Tomasz LANDMANN

The aim of the article is to determine and evaluate the effects of the activities of the Voivodeship Office for the Protection of Monuments in Wrocław
related to the implementation of tasks in selected areas of protection and
care of monuments in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship in the years 2015-2019.
In the study, research methods such as critical analysis of the scientific literature, analysis of legal acts and – to a large extent – analysis of documents
are applied.
The diversity of the outcomes of the activities of the Voivodeship Office for the
Protection of Monuments in Wrocław in the described area was determined.
Administrative activities concerned the necessity to enter non-movable monuments into the register of monuments at the request of the owner or the
entity in charge of that monument, making new entries in the voivodeship
register of monuments or recommending changes in local spatial development plans to local government units. Issuing of permits for conducting archaeological research dominated the issues related to the regulation of other
legally permitted activities in relation to monuments. The great activity of the
Voivodeship Office for the Protection of Monuments in Wrocław related to
issuing conservation recommendations has been demonstrated.

The aim of this article is to identify and characterize selected sources of national antagonisms of the Second Polish Republic through Ukrainian activities in Eastern Lesser Poland. The considerations are based on archival material and critical analysis of scientific literature.A thesis was put forward that the actions taken to materialize the Ukrainian case and interests in Eastern Lesser Poland were a source of national antagonisms in the Second Polish Republic and one of the factors weakening the security of the Polish state.The presented arguments show that the so-called Ukrainian case in Eastern Lesser Poland was connected to the security of the Second Polish Republic, and the Ukrainian actions in this region, unfavourable towards Poland, weakened Poland’s security. The actions taken by the Ukrainians were a source of national antagonisms in Poland in the interwar period. Nationalism, terrorism, neglect of duties related to military service, anti-Polish propaganda and defamation of Poland in the Ukrainian press and diplomacy in the international arena, threatened Poland’s security in relation to the development of the sociopolitical situation in Eastern Lesser Poland.
W artykule przyjęto cel polegający na zidentyfikowaniu i scharakteryzowaniu wybranych źródeł antagonizmów narodowościowych II RP za sprawą ukraińskich działań w Małopolsce Wschodniej. Rozważania oparto na materiale archiwalnym oraz krytycznej analizie piśmiennictwa naukowego.
Postawiono tezę, że działania podjęte dla urzeczywistnienia sprawy i interesów ukraińskich w Małopolsce Wschodniej były źródłem antagonizmów narodowościowych w II RP oraz jednym z czynników osłabiających bezpieczeństwo państwa polskiego.
Przedstawione argumenty pozwalają stwierdzić, że tzw. sprawa ukraińska w Małopolsce Wschodniej korespondowała z bezpieczeństwem II RP, a nieprzychylne wobec Polski działania ukraińskie w tym regionie osłabiały bezpieczeństwo Polski. Działania Ukraińców były źródłem antagonizmów narodowościowych w Polsce w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. Nacjonalizm, terroryzm, lekceważenie obowiązków związanych ze służbą wojskową, antypolska propaganda i szkalowanie Polski w prasie ukraińskiej i dyplomacji na arenie międzynarodowej, godziły w bezpieczeństwo Polski w związku z rozwojem sytuacji polityczno-społecznej w Małopolsce Wschodniej.
Цель статьи заключается в идентификации и описании некоторых источников наци-ональных антагонизмов Второй Речи Посполитой в связи с украинскими действиями в Восточной Малой Польше. Размышления основаны на архивных материалах, а также критическом анализе научной литературы.Выдвинут тезис о том, что действия, предпринятые для осуществления украинских интересов в Восточной Малой Польше, были источником национальных антагонизмов во Второй Речи Посполитой, а также были одним из факторов, ослабевающих безопас-ность польского государства. Представленные аргументы позволяют утверждать, что так называемое украинское дело в Восточной Малопольше соотносится с безопасностью Второй Речи Посполитой, так как недружественные украинские действия против Польши в этом регионе осла-бевали  безопасность  страны.  Действия  украинцев  были  источником национальных антагонизмов в Польше в межвоенное двадцатилетие. Национализм, терроризм, пре-небрежение обязанностями, связанными с военной службой, антипольская пропаганда и очернение Польши в украинской прессе и дипломатии на международной арене нару-шали безопасность страны в связи с развитием общественно-политической ситуации в Восточной Малой Польше.

In the article, the subject of considerations is the effects of actions of the National Institute of Cultural Heritage in selected areas of monument protection
and care in the years 2015-2019. The undertaken subject corresponds to the
protection of cultural heritage in the context of strengthening the cultural
security of the Republic of Poland.
The purpose of the considerations is to present the results of the activities
of the National Institute of Cultural Heritage in the system of protection and
care of monuments in Poland, in the years 2015-2019, taking into account
selected areas of task implementation by the cultural institution under study.
The analysis is based on statistical data published by the National Institute
of Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as NID) in periodic and annual
reports on the activities of the institution, in additional reports, as well as
on scientific literature on the protection and care of historical monuments.
In the article, it was established that NID has carried out numerous activities
for the protection and care of monuments, and thus the protection of cultural
heritage in the context of strengthening the cultural security of the Republic
of Poland. The main areas of activities of NID concerned maintaining records
and documentation of monuments, monitoring and counteracting threats to
cultural heritage, as well as performance of training and information tasks.
Opinions and expertise issued for public administration bodies and the implementation of programmes for the protection and care of monuments were
important.

The paper aims to present the challenges in the form of practical directions and results
of activities undertaken by diplomats serving at the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro as an institution representing the Second Polish Republic’s interests in the largest country in South America.
The article analyses selected archival materials collected in the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and available literature. The documents used are in Polish. Some documents were translated from Portuguese.
It was shown that the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro contributed to the strengthening of diplomatic relations between Poland and Brazil in the 1920s. The results of the institution’s activities included consolidating the foundations of economic cooperation between the two countries, including the support of the Brazilian Polish com

The article analyzes some selected themes that may have been of interest to the Polish expatriates in Brazil, judging by the content of the Gazeta Polska w Brazylii
[The Polish Newspaper in Brazil] after it resumed publication in July 1893 until the end of the year.
The analysis reveals that the range of topics which the editors thought attractive to their readers was fairly broad. It included, apart from Brazilian and Polish affairs, information about developments in Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary, France and Italy.

The article attempts to present selected problems and conditions of everyday functioning of the population of Polish nationality in some regions of the Soviet Union after the outbreak of World War II, taking into account the historical period from July 30, 1941 to April 25, 1943.
The focus was on the analysis of literature and archival material from the Archives of the Polish Institute and the Museum. General Sikorski in London, in the teams of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Kuibyshev and the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, Archives of the Chancellery 1939-1990.
Based on the presented arguments, it can be stated that the Polish population in selected regions of the USSR struggled with numerous difficulties, repression and the inability to satisfy basic existential needs. Interest in the fate of Poles in the USSR testified to the perception of Polonia's problems and the need to organize a system of help and care.

The subject of the article is cultural security analyzed from the perspective
of the economics of such security, and more broadly cultural economics. The
analysis is based on statistical data published by Eurostat, reports from this
statistical institution, and a critical analysis of scientific literature.
The considerations aim to comparatively analyze trends and phenomena occurring in relation to selected spheres of cultural economics and cultural security in EU countries in 2011-2018.
The article establishes that the selected economic conditions formed after
2011 may have positively impacted the state of cultural security in EU countries. That was primarily determined by the increase in employment in the cultural sector, the promotion of sustainable employment based on gender parity, and the continually increasing number of enterprises offering access to cultural goods and services. The disparities between EU countries in household expenditure on culture were a weakening factor.

The objective of the article is to establish the grounds for trading in cultural property within the territory of the EU single internal market and to investigate the trading dynamics in importing and exporting such property in the years 2008-2015. The analysis is based on the EU legal acts, statistical data published by Eurostat and a critical review of the literature. The thesis has been formulated that trading in cultural property repre-sents an important element of taking care of the protection of cultural security and potential and demonstrates endeavours for the cultural expansion of the respective EU member states, whose share in the structure of import and export of cultural property on the European Union market is far from being even. The share of a given state in the international exchange of cultural property presents an important aspect of creating not only economic, but also cultural security. In the years 2008-2015, a few European states were able to gain dominance in trading in cultural property in the European Union. Potentially, it poses a threat of cultural uniformity and standardisation, being the phenomenon which adversely affects the protection of unique systems of cultural security in Europe.

The article aims to present the legal and factual state of restitution of Polish cultural property and point out selected, interesting doubts, problems, and disputable issues related to applying the current law. The analy¬sis is based on legal regulations, the latest literature, and statistics on the effectiveness of restitution of cultural property in Poland in 2011-2017. The thesis was put forward that a coherent system of restitution of cultural property, before the adoption and against the background of application of the Act on Restitution of National Cultural Assets, has not yet been developed in Poland. The regulation can be treated as an essential way to stimulate change and increase the importance of the restitution of cultural assets. Restitution of Polish cultural property in the years 2011-2017 is a complex process, encountering various problems. The adoption of the Act on the Restitution of National Cultural Assets, despite numerous critical voices, may constitute a critical developmental impulse due to numerous difficulties in the effective enforcement of the restitution idea in Poland recently.

The  aim  of  this  article  is  to  present  the  meaning,  and  content  of  the  reports  fromthe  conference  of  the Heads of Political Departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the context of analyzing topics relevant for  the  foreign  policy  of  the  Second  Polish  Republic  in  1921.  The  analysis  includes  a  query  of  archival materials collectedin the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and scientific literature. A thesis was put forward that the reports from the conference of the Heads of Political Departments of  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  may  constitute  an  important  source  supplement  for  the  study  of  Polish foreign policy in 1921, i.e. the initial period of strengthening independent statehood after World War I. Based on the presented arguments, it has been proven that in the opinion of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Polish foreign policy in 1921 was largely focused on the relations with Germany, and Soviet Rus-sia,  especially  in  the  context  of  recognizing  the  threat  to  the  security  of  the  Second  Polish  Republic  in connection with the actions of both neighbors. Significant importance should also be attached to political demands formulated due to the relations with Czechoslovakia, and the United States, as well as in regard to the policy toward Turkey, the Middle, and Far East.

The aim of the article is to characterize entry in the register of monuments as a statutory form of administrative and legal protection of monuments in Poland and to identify regional disparities (differences) in the practice of implementation of entry in the register of monuments in provinces, as at the end of June 2018. The thesis was put forward that entry in the register of monuments is an important way of protecting cultural assets in Poland after 2003, while the practice of use of the identified administrative and legal form of monument protection may testify to the particularly rich historical stock of some Polish provinces. Entry in the register of monuments is a necessary administrative and legal measure for protection of monuments in a democratic state that takes care of the development of cultural resources. The condition of culture depends largely on protection of monuments. Monuments in Poland are characterized by significant diversity in terms of geographical distribution and costs of their protection.

The objective of the article is to present criminal law provisions and also the actual effects of fighting crime in the area of protection of cultural property in Poland since the beginning of the 21 st century. A thesis has been formulated, according to which the protection of cultural property arising from the criminal law remains the key determinant of forming the cultural security of the Third Polish Republic. The conducted analysis shows that the effective forming of cultural security of the Third Polish Republic depends on ensuring the appropriate protection for the property of special significance for culture. Actions taken in this area of the cultural security fit with the postulate of protecting the cultural heritage. An important aspect of actions un-dertaken by the state is to formulate and apply the criminal law provisions. On the basis of the presented arguments it can be stated that at the beginning of the 21 st century the practice of counteracting and fighting crime against cultural property in the Third Polish Republic depended to a significant extent on the activity of the Police and the Border Guard.

This article attempts to analyze the legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection after 1989, with particular reference to the acquis after 2003. A thesis has been formulated that the period after 1989 was characterized by a clear redefinition of objectives and priorities in the field of cultural heritage protection compared to the period of the People's Republic of Poland. To prove the thesis, the author referred to legal acts and jurisprudence, as well as to literature based on studies and articles from scientific journals on the legal protection of monuments. The research methods used were the legal acts analysis method and the literature analysis method. The presented content shows that the issue of legal protection of cultural heritage in Poland after 1989 was treated as one of the most important aspects of the long-term cultural policy of the state, although the work on the new law lasted for a relatively long time, 14 years after the political and structural transformation. The 2003 Act regulated a number of important issues regarding the protection of monuments and the care for monuments, redefining, and in many aspects setting, new directions in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland. At the same time the legislator rejected the possibility of continuing the direction in this sphere, which had been chosen in the period between 1944 and 1989.

Słowa kluczowe: czcionka Calibri kursywa 11 pkt. Summary: The article attempts to analyze the meaning of legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection in the years 1944-1989. It has been argued that these years were markedly different in terms of law in the sphere of cultural heritage protection than the period between 1918 and 1939 analyzed by the author in another article. The author decided to refer to legal acts and literature in the form of elaborations and magazines in the field of monuments protection. The specificity of the chosen subject and problem required the choice of a scientific method in the form of legal acts analysis, supported by literature review. The presented information shows that the period between 1944 and 1989 was characterized by a different approach of the Polish authorities towards the issue of cultural heritage protection in comparison to the years 1918-1939. The mentioned protection had an instrumental character and was one of the political-ideological tools influencing the society. Furthermore, the growth of legal protection of cultural assets in the age of the PRL took place in the conditions of centralized administration that adopted the idea of social distribution of many such assets, which led to devastation of numerous immovable monuments and sometimes also the antique furnishings. All the introduced legal regulations required a thorough change and redefinition of the legal status after the political-structural transformation of 1989.

The article attempts to analyse the significance of the legal output in the area of protection of cultural property enacted in the period of development of the Second Polish Republic. The paper advances the thesis that the years 1918-1939 were characterised by the crucial legislative output regarding the protection of cultural property, which guaranteed the possibility of protecting the tangible cultural heritage of the Polish nation in the difficult period of restoring the foundations of its statehood. The defence of the above thesis relies on both the literature and source materials, including mainly the materials stored in the Central Archives of Modern Records (Archiwum Akt Nowych) in Warsaw and archival materials published in Wojskowe Teki Archiwalne. Taking account of the specific nature of the selected topic, the key material comprised legal acts concerning the protection of historic monuments in the period of the Second Polish Republic and the adopted research method was the analysis of such materials. On the basis of the presented information it can be stated that the Second Polish Republic was a period of particular significance for the development of the Polish legal system in the area of protection of cultural assets. In the years 1918-1939, the legal protection of cultural property represented the way of enhancing the cultural security, consisting in the systematic development of legal norms. The development of the cultural property protection law was based on a number of legal acts passed both in the 1920s and in the 1930s. In the Second Polish Republic the cultural property protection law made it possible to combine the social function of safeguarding historic monuments with the public function in the protection of historic monuments, which had a favourable impact on the protection of the national heritage.

research material as well. The analysis and evaluation of theses source documents had an additional input in the matter of research on how the national minorities had affected the internal security of the Second Republic of Poland. The content provided suggests that the influence of many actions of the Ukrainian and German minorities actually destabilized the inner situation in the Second Republic. The nature of activities of the both minority groups, however, was fundamentally different. The Ukrainian minority often referred to the paramilitary operations and assistance of military organizations for spreading terror and political forcing of their demands. Whereas, the German minority benefited from measures of political propaganda and agitation inspired from Germany. Its political parties and various associations often smuggled anti-Polish contents, in the spirit of the German policy of revisionism.

The paper represents an attempt to analyse the reasons and consequences of the radical refocusing of the Polish state's system in the interwar period. The thesis was advanced that in the interwar period in Poland two fundamentally different models of polity and governance of the state were created, which had a material bearing on the state's general domestic situation, including also the security and stability of the polity. The presented arguments suggest that in the years 1918-1939 the model of the Polish polity evolved from the strengthening of the executive authority, during the initial formation of the independent state entity, through the representative parliamentary democracy, and up to the presidential polity, in which the president clearly dominated over the legislative and judicial authorities. Such momentous changes introduced over a relatively short period of time could be the evidence of destabilisation of the political scene and could also indicate that the bases of the democratic polity of the state were not firmly established in the interwar period.

Белорусский вопрос на начальном этапе формирования государственности II Речи Посполитой — политическая и социально-культурная проблема, или неиспользованный шанс народной консолидации?В статье даётся характеристика белорусского вопроса при власти Речи Посполитой на начальном этапе формирования основ государственности, то есть с 1919 до начала 1922 года, а также выводы по основному тезису работы. Анализ опирается на архивные материалы из архива института Юзефа Пилсудского в Америке и имеющуюся научную литературу.Выдвинут тезис о больших трудностях оценки властей II Речи Посполитой в связи с проблемами народной консолидации в восточной и северо-восточной Польше. Автор разделяет мнение о разнице источников и условности проблем, связанных с жизнью белорусского населения, влияющей и на безопасность II Речи Посполитой.Можно утверждать, что власти II Речи Посполитой были в курсе масштаба проблем, связанных с функционированием белорусского меньшинства. Были предприняты усилия для осуществле...

The objective of the article is to establish the grounds for trading in cultural property within the territory of the EU single internal market and to investigate the trading dynamics in importing and exporting such property in the years 2008-2015. The analysis is based on the EU legal acts, statistical data published by Eurostat and a critical review of the literature. The thesis has been formulated that trading in cultural property repre-sents an important element of taking care of the protection of cultural security and potential and demonstrates endeavours for the cultural expansion of the respective EU member states, whose share in the structure of import and export of cultural property on the European Union market is far from being even. The share of a given state in the international exchange of cultural property presents an important aspect of creating not only economic, but also cultural security. In the years 2008-2015, a few European states were able to gain dominance in ...

This article attempts to look at practical examples approximation of political, economic and military Germany and Soviet Russia, then the Soviet Union in 1921–1930. It is adopted the thesis according to which the German-Soviet political, economic and military rapprochement during the years 1921–1930 significantly endangers the safety of the Second Republic of Poland.To prove this thesis it was decided to rely on both the literature and source materials, including first of all materials in the Central Military Archives in Warsaw-Rembertów. The key is turned out to be the materials collected in teams of Division II of the Supreme Command of the Polish Army and the Russian Collection Act. The collected archival documents pinpoint various areas of cooperation with the Germans and the Soviets during the given period, as well as determine to what extent the Polish military intelligence assessed the feasibility and effects of the approximation to a direct threat to the security of the Poli...

This article points out to some aspects of knowledge management in the educational process of a higher education school and its surroundings. Without proper human capital of lecturers (academic staff), students and the structural capital of the school, the expansiveness, movement and conversion of knowledge would not be possible.In a knowledge society, the role of academic education is widely perceived, and its tasks and missions continue to intensify, attempting to keep up with the increasingly globalized contemporary world – in different areas and fields, in which a human being operates, having an influence on its continuous progress, namely evolution.Academic education is the driving force of economic and social life. Academic thought, scientific potential and scientific research conducted at higher education schools, co-operation between academics and students in this field with public administration and scientists (the university environment), on whom the future of the nation d...

The aim of this article is to identify and characterize selected sources of national antagonisms of the Second Polish Republic through Ukrainian activities in Eastern Lesser Poland. The considerations are based on archival material and critical analysis of scientific literature. A thesis was put forward that the actions taken to materialize the Ukrainian case and interests in Eastern Lesser Poland were a source of national antagonisms in the Second Polish Republic and one of the factors weakening the security of the Polish state. The presented arguments show that the so-called Ukrainian case in Eastern Lesser Poland was connected to the security of the Second Polish Republic, and the Ukrainian actions in this region, unfavourable towards Poland, weakened Poland’s security. The actions taken by the Ukrainians were a source of national antagonisms in Poland in the interwar period. Nationalism, terrorism, neglect of duties related to military service, anti-Polish propaganda and defamat...

Przedmiotem artykułu jest funkcjonowanie International Humanitarian City (IHC) jako globalnego centrum logistycznego w zarządzaniu łańcuchem dostaw akcji humanitarnych (HSCM) w wybranych latach. Uzasadnieniem podjętego zagadnienia jest jego znaczenie w kontekście odpowiadania na potrzeby humanitarne ludności głównie Azji i Afryki. Świadczenie międzynarodowej pomocy humanitarnej wymaga zapewnienia rozwiązań logistycznych warunkujących rozwój HSCM. W artykule przyjęto cel badawczy w postaci określenia roli International Humanitarian City (IHC), globalnego centrum logistycznego w międzynarodowym łańcuchu dostaw pomocy humanitarnej w latach 2018-2021. W artykule postawiono hipotezę, że zdrowie, logistyka i schronienie były kluczowymi sektorami w podejściu klasterowym reprezentowanym w działaniach humanitarnych IHC w latach 2018-2021. Znaczenie IHC, międzynarodowego centrum logistycznego wzrosło ze względu na duże potrzeby humanitarne ludności dotkniętej kryzysami w latach 2018-2021. Osi...

The paper aims to present the challenges in the form of practical directions and results of activities undertaken by diplomats serving at the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro as an institution representing the Second Polish Republic’s interests in the largest country in South America. The article analyses selected archival materials collected in the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and available literature. The documents used are in Polish. Some documents were translated from Portuguese. It was shown that the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro contributed to the strengthening of diplomatic relations between Poland and Brazil in the 1920s. The results of the institution’s activities included consolidating the foundations of economic cooperation between the two countries, including the support of the Brazilian Polish community. Moreover, activities in the field of press inspiration in the host country were carried out.

W artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia wybranych aspektów oraz dziedzin zainteresowania, czy też aktywności, polskiego attaché morskiego przy Poselstwie RP w Sztokholmie w latach 1939–1940. Świadczą one w pewnej mierze o przedmiotach zainteresowania polskiego rządu emigracyjnego w początkowym okresie po wybuchu II wojny światowej. Przedstawiając argumenty w obrębie poruszonej problematyki, autor skupił się na analizie literatury naukowej oraz materiałów archiwalnych z Archiwum Instytutu Polskiego i Muzeum im. gen. Sikorskiego w Londynie. Wzmiankowano także na temat zagadnień zawartych w materiałach archiwalnych z Archiwum Instytutu Józefa Piłsudskiego w Ameryce, a także Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie. Na podstawie przedstawionych argumentów można stwierdzić, że funkcjonowanie polskiego attaché morskiego w Sztokholmie stanowiło przejaw aktywności rządu RP na uchodźstwie w rozpoznaniu sytuacji wewnętrznej oraz otoczenia międzynarodowego neutralnej Szwecji. Istotne znaczenie miało ta...

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczenia i treści zawartych w protokołach z konferencji naczelników Wydziałów Politycznych MSZ w kontekście analizy tematów istotnych dla polityki zagranicznej II RP w 1921 roku. W analizie uwzględniono kwerendę materiałów archiwalnych zgromadzonych w Archiwum Instytutu Józefa Piłsudskiego w Ameryce oraz dostępną literaturę naukową. Postawiono tezę, że protokoły z konferencji naczelników Wydziałów Politycznych MSZ mogą stanowić ważne uzupełnienie źródłoznawcze dla badania polskiej polityki zagranicznej w 1921 roku, czyli w początkowym okresie umacniania niepodległej państwowości po I wojnie światowej. W następstwie przedstawionych argumentów dowiedziono, że w ocenie MSZ polska polityka za-graniczna była w 1921 roku ukierunkowana w dużej mierze na relacje z Niemcami oraz Rosją sowiecką, zwłaszcza w kontekście rozpoznania zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa II RP w związku z działaniami obu sąsiadów. Istotne znaczenie należy przypisać również postulatom polit...

The subject of the article is cultural security analyzed from the perspective of the economics of such security, and more broadly cultural economics. The analysis is based on statistical data published by Eurostat, reports from this statistical institution, and a critical analysis of scientific literature. The considerations aim to comparatively analyze trends and phenomena occurring in relation to selected spheres of cultural economics and cultural security in EU countries in 2011-2018. The article establishes that the selected economic conditions formed after 2011 may have positively impacted the state of cultural security in EU countries. That was primarily determined by the increase in employment in the cultural sector, the promotion of sustainable employment based on gender parity, and the continually increasing number of enterprises offering access to cultural goods and services. The disparities between EU countries in household expenditure on culture were a weakening factor.

The aim of the article is to characterize entry in the register of monuments as a statutory form of administrative and legal protection of monuments in Poland and to identify regional disparities (differences) in the practice of implementation of entry in the register of monuments in provinces, as at the end of June 2018. The thesis was put forward that entry in the register of monuments is an important way of protecting cultural assets in Poland after 2003, while the practice of use of the identified administrative and legal form of monument protection may testify to the particularly rich historical stock of some Polish provinces. Entry in the register of monuments is a necessary administrative and legal measure for protection of monuments in a democratic state that takes care of the development of cultural resources. The condition of culture depends largely on protection of monuments. Monuments in Poland are characterized by significant diversity in terms of geographical distribut...

The article attempts to analyze the meaning of legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection in the years 1944-1989. It has been argued that these years were markedly different in terms of law in the sphere of cultural heritage protection than the period between 1918 and 1939 analyzed by the author in another article. The author decided to refer to legal acts and literature in the form of elaborations and magazines in the field of monuments protection. The specificity of the chosen subject and problem required the choice of a scientific method in the form of legal acts analysis, supported by literature review. The presented information shows that the period between 1944 and 1989 was characterized by a different approach of the Polish authorities towards the issue of cultural heritage protection in comparison to the years 1918-1939. The mentioned protection had an instrumental character and was one of the political-ideological tools influencing the society....

The article aims to present the legal and factual state of restitution of Polish cultural property and point out selected, interesting doubts, problems, and disputable issues related to applying the current law. The analy¬sis is based on legal regulations, the latest literature, and statistics on the effectiveness of restitution of cultural property in Poland in 2011-2017. The thesis was put forward that a coherent system of restitution of cultural property, before the adoption and against the background of application of the Act on Restitution of National Cultural Assets, has not yet been developed in Poland. The regulation can be treated as an essential way to stimulate change and increase the importance of the restitution of cultural assets. Restitution of Polish cultural property in the years 2011-2017 is a complex process, encountering various problems. The adoption of the Act on the Restitution of National Cultural Assets, despite numerous critical voices, may constitute a cri...

The article attempts to analyse the practical examples of closer political, economic and military relations between Germany and Soviet Russia, and then the Soviet Union, in the years 1921-1926. The paper lays out the thesis that the closer German-Soviet political, economic and military relations, in the years 1921-1926, posed a significant threat to the security of the Second Polish Republic. To justify the above thesis both the literature and source materials were examined, including first of all the materials held in the Central Military Archives (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe) in Warszawa-Rembertów. The materials gathered in the groups of records of the Second Department of the Polish Army High Command and the Collections of Russian records were found out to be of key importance. The collected archival materials made it possible to identify different planes of cooperation between the Germans and the Soviets in the discussed period and to establish to what extent the Polish military...

Prometheism as a defensive element of security policy of second Polish Republic in 1926–1932 The article presents examples of the implementation of the Promethean action on selected directions of cooperation with nations dependent on the Soviet Union in connection with the activity of the authorities of the Second Republic of Poland in the years 1926–1932. The involvement of military authorities in this process was primarily taken into consideration. Prometheism was considered as one of the organised concepts of implementing not only political but also information and intelligence activities. The author defines the place and importance of Prometheism in the activities of Polish military intelligence in the years 1926–1932. He also distinguishes examples of cooperation with the Promethean nations aiming at strengthening the security of the Second Republic. The archival materials collected in the Central Military Archive in Warsaw-Rembertów and the Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw...

The objective of the article is to present criminal law provisions and also the actual effects of fighting crime in the area of protection of cultural property in Poland since the beginning of the 21st century. A thesis has been formulated, according to which the protection of cultural property arising from the criminal law remains the key determinant of forming the cultural security of the Third Polish Republic. The conducted analysis shows that the effective forming of cultural security of the Third Polish Republic depends on ensuring the appropriate protection for the property of special significance for culture. Actions taken in this area of the cultural security fit with the postulate of protecting the cultural heritage. An important aspect of actions undertaken by the state is to formulate and apply the criminal law provisions. On the basis of the presented arguments it can be stated that at the beginning of the 21st century the practice of counteracting and fighting crime aga...

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najistotniejszych przesłanek świadczących o rozpoznaniu przez Polskę zagrożenia litewskiego dla II RP w procesie kreowania bezpieczeństwa odrodzonej Polski. Analizę oparto na materiale archiwalnym z Archiwum Instytutu Józefa Piłsudskiego w Ameryce oraz dostępnym piśmiennictwie. Przyjęto tezę, że w latach 1919‑1922 istniały liczne przesłanki świadczące o sporze polsko‑litewskim, a polski wywiad wojskowy dysponował dobrym rozpoznaniem przejawów zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa II RP ze strony Litwy. Zaprezentowane argumenty pozwalają stwierdzić, iż antypolskie działania ze strony Litwy Kowieńskiej dotyczyły zróżnicowanych przejawów oddziaływania na bezpieczeństwo II RP i Polaków mieszkających na obszarze Litwy. Spór między państwami miał charakter militarny, dotycząc rywalizacji terytorialnej, ale dotyczył także konfliktu polityczno‑dyplomatycznego. Litwini posługiwali się licznymi aktami dywersji, a także sabotowania działań polskich władz, zarówno na obsz...

The purpose of the article was to present the role and selected areas of activity of the
French Military Missions in Poland in the years 1919–1921, overlapping with the duration of the Polish-Bolshevik War. The analysis was based on archival material collected in the archives of the Joseph Pilsudski Institute in America.
A thesis on the vital activity of the French Military Missions in Poland was prepared during preparations for the development of the Polish military potential, as well as during monitoring the course and results of the Polish-Bolshevik war.
The arguments put forward indicate that the French Military Mission in Poland played
a supporting role in the development of the military capabilities of the Polish Army. Officers assigned to this mission played various roles, with a dominant share of technical support and instructor-training advice provided to the Polish army. In addition, the French were pursuing their own goals for identifying the situation at the front of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919–1921.