合。
27.权利要求25的方法,其中通过包括沉积液体单体、释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和引发剂;和使所述液体单体聚合的方法发生聚合。
28.权利要求25的方法,其中
将释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和至少一种单体合并包括将所述释放NO的大分子分散在形成泡沫的单体的混合物中;
其中使所述至少一种单体聚合以形成聚合物基质包括使所述形成泡沫的单体聚合以形成聚合物,和使所述聚合物发泡形成所述聚合物基质。
29.权利要求25的方法,其中将释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子和至少一种单体合并包括使所述释放NO的大分子上的官能团与至少一种形成泡沫的单体反应;
其中使所述至少一种单体聚合以形成聚合物基质包括使所述形成泡沫的单体聚合以形成聚合物,和使所述聚合物发泡形成所述聚合物基质。
30.权利要求28的方法,其中利用选自二氧化碳、氢卤烯烃和烷烃中的至少一项的发泡剂形成所述聚合物泡沫。
31.权利要求30的方法,其中所述发泡剂包括由氨基甲酸酯生成的二氧化碳,所述氨基甲酸酯由选自2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙醇、(3-[(2-氨基乙基)氨基)]丙醇)、(2-[(3-氨基丙基)氨基]乙醇)、(1-[(2-氨基乙基)氨基]-2-丙醇、(2-[(3-氨基丙基)甲基氨基]乙醇)、1-[(2-氨基-1-甲基乙基)氨基]-2-丙醇、2-[((2-氨基-2-甲基丙基)氨基]-2-甲基-1-丙醇、2-[(4-氨基-3-甲基丁基)氨基]-2-甲基-1-丙醇、17-氨基-3,6,9,12,15-五氮杂十七烷-1-醇和3,7,12,16-四氮杂十八烷-1,18-二醇中的至少一项的烷醇胺形成。
32.创伤敷料药盒,其包含下列中的一个或多个:
在最初施用于患者时经0至7天释放0.5 pmol NO cm-2 s-1至20 pmol NO cm-2 s-1的低浓度一氧化氮的第一创伤敷料;
在最初施用于患者时经0至7天释放20 pmol NO cm-2 s-1至1000 pmol NO cm-2 s-1的中间浓度一氧化氮的第二创伤敷料;和
在最初施用于患者时经0至48小时释放1 nmol NO cm-2 s-1 至1 μmol NO cm-2 s-1的高量一氧化氮的第三创伤敷料,
其中各创伤敷料包含聚合物基质和在所述聚合物基质内和/或上的释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子,且其中各创伤敷料无毒并可稳定储存一氧化氮。
33.权利要求32的创伤敷料药盒,其中所述第二创伤敷料进一步包括抗炎剂。
34.权利要求32的创伤敷料药盒,其中所述第三创伤敷料进一步包括抗微生物剂。
35.权利要求1的创伤敷料,其中所述创伤敷料包含
接触创面床并且不与该创伤相互作用的第一层,和
在第一层上的第二层。
36.权利要求35的创伤敷料,其中所述第一层基本不含释放NO的大分子并包含至少一种治疗剂,且其中所述第二层包含在其内具有释放NO的聚硅氧烷大分子的聚合物基质。
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WO2011022680A3 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
US20180214598A1 (en) | 2018-08-02 |
CA2771389A1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
US20120136323A1 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
CN102695528B (zh) | 2016-07-13 |
EP2467173B8 (en) | 2019-06-19 |
BR112012003804A2 (pt) | 2015-09-01 |
WO2011022680A2 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
EP2467173A2 (en) | 2012-06-27 |
EP2467173B1 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
US11583608B2 (en) | 2023-02-21 |
CA2771389C (en) | 2019-04-09 |
US9919072B2 (en) | 2018-03-20 |
BR112012003804B1 (pt) | 2019-02-19 |
DK2467173T3 (da) | 2019-07-29 |
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