Die ZBW räumt Ihnen als Nutzerin/Nutzer das unentgeltliche, räumlich unbeschränkte und zeitlich auf die Dauer des Schutzrechts beschränkte einfache Recht ein, das ausgewählte Werk im Rahmen der unter
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While under communism the identity-providing religion was suppressed, religiosity is strong today even among the youth in post-communist countries. This provides an appropriate background to investigate how external and internal... more
While under communism the identity-providing religion was suppressed, religiosity is strong today even among the youth in post-communist countries. This provides an appropriate background to investigate how external and internal religiosity relate to risky behaviors like smoking, drinking, and drugs among the young. This study shows that not religion as such or internal religiosity, but largely observable (external) religiosity prevents them from wallowing in those vices. While this is found strongly for both males and females, those females doubting or reflecting religion show a somewhat smaller risky activity.
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Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of... more
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to enco...
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The problem of data base access via different data models has been investigated for the network model and the relational model. The network model is based on the Codasyl proposal (1), which has been modified in two major respects: only... more
The problem of data base access via different data models has been investigated for the network model and the relational model. The network model is based on the Codasyl proposal (1), which has been modified in two major respects: only one member record type is allowed per set type, and one data item of each record type is assumed to serve as primary key. For a given network model of the data base a coexistent relational model is proposed. The proposal is based on an extension of the usual relational model (2) by an incorporation of appropriate network parameters.
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The paper initiates a research agenda to study new developments of the effects of sexual orientation and gender identity on the labour market performance of individuals. It presents a selection of the small previous literature to... more
The paper initiates a research agenda to study new developments of the effects of sexual orientation and gender identity on the labour market performance of individuals. It presents a selection of the small previous literature to establish the important spectrum of topics and identify important challenges to compare them to the papers in the special issue of the International Journal of Manpower (Volume 41, Issue 6) dedicated to Sexual Orientation and the Labor Market. We rely on quantitative empirical studies and compare findings along a variety of topics such as, earnings patterns, occupational access constraints, relationships between subjective well-being indicators and marriage status, workplace experiences and family support all along the sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Contrary to the earlier literature, the most recent studies have found that gay men received either the same wages or higher wages compared to heterosexual men, while lesbian women have been foun...
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Environmental Disasters and Migration* This paper reviews the effect of environmental disasters on migration. Although there is an increase of environmental disasters and migration over the past years, the relationship is complex. While... more
Environmental Disasters and Migration* This paper reviews the effect of environmental disasters on migration. Although there is an increase of environmental disasters and migration over the past years, the relationship is complex. While some authors find that environmental disasters increase migration, others show that they have only a marginal or no effect or are even negative. Migration appears to be an insurance mechanism against environmental shocks. Remittances help to decrease households’ vulnerability to shocks but also dampen their adverse effects. Finally, we discuss policy implications and future research avenues. JEL Classification: J61, O15, Q54, Q56
Das Papier erlautert die Bedeutung der Arbeitsmobilitat fur die Verbesserung der Allokation und der Verteilung der volkswirtschaftlichen Ressourcen. Angesichts eines steigenden Fachkraftemangels bei wachsender Tendenz zur Arbeitslosigkeit... more
Das Papier erlautert die Bedeutung der Arbeitsmobilitat fur die Verbesserung der Allokation und der Verteilung der volkswirtschaftlichen Ressourcen. Angesichts eines steigenden Fachkraftemangels bei wachsender Tendenz zur Arbeitslosigkeit unter gering Qualifizierten bleibt neben der Bildungspolitik die Anwerbung internationaler und europaischer Fachkrafte eine zentrale politische Gestaltungsaufgabe fur die Zukunft. Zusatzliche Fachkrafte bringen Wohlstand und bauen wirtschaftliche Ungleichheit ab. Die internen europaischen Mobilitatsbarrieren werden schwer zu durchbrechen sein. Eine bessere Transparenz der europaischen Arbeitsmarkte, bessere Sprachkenntnisse und eine Standardisierung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme konnen die Mobilitat starken. Der Schlussel zur Mobilitat liegt aber bei einer starkeren Einbindung internationaler Arbeitsmigranten in den europaischen Migrationsprozess, der durch zirkulare Wanderungen gestarkt werden kann. Die europaische Bluecard und die Offnung der Ar...
Unsere (Arbeits-)Welt scheint sich mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit zu verandern. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zentrale Aspekte dieser Entwicklung und diskutiert ihre voraussichtlichen Auswirkungen auf Arbeit und Beschaftigung. Der... more
Unsere (Arbeits-)Welt scheint sich mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit zu verandern. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zentrale Aspekte dieser Entwicklung und diskutiert ihre voraussichtlichen Auswirkungen auf Arbeit und Beschaftigung. Der Wandel ist weltweit spurbar und Roboter und Maschinen sind in vielen Landern bereits Realitat. Es wird jedoch die These vertreten, dass kein "Ende der Arbeit" in Sicht ist. Allerdings wird die Arbeit der Zukunft andere Formen annehmen. Auch deshalb werden sich die sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Institutionen wandeln mussen, um auf die positiven und negativen Aspekte der sich wandelnden Arbeitswelt angemessen zu reagieren. Die Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit zeigen aber, dass auch tiefgreifende Veranderungen erfolgreich bewaltigt werden konnen.
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Internet or "big" data are increasingly measuring the relevant activities of individuals, households, firms and public agents in a timely way. The information set involves large numbers of observations and embraces flexible... more
Internet or "big" data are increasingly measuring the relevant activities of individuals, households, firms and public agents in a timely way. The information set involves large numbers of observations and embraces flexible conceptual forms and experimental settings. Therefore, internet data are extremely useful to study a wide variety of human resource issues including forecasting, nowcasting, detecting health issues and well-being, capturing the matching process in various parts of individual life, and measuring complex processes where traditional data have known deficits. We focus here on the analysis of unemployment by means of internet activity data, a literature starting with the seminal article of Askitas and Zimmermann (2009a). The article provides insights and a brief overview of the current state of research.
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The paper provides a new measure of the ethnic identity of immigrants and explores its evolution in the host country. The ethnosizer, a measure of the intensity of a person's ethnic identity, is constructed from information on the... more
The paper provides a new measure of the ethnic identity of immigrants and explores its evolution in the host country. The ethnosizer, a measure of the intensity of a person's ethnic identity, is constructed from information on the following elements: language, culture, societal interaction, history of migration, and ethnic self-identification. A two-dimensional concept of the ethnosizer classifies immigrants into four states: integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization. We find that ethnic identity persists stronger for females, Muslims, those with schooling in the home country, and older age at the time of entry. Young migrants are assimilated or integrated the most. While Muslims do not integrate, Catholics and other Christians assimilate the best. Immigrants with college or higher education in the home country integrate very well, but do not assimilate. Having some schooling is worse than no education for integration or assimilation. The ethnicity of individuals...
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Die von Teilen einer interessierten Öffentlichkeit als besorgniserregend empfundene Bevölkerungsentwicklung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland hat in den vergangenen Jahren die wissenschaftliche Forschungsaktivität über demographische... more
Die von Teilen einer interessierten Öffentlichkeit als besorgniserregend empfundene Bevölkerungsentwicklung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland hat in den vergangenen Jahren die wissenschaftliche Forschungsaktivität über demographische Fragen angeregt. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Fachdisziplinen Soziologie und Nationalökonomie. Von ökonomischer Seite wird gelegentlich selbstzweifelnd die These vertreten, die ökonomische Forschung habe das Bevölkerungswachstum als Faktor seit über einem Jahrhundert völlig vernachlässigt und sei erst kürzlich in ein Forschungsfeld eingedrungen, das in der Vergangenheit die ausschließliche Domäne anderer Wissenschaften war. (Vgl. bsw. von Zameck 1986, S. 347 f.) Diese Stimmen schließen sich einem Vorurteil an, das in anderen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen, insbesondere in der Soziologie, eine weite Verbreitung hat. Dies ist vielleicht verzeihlich, da die internationale (sprich amerikanische) Literatur ihre Surveys (nicht nur) über dieses Fachgebiet regelmäßig bei einem amerikanischen Autor der jüngeren Zeit beginnen läßt. Für die ökonomische Theorie der Familie ist dies Becker (1960) und gelegentlich Leibenstein (1957). Diese Position ist allerdings für die deutsche Fachwissenschaft unerträglich, da Nationalökonomie und Soziologie zu
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SummaryEver since the very beginning of the Journal of Economics and Statistics population economics has featured prominently in the Journal. Fertility naturally plays an important role in population economics. However, the level of... more
SummaryEver since the very beginning of the Journal of Economics and Statistics population economics has featured prominently in the Journal. Fertility naturally plays an important role in population economics. However, the level of German fertility has decreased significantly from the 1900s. The paper documents and analyzes the long-termdevelopment trends.We identify three different explanatory approaches for the decline in fertility according to which the various articles of the Journal related to this area are categorized. The paper also investigates fertility studies published by the Journal since the beginning. It points out that several articles anticipated subsequent research directions in the area of population economics at an early stage. In addition, significant contributions were made to improve and develop existing knowledge and understanding. Thus, the Journal has helped to expand the research area of population economics.
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ZusammenfassungAuf der Basis eines log-linearen hierarchischen Modells wird das Kontingenztableau zweier qualitativer Merkmale mit Hilfe von Assoziationsmaßen ausgewertet:Unter multinomialen Verteilungsannahmen liefert die... more
ZusammenfassungAuf der Basis eines log-linearen hierarchischen Modells wird das Kontingenztableau zweier qualitativer Merkmale mit Hilfe von Assoziationsmaßen ausgewertet:Unter multinomialen Verteilungsannahmen liefert die Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzmethode die Haupt- und bivariaten Interaktionseffekte. Diese i.a. unübersichtliche Information wird mit Hilfe bekannter Assoziationsmaße verdichtet. Deren asymptotisches Verhalten wird an einem empirischen Datensatz demonstriert.SummaryOn the basis of a log-linear hierarchical model, the contingency table of two qualitative variables is evaluated with the help of some compact measures of association. Under assumptions of multinomial distribution the maximum likelihood estimation method provides the principal and bivariate effects of interaction. The resulting information, unclear as it is in general, is condensed with the help of well-known measures of association. Their asymptotic behavior is shown with the help of empirical data.RésuméLe tableau de contingence de deux caractéristiques qualitatives est exploité à l'aide de mesures d'association sur la base d'un modèle hiérarchique log-linéaire: La méthode d'estimation maximum likelihood fournit les effets d'interactions principaux et bivariates sous des hypothèses de distribution multinomiale. Cette information complexe en général est comprimée à l'aide de mesures d'association connues, le caractère asymptotique desquelles est montré basant sur une série de données empiriques.РеаюмеНа основе лог-линейной иерархической модели оцениваются при помши мер ассоциации таблицы соприкасания двух качественных признаков.Среди полиномиальных предположений распределения вероятностный метод оценки максимум дает основательные и бивариатные интеракционные результатк. Эта в общем неясная информация поясняется при помощи известных мер ассоциации. Асимптотическое поведение мер ассоциации изображается при помощи змпирической теоремы данных.
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Well-being is the ultimate objective of any labour movement. For long, efforts have concentrated on the provision of jobs and decent work conditions. Recently, however, labour economics has been focussing on health, in general, and mental... more
Well-being is the ultimate objective of any labour movement. For long, efforts have concentrated on the provision of jobs and decent work conditions. Recently, however, labour economics has been focussing on health, in general, and mental health, in particular. It is time for labour economists to study this challenging issue. Typically, work is not the cause of poor mental health but, often, its cure. Decent work or earnings may help to avoid or moderate mental health issues. While in advanced societies the social effect of decent work may moderate illness, in developing economies sufficient earnings may pave the way out of natural causes of illness. This paper makes the case that natural arsenic poisoning of water affects the well-being of families negatively and causes substantial loss. Recent research for Bangladesh suggests that showing the symptoms of arsenic poisoning reduces well-being substantially. The impacts on mental health can be avoided or reduced through education and the relaxation of financial constraints on families.