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Vanina Fernandez
  • Grupo de Genética y Ecología en Conservación y Biodiversidad (GECoBi)
    Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN-CONICET)
    Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina.
    http://proyectopantanoarg.blogspot.com.ar
  • 54-11-49826595 (223/225)
Of the 385 mammal species of Argentina, 81 of them are in some category of threat. The main factors of threat: the loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitat, hunting, conflict with productive activities, illegal trafficking of... more
Of the 385 mammal species of Argentina, 81 of them are in some category of threat. The main factors of threat: the loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitat, hunting, conflict with productive activities, illegal trafficking of wildlife and disease.
Decisions about when and where to travel are likely to have a strong influence on the feeding, ecology, and foraging strategies of individual primates living in a cohesive social group. Specifically, given differences in age, sex,... more
Decisions about when and where to travel are likely to have a strong influence on the feeding, ecology, and foraging strategies of individual primates living in a cohesive social group. Specifically, given differences in age, sex, reproductive status, or social dominance, particular group members may benefit from remaining at their present location while others may benefit from traveling to another area of their range to feed or rest. In this study, we present data on movement coordination in two groups of wild black and gold howler monkeys inhabiting Isla Brasilera (27º 20′S and 58º 40′W) in northern Argentina. We examine how factors such as sex, age, reproductive status, and dominance affect patterns of group movement coordination at feeding or resting sites, and in the context of intergroup encounters. Two groups were followed five days a month from sunrise to sunset during June to November 2004. Using focal and scan sampling techniques, we recorded 262 group displacements, the identity of the individual initiating and leading displacement, and the identity of the first individual to arrive at feeding, resting, or intergroup encounter sites. We found that overall age was the only factor that influenced group coordination: adults led more often (94.5 %) than immature individuals (5.5 %) in both groups. We did not find differences among adults. However, we found that males lead more often than females at intergroup encounters, consistent with the male-mate defense hypothesis. The distributed leadership pattern among adults observed in this study may suggest that adult individuals make equally shared consensus decisions. This pattern should be further examined using this individual-level approach in other populations of black and gold howlers, other species of howlers, and in other atelines in which within-group social tolerance is the rule rather than the exception.
Ecological and social factors have a significant effect on infant survivorship in nonhuman primates. We present 6293 group-months of infant birth and mortality data for 29 groups of Alouatta caraya inhabiting a flooded forest in... more
Ecological and social factors have a significant effect on infant survivorship in nonhuman primates. We present 6293 group-months of infant birth and mortality data for 29 groups of Alouatta caraya inhabiting a flooded forest in northeastern Argentina, collected over 1.5–8 yr depending on the group. We tested whether infant mortality was a response to the effects of flooding on food availability and whether male takeovers resulted in greater opportunities for infanticide. During our study, 43 of 113 infants died at a mean age of 5 mo. In 24 cases the cause of death was unknown. In the remaining 19 cases infant deaths were attributed to periods of intense flooding (N = 8), replacement of the breeding male (N = 8), problems associated with birth (N = 2), and injuries during an intergroup encounter (N = 1). Flooding reduced the availability of mature leaves, which appeared to play an important role in the ability of mothers to nurse their offspring. Male replacements occurred in four social groups that contained only one fully adult male. Infant mortality was significantly higher in groups that experienced male replacement compared to groups without male replacement. These results indicate that infant mortality in Alouatta caraya is affected by several factors—natural disasters, maternal condition and food availability, infanticide after male replacement, and possibly disease and predation—each of which needs to be evaluated to understand the history and demography of this primate population
Since the first long-term field study of mantled howler monkeys carried out by Clarence R. Carpenter on Barro Colorado Island about 80 years ago, howler movement patterns and range use have been studied in several species and study sites... more
Since the first long-term field study of mantled howler monkeys carried out by Clarence R. Carpenter on Barro Colorado Island about 80 years ago, howler movement patterns and range use have been studied in several species and study sites throughout Mexico, Central, and South America. Howler monkeys often use small home ranges (<30 ha) and travel short distances each day (<1,000 m) compared with other atelines. Home range size, day range length, and patterns of use of space may vary both within- and between-species in response to differences in forest structure, patterns of resource distribution and phenology, the area of habitat available, group size, and population density. Within-species variability has been shown to increase with increasing sample size. In addition, howlers present a pattern of repetitive use of a limited number of routes to travel between feeding and sleeping sites that has been related to a strategy aimed at reducing the distance travelled while allowing them to keep track of the phenology of important food sources. In this chapter we present the results of a comprehensive review of the literature on the ranging behavior of Alouatta (spp.). We used Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to test whether home range is affected by (1a) fragment size, (1b) population density, (1c) group size, and (1d) group biomass, and whether day range is affected by (2a) fragment size, (2b) population density, (2c) group size, and the contribution of (2d) fruits and (2e) leaves to the diet. We also included species and method of estimating home range as factors in the models. We found that the size of the home range is negatively influenced by population density, and that there are differences between species (A. palliata uses significantly larger home ranges), and estimating methods. We also found that the length of the day range is negatively affected by population density, and the contribution of fruits and leaves to the diet, but positively affected by group size. Interspecific comparisons showed that A. guariba clamitans tends to travel farther daily than A. palliata. Cognitively, recent evidence supports the idea that howler monkeys are capable of encoding, processing, updating, and recalling a topological spatial representation of a set of landmarks (including major feeding and resting sites) as prominent beacons for navigating along commonly used routes within their home ranges.
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La geometría nutricional visualiza las relaciones nutricionales de un animal con su ambiente representándolas en un espacio n-dimensional en el que la alimentación es un proceso donde se equilibran la ingesta y el uso de múltiples... more
La geometría nutricional visualiza las relaciones nutricionales de un animal con su ambiente representándolas en un espacio n-dimensional en el que la alimentación es un proceso donde se equilibran la ingesta y el uso de múltiples nutrientes. En condiciones controladas, se pueden obtener medidas exactas de cuánta biomasa ingiere y/o excreta un individuo para estimar los valores nutricionales ingeridos. Esto es difícil en condiciones silvestres, para lo cual se desarrolló recientemente el triángulo rectángulo de mezclas (TRM), método geométrico que permite analizar datos multi-dimensionales de composiciones proporcionales de nutrientes en dietas, alimentos y fecas. Nos propusimos comparar la dieta en términos nutricionales, de infantes de entre 5 y 11 meses de edad de Alouatta caraya, periodo en el que comienza la transición de la dieta lactante a sólida, en bosques semideciduous de NE de Corrientes (27º 30' S-58º 41' O) aplicando TRM. Observamos el comportamiento de 15 infantes durante 1 día completo por mes mediante la técnica de animal focal, entre septiembre 2008 y noviembre 2010 (776 horas). Obtuvimos los valores nutricionales de las fenofases y las especies consumidas para representar gráficamente la composición proporcional nutricional de la dieta en el TRM. Nuestros resultados indican que: 1) Entre las edades consideradas no hay diferencias en la composición proporcional de la dieta sino que las diferencias encontradas serían estacionales, 2) hay una gran variación mensual en la proporción de la relación proteína/carbohidratos en la dieta y 3) existe poca variación en la composición proporcional de lípidos de la dieta (aprox. 10%). Esto coincide con otros resultados encontrados en adultos de la misma población sugiriendo que los infantes, durante el proceso de destete, adquieren relativamente rápido el patrón de alimentación de los individuos adultos de su especie.
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La competencia por alimento y el riesgo de depredación son costos potenciales afrontados por los individuos que viven en grupos sociales. Diversos trabajos sugieren que, cuando las fuentes de alimento se encuentran distribuidas en parches... more
La competencia por alimento y el riesgo de depredación son costos potenciales afrontados por los individuos que viven en grupos sociales. Diversos trabajos sugieren que, cuando las fuentes de alimento se encuentran distribuidas en parches monopolizables, los costos y beneficios de usar un determinado parche varían con el tamaño de grupo y el riesgo de depredación. Por lo tanto, para un determinado recurso existiría un tamaño de grupo óptimo que maximiza la eficiencia de alimentación y minimiza el riesgo de depredación. Para esto, se debe asumir 1. los parches son agotables, y 2. la tasa de agotamiento está relacionada con el tamaño del grupo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar durante 12 meses si se producía agotamiento de parches de alimento en dos grupos de Alouatta caraya en la Isla Brasilera, Chaco, Argentina. Consideramos que no ocurrió agotamiento si el mismo parche de alimento era visitado durante más de una sesión de alimentación en el mismo día. Nuestros resultados indican que el porcentaje de días en los que el mismo árbol fue utilizado en diferentes sesiones de alimentación dentro del mismo día fue entre 36% y 65% (N=60) dependiendo de la especie del árbol (considerando las 6 especies más representativas de la dieta). Los patrones de uso y re-uso de árboles durante un mismo día sugieren que estos aulladores comúnmente abandonan un parche antes de que se agote, posiblemente por otras causas tales como saciedad, balance de nutrientes y/o factores sociales.
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