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Brooke Rogers
  • King's College London
    Department of War Studies
    Strand
    London WC2R 2LS
    UK

Brooke Rogers

  • Dr. Brooke Rogers is a Reader in Risk and Terror in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London where she ... moreedit
Effective risk communication is an integral part of responding to terrorism, but public guidance about marauding terrorist firearms attacks is inconsistent. Following terrorist attacks involving mass shootings in Paris, France in November... more
Effective risk communication is an integral part of responding to terrorism, but public guidance about marauding terrorist firearms attacks is inconsistent. Following terrorist attacks involving mass shootings in Paris, France in November 2015, the UK police released a ‘Stay Safe’ film and leaflet that advises the public to ‘Run, Hide, Tell’ in the event of a firearms or weapons attack. However, in 2018 the Norwegian security authorities released different guidance, advising the public to ‘Run’, ‘Hide’, and if no other choice ‘Fight’. While it is possible that following guidance to ‘fight’ may have saved lives during the 2019 Baerum mosque attack, this advice may also encourage risky behaviours. Conversely, current UK guidance has been shown to encourage protective behaviours but may also discourage people from taking action that could minimise the overall number of casualties. The purpose of the research presented here was to assess the degree to which the different guidance encour...
The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York City on September 11, 2001 (9/11) signalled a step-change in the world of terrorist research, resulting in attempts to develop comprehensive, flexible psychological, sociological... more
The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York City on September 11, 2001 (9/11) signalled a step-change in the world of terrorist research, resulting in attempts to develop comprehensive, flexible psychological, sociological and political theories capable of explaining terrorist behaviour in a number of different cultures and settings. Despite this apparent 'step change', terrorism was still primarily understood by the Western world in terms of a threat originating outside Western borders (Danieli et al. 2005; Taylor and ...
In recent years, a series of large-scale, high-profile natural disasters and terrorist attacks have demonstrated the need for thorough and effective disaster preparedness. While these extreme events affect communities and societies as a... more
In recent years, a series of large-scale, high-profile natural disasters and terrorist attacks have demonstrated the need for thorough and effective disaster preparedness. While these extreme events affect communities and societies as a whole, they also carry specific risks for particular population groups. Crises such as Hurricane Katrina and the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster in Japan have illustrated the risk of significant and disproportionate morbidity and mortality among older adults during disasters. Age does not necessarily equate to vulnerability, but many physical and psychological consequences of the aging process can increase the risk of adverse outcomes. As the older population grows, so too does the need to ensure that adequate, practical, and appropriate measures exist to offset the specific risks from extreme events associated with this subpopulation. Effective risk and crisis communication plays a key role in mitigating the extent to which older adults are dif...
Research Interests:
""The majority of studies conclude that socio-economic factors are poor indicators of terrorism. Yet factors such as poverty and education continue to be portrayed as fundamental drivers of terrorist violence in political... more
""The majority of studies conclude that socio-economic factors are poor indicators of terrorism. Yet factors such as poverty and education continue to be portrayed as fundamental drivers of terrorist violence in political rhetoric and practice targeted at preventing terrorism. As we sit in the middle of an ongoing economic crisis, socio-economic issues have been forced into the limelight. At first glance, the global financial crisis has certainly brought about distinctive conditions. These include: i) A widespread lack of economic growth, ii) youth unemployment rates of over 50% in countries like Spain and Greece increasing levels of anti-austerity unrest across Europe, and iii) rumours of contingency plans to restrict immigration in countries in the event of a financial collapse. Does the current socio-economic landscape create the perfect storm for domestic, home-grown terrorist group recruitment?""
This paper discusses the management of public responses to incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials (CBRN). Given the extraordinary technical and operational challenges of a response to a CBRN release... more
This paper discusses the management of public responses to incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials (CBRN). Given the extraordinary technical and operational challenges of a response to a CBRN release including, but not limited to, hazard detection and identification, casualty decontamination and multi-agency co-ordination, it is not surprising that public psychological and behavioural responses to such incidents have received limited attention by scholars and practitioners alike. As a result, a lack of understanding about the role of the public in effective emergency response constitutes a major gap in research and practice. This limitation must be addressed as a CBRN release has the potential to have wide-reaching psychological and behavioural impacts which, in turn, impact upon public morbidity and mortality rates. This paper addresses a number of key issues: why public responses matter; how responses have been conceptualised by practitioners; ...
Who is it for? This booklet is for organisations and individuals responsible for communicating or engaging with members of the public during contamination incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) hazards.... more
Who is it for? This booklet is for organisations and individuals responsible for communicating or engaging with members of the public during contamination incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) hazards. This information would be useful for emergency responders (and non-specialised staff) from all emergency services (police, fire and ambulance), public health authorities, hospital staff, non-state organisations involved in emergency response (e.g. Red Cross, conference centre security staff), and others. For what purpose? This information booklet helps emergency responders to effectively engage with members of the public about CBRN incidents, in particular through appropriate communication. The response of members of the public to incidents involving CBRN hazards has a significant impact on the overall effectiveness of the professional response to such events. Public engagement before, during and after a CBRN incident can increase levels of public pr...
It is a common assumption that, in the event of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) attack, a well-prepared and informed public is more likely to follow official recommendations regarding the appropriate safety... more
It is a common assumption that, in the event of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) attack, a well-prepared and informed public is more likely to follow official recommendations regarding the appropriate safety measures to take. We present findings from a UK study investigating the ability of crisis communication to influence perceptions of risk and behavioral intentions in the general public in response to CBRN terrorism. We conducted a focus group study involving a scenario presented in mock news broadcasts ...
Who is it for? This booklet is for organisations and individuals responsible for communicating or engaging with members of the public during contamination incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) hazards.... more
Who is it for? This booklet is for organisations and individuals responsible for communicating or engaging with members of the public during contamination incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) hazards. This information would be useful for emergency responders (and non-specialised staff) from all emergency services (police, fire and ambulance), public health authorities, hospital staff, non-state organisations involved in emergency response (e.g. Red Cross, conference centre security staff), and others. For what purpose? This information booklet helps emergency responders to effectively engage with members of the public about CBRN incidents, in particular through appropriate communication. The response of members of the public to incidents involving CBRN hazards has a significant impact on the overall effectiveness of the professional response to such events. Public engagement before, during and after a CBRN incident can increase levels of public pr...
Summary: Part of the Parenting in Practice series. Relatively little is known about parenting practices across different ethnic groups. This report presents the findings arising from an empirical study into the views and experiences of a... more
Summary: Part of the Parenting in Practice series. Relatively little is known about parenting practices across different ethnic groups. This report presents the findings arising from an empirical study into the views and experiences of a group of 'ordinary' parents in diverse ethnic communities in England, the predominant ethnic groupings including Asian, African, African-Caribbean and White. The study uses some key theoretical concepts, including acculturation, racial, ethnic and cultural identification, collectivism and racial and ethnic socialisation/dual socialisation. Summary available to download free from JRF website See http://www.parentinguk.org/resources/parenting-in-multi-racial-britain/
ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of London (Royal Holloway University), 2003.

And 24 more

This chapter will argue that risk communication, risk perception, and behavior must be recognized as foundations of effective national security, and that policies and practices that do not incorporate the concepts underpinning effective... more
This chapter will argue that risk communication, risk perception, and behavior must be recognized as foundations of effective national security, and that policies and practices that do not incorporate the concepts underpinning effective risk communication are bound to fail. In doing so, this chapter will provide a detailed explanation of the primary drivers and, thus,
the primary targets, of all risk communication: risk perception and behavior. It will explain how risk perceptions influence the psychological and behavioral responses that play a key role in determining health, social, and economic impacts of extreme events. It will then unpack the relationship between risk communication, risk perception, and behavior. This will entail an
exploration of the underlying issues informing expert and public variations in perceived risk, the identification of likely behavioral reactions to extreme events, and an illustration of the ways in
which effective risk communication can mitigate negative impacts by reducing unnecessary care-seeking and increasing compliance with official guidance. Finally, this chapter will suggest steps that can be taken to better enable practitioners
and policy makers to develop risk communication messages and emergency response programs capable of informing public perceptions of risk and positive health behaviors.
In this chapter, we examine how public resilience against terrorist attacks using CBRN agents can be promoted. The case of CBRN is particularly interesting for the study of public resilience because the uncertain and dreaded nature of the... more
In this chapter, we examine how public resilience against terrorist attacks using CBRN agents can be promoted. The case of CBRN is particularly interesting for the study of public resilience because the uncertain and dreaded nature of the hazard and its consequences suggests the potential for a particularly strong impact on the mental and physical health of individuals, as well as
on their behavior. We argue that in order to mitigate the adverse impacts on health and ensure behavior that facilitates response and recovery to emergencies, policy makers, law enforcement, and emergency management authorities need to devise effective crisis and risk communication strategies. The communication strategies need to take into account a set of four factors that require the integration of insights from social psychology and other social sciences, as well as a thorough engagement with members of the public. These factors include the following:
1. Public perception of risk
2. Public perception of authorities
3. Public perception of response and self-efficacy
4. Quality and timing of risk communication

This chapter briefly discusses how counterterrorism policies and debate have traditionally been dominated by prevention and security logics and demonstrates that public resilience has recently attracted increased attention by policy makers and
academics. It then explores the role of the public and the authorities’ engagement with the public in promoting resilience against CBRN terrorism. This chapter also uses the case of CBRN terrorism to identify four factors that affect the public resilience
against terrorist attacks, and concludes by reflecting on the institutional/policy implications of the four factors, as well as advocating for a comparative research agenda.
"The majority of studies conclude that socio-economic factors are poor indicators of terrorism. Yet factors such as poverty and education continue to be portrayed as fundamental drivers of terrorist violence in political rhetoric and... more
"The majority of studies conclude that socio-economic factors are poor indicators of terrorism. Yet factors such as poverty and education continue to be portrayed as fundamental drivers of terrorist violence in political rhetoric and practice targeted at preventing terrorism.

As we sit in the middle of an ongoing economic crisis, socio-economic issues have been forced into the limelight.  At first glance, the global financial crisis has certainly brought about distinctive conditions. These include: i) A widespread lack of economic growth, ii) youth unemployment rates of over 50% in countries like Spain and Greece increasing levels of anti-austerity unrest across Europe, and iii) rumours of contingency plans to restrict immigration in countries in the event of a financial collapse.  Does the current socio-economic landscape create the perfect storm for domestic, home-grown terrorist group recruitment?"
The book is aimed at academics, practitioners and security professionals, to support them in using design in counter terror communications, and to address fear and anxiety in public spaces. The booklet is organised into three sections,... more
The book is aimed at academics, practitioners and security professionals, to support them in using design in counter terror communications, and to address fear and anxiety in public spaces. The booklet is organised into three sections, the first presenting the context of UK security systems, the second offering simple guiding principles for counter-terror communications, and the third demonstrating application through a case study.
ALJAZEERA (8th July 2014): Effective aviation security approaches have motivated aviation security practitioners to change their tactics and modes of delivery. A growing reliance on pre-flight passenger screening and the use of a variety... more
ALJAZEERA (8th July 2014): Effective aviation security approaches have motivated aviation security practitioners to change their tactics and modes of delivery. A growing reliance on pre-flight passenger screening and the use of a variety of scanning technologies and, in some instances, biometrics at the airports themselves, has resulted in a decrease in face-to-face interactions between passenger and employee as travellers move through airports.

Perhaps it is time for aviation security managers to revisit past human behaviour-based strategies once believed to be effective, in order to combine them with modern, technologically driven approaches to ensuring passenger safety.

Specifically, the human element of surveillance can be as important as the sophisticated new scanners and technologies when it comes to picking up more subtle forms of human behaviour.
Research Interests:
NATO Review (2012): The majority of studies conclude that socio-economic factors are poor indicators of terrorism. Yet factors such as poverty and education continue to be portrayed as fundamental drivers of terrorist violence in... more
NATO Review (2012):
The majority of studies conclude that socio-economic factors are poor indicators of terrorism. Yet factors such as poverty and education continue to be portrayed as fundamental drivers of terrorist violence in political rhetoric and practice targeted at preventing terrorism.

As we sit in the middle of an ongoing economic crisis, socio-economic issues have been forced into the limelight.

At first glance, the global financial crisis has certainly brought about distinctive conditions. These include:

    A widespread lack of economic growth,

    youth unemployment rates of over 50% in countries like Spain and Greece

    increasing levels of anti-austerity unrest across Europe, and

    rumours of contingency plans to restrict immigration in countries in the event of a financial collapse.

Does the current socio-economic landscape create the perfect storm for domestic, home-grown terrorist group recruitment? The resounding response to this question is ‘perhaps’.

Current thought is evolving in respect to this question. There is now a more nuanced discussion of the similarities and differences between domestic terror and international terror. There’s a move away from simply asking ‘if’ to asking ‘how’ socio-economic factors might influence participation in or support for terrorists groups.
Research Interests:
The public’s reaction to incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) hazards will have a significant impact on the overall effectiveness of the professional response. This booklet provides scientifically... more
The public’s reaction to incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) hazards will have a significant impact on the overall effectiveness of the professional response.  This booklet provides scientifically tested guidance and information designed to make CBRN-related responses more effective by improving emergency responders’ knowledge of why, what, and how to
communicate with members of the public about CBRN hazards.

Who is it for? This booklet is for organisations and individuals responsible for communicating orengaging with members of the public during contamination incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) hazards. This information would be useful for emergency responders (and non-specialised staff) from all emergency services (police, fire and ambulance), public health authorities, hospital staff, non-state organisations involved in emergency response (e.g. Red Cross, conference centre security staff), and others.

For what purpose? This information booklet helps emergency responders to effectively engage with members of the public about CBRN incidents, in particular through appropriate communication. Th response of members of the public to incidents involving CBRN hazards has a significant impact on the overall effectiveness of the professional response to such events. Public engagement before, during and after a CBRN incident can increase levels of public preparedness by creating a shared and improved understanding of CBRN incidents and the likely response to such incidents by members of the public.  An improved understanding of CBRN incidents and emergency response procedures can increase the
likelihood of members of the public becoming active partners in the emergency response process,
resulting in improved health outcomes.

What is in it? This information booklet improves engagement with members of the public by improving the emergency responders’ knowledge of what, how and why to communicate with members of the public about CBRN incidents.

Specifically, the booklet sheds light on:
• Public understanding of CBRN threats
• Public behaviour in response to CBRN incidents
• Public information needs in relation to CBRN incident emergency response procedures
• Public engagement and communication preferences in relation to CBRN incidents and procedures
• What emergency responders can do to effectively engage with members of the public whilst still prioritising the practical and logistical aspects of the response

How to use it? This information booklet provides insight and guidance into public responses to CBRN incidents. The booklet is designed to facilitate engagement with the public. This booklet can be:
• Used as a stand-alone document or – most effectively – in combination with the public information
booklet (go to www.practice-fp7-security.eu).
• Distributed to staff and partner organisations responsible for responding to CBRN incidents.
• Displayed in hard copy or made available on the websites of emergency response organisations,
local authorities and other institutions.

When to use it? This information booklet is designed for use in the preparatory and response phases of CBRN incidents. In the preparatory phase, this booklet can help prioritise long-term training needs and efforts. In the response phase, the booklet can help ensure that key messages are effectively
communicated to members of the public.

We are happy to provide our tools for free when used by academic institutions, public sector emergency response organisations, government and public sector health organisations, schools, and charitable organisations. These organisations will need to cover the costs of adaptation and printing.  In light of our public funding, the commercial use of the product by third parties is not allowed without our explicit consent.  All parties should seek guidance from KCL as the information contained within the products is UK-based and will, potentially, need to undergo adaptation. We must be cited in all instances when our products are used.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 261728.
Research Interests:
This booklet can be used by members of the public and organisations involved in communicating with members of the public about emergency situations involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards. Who is it for?... more
This booklet can be used by members of the public and organisations involved in communicating with members of the public about emergency situations involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards.

Who is it for? This booklet contains general information for members of the public to help them understand emergency response procedures.

For what purpose? This booklet has been designed to inform people about emergency procedures used during CBRN incidents. If people understand these processes they will be better able to help themselves and their families during a
CBRN incident. Research has shown that the emergency response process can be made more efficient and effective if the emergency services and members of the
public work together.

What is in it? The information provided improves the public understanding of:
• Rare but potentially harmful incidents involving CBRN hazards
• The stages of a typical CBRN response
• Which emergency response organisations would typically get involved in a CBRN response

How to use it? This booklet can be distributed to households, GP surgeries, and more in hard copy. It can also be displayed on the websites of emergency response organisations, local authorities, and other institutions.

When to use it? This booklet is principally designed to educate the public before an incident occurs. However, parts of it may be used and adapted to inform the members
of the public during an incident. An additional information booklet for emergency response organisations is also available. The responder booklet provides additional information about what, how and why to communicate with
members of the public.

Important disclaimer: The information
contained in this booklet is currently UK specific. Please note that it is important to adapt it to your local cultural and
institutional environment.

We are happy to provide our tools for free when used by academic institutions, public sector emergency response organisations, government and public sector health organisations, schools, and charitable organisations. These organisations will need to cover the costs of adaptation and printing.  In light of our public funding, the commercial use of the product by third parties is not allowed without our explicit consent.  All parties should seek guidance from KCL as the information contained within the products is UK-based and will, potentially, need to undergo adaptation. We must be cited in all instances when our products are used.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 261728.
Research Interests: