- Moscow, Moscow City, Russian Federation
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By 1999, the economic transition from centrally planned economies has already developed its own history and specifics, and the 22 countries of the world which are undergoing substantial economic changes have each pursued different paths.... more
By 1999, the economic transition from centrally planned economies has already developed its own history and specifics, and the 22 countries of the world which are undergoing substantial economic changes have each pursued different paths. The development of market reforms has differed between cases, and has given scholars the basis for major arguments regarding the evaluation of the process. In this chapter, I will concentrate on two cases of transition, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the largest Central Asian economies, and their development of new institutional and market reforms.
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This study investigates the impact of the creative industries on regional resilience and productive entrepreneurship. We control for the localized effects of digitalization in this relationship. We do so by linking the regional resilience... more
This study investigates the impact of the creative industries on regional resilience and productive entrepreneurship. We control for the localized effects of digitalization in this relationship. We do so by linking the regional resilience theory with the literature on the creative industries, digitalization and productive entrepreneurship. The unit of our analysis is the European Union’s regions (from the 2008 Great Recession crisis to the 2015 recovery period). We empirically tested our framework in the context of the European Union with datasets from Eurostat Regional Statistics and the European Social Survey (ESS). Our analysis is focused on the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 3 regions, which includes 1397 industry performance observations from 314 NUTS-3 regions and 11 European countries (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, and Slovakia) for the period 2008–2015. Our findings demonst...
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PurposeInstitutional trust is vital for social and economic activity and crucial in reducing uncertainty for entrepreneurs and society. To shed light on the role of institutional trust on productive entrepreneurial activity, this paper... more
PurposeInstitutional trust is vital for social and economic activity and crucial in reducing uncertainty for entrepreneurs and society. To shed light on the role of institutional trust on productive entrepreneurial activity, this paper analyses the impact of six urban entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) using the contexts of the transition economies of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. This study aims to pursue the research question: what role does institutional trust play in the relationship between formal institutions and productive entrepreneurship in the EEs of transition economies? This paper aims to posit that the development and enforcement of formal institutions and institutional trust enhance productive entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors apply a mixed-method approach. The authors’ dataset includes 657 respondents (ecosystem stakeholders) from six city-level entrepreneurial ecosystems in the transition economies of Georgia, Ukraine a...
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So-called 'world-class universities’ emerged on the global higher education scene following the Second World War. Their development in countries around the world, particularly since the early 2000s, has evolved into an international... more
So-called 'world-class universities’ emerged on the global higher education scene following the Second World War. Their development in countries around the world, particularly since the early 2000s, has evolved into an international norm, although not without debate and contestation. This paper applies Constructivist theory to reflect on how local contestation affected the implementation of this norm of world-class universities in Russia, at a time when the internationalization of higher education was a national priority (i.e. before the beginning of hostilities in Ukraine). The authors employ process tracing to follow the norm from its emergence on the international stage to its contemporary adoption by Russia with Project 5-100, drawing on a case study based on 22 targeted expert interviews to identify the types and roots of resistance in Russian universities. The findings indicate that Russian contestation reflects in most cases difficulties adapting to new requirements and t...
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While the international environment remains characterized by the desire of states to strengthen their position, the literature has revealed a growing preference for soft power instruments over military intervention. Higher education has... more
While the international environment remains characterized by the desire of states to strengthen their position, the literature has revealed a growing preference for soft power instruments over military intervention. Higher education has been repurposed as a tool to achieve foreign policy goals, with many states embracing the international norm on world-class universities in an attempt to improve their international competitiveness and their image abroad. This paper considers the soft power conversion model of higher education and attempts to determine its effectiveness through a case study devoted to Russian Higher Education. A survey of foreign students starting their studies and of another finishing their studies in three leading Russian universities reveals that receiving a higher education in Russia may contribute to aligning students’ positions with the Russian perspective on international issues diffused in these universities as was confirmed by surveying a control group of Ru...
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Using the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey from 1,059 Kazakhstani firms over the period 2009 to 2013, we study the multiple-level effect of corruption on business competitiveness with adjustment to the administrative... more
Using the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey from 1,059 Kazakhstani firms over the period 2009 to 2013, we study the multiple-level effect of corruption on business competitiveness with adjustment to the administrative burden at the micro level. On a regional level a culture of negotiating with authorities and acceptance of administrative regulation are negatively associated with firm competitiveness. We also confirm that the implementation of local content policy does not increase the efficiency of adjustment to administrative burden. This is positive news for policy-makers, in particular in targeting a decrease in corruption level. Our findings uncover the interplay between administrative burden compliance, local content policy and firm competitiveness.
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This paper investigates the impact of education abroad on the likelihood that a graduate will become an entrepreneur within five years after her/his graduation, using data of 5,555 graduates in Kazakhstan whose education abroad was... more
This paper investigates the impact of education abroad on the likelihood that a graduate will become an entrepreneur within five years after her/his graduation, using data of 5,555 graduates in Kazakhstan whose education abroad was sponsored by the Kazakhstani government, Bolashak International Scholarship, during the period 2001-2015. Using mixed methods of logit modelling and interviews with graduates we found that graduates who studied arts or technical subjects abroad while funded by the Bolashak International Scholarship are more likely to become entrepreneurs. However age, gender and degree are not associated with a choice in entrepreneurship. Perception of business environment in home country is important for entrepreneurship choice. Education abroad affects personal abilities to start and run a business in a home country.
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This article analyses the reasons why Russia adopts foreign norms in the sphere of higher education, looking at how isomorphism, Transnational Advocacy Networks and the global market for education have brought about the country’s... more
This article analyses the reasons why Russia adopts foreign norms in the sphere of higher education, looking at how isomorphism, Transnational Advocacy Networks and the global market for education have brought about the country’s integration in the global network of universities. It investigates how Russia strives to adopt international and western educational norms by adhering to the Bologna process and launching projects such as 5-100 to reinforce the competitiveness of its universities on the global stage, but remains concerned about security and national identity issues. These fears have resulted in the government prioritizing the adherence to formal criteria while preserving the historical content of its higher education, thus leading to a dichotomy between substance and structure. This mismatch between the organization of higher education and its content leads to an ineffective implementation of international norms but also to significant disruptions in the existing system. At...
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This dataset is based on a survey of Bolashak graduates in Kazakhstan. The data was collected mostly on the 16th November 2016 during the Kazakh-British Centre for Competitiveness event “Developing Knowledge Transfer To Bolashak... more
This dataset is based on a survey of Bolashak graduates in Kazakhstan. The data was collected mostly on the 16th November 2016 during the Kazakh-British Centre for Competitiveness event “Developing Knowledge Transfer To Bolashak Graduates” in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The sample includes responses of 36 Bolashak scholarship graduates working in Kazakhstan. The survey was distributed as printed copy and respondents wrote answers by hand. Their answers were then copied to an Excel form. The survey was in two languages, English and Russian. Non-English language responses were translated to English mostly using Google Translate and were checked by the authors. All identifying information, including company name and address, was removed.
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The oil market is experiencing unprecedented dislocations in 2020. The industry is trying to cope with the biggest slump in demand ever recorded, as governments around the world try to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Will oil demand return... more
The oil market is experiencing unprecedented dislocations in 2020. The industry is trying to cope with the biggest slump in demand ever recorded, as governments around the world try to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Will oil demand return to a pre-pandemic ‘normal’, or will the outbreak hasten a peak in oil demand? Will patterns of oil consumption change and, if so, what pressures will that place on an industry already struggling to adapt to growing environmental concerns and a demand for carbon-free energy? The paper will explore the options.
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Heim, I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-4839, Kalyuzhnova, Y. and Liu, K. (2017) Business value of IT in competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s energy sector: the role of international oil and gas companies in sustainable development of... more
Heim, I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-4839, Kalyuzhnova, Y. and Liu, K. (2017) Business value of IT in competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s energy sector: the role of international oil and gas companies in sustainable development of the local industry. In: British Academy of Management Proceedings (BAM2017), 5 7 Sep 2017, Warwick Business School. Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75855/
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This dataset consists of statistical annual regional data for 16 major administrative regions of Kazakhstan over the period 1994-2014. These 16 administrative regions include 14 oblasts and 2 major cities, Astana and Almaty. Th data were... more
This dataset consists of statistical annual regional data for 16 major administrative regions of Kazakhstan over the period 1994-2014. These 16 administrative regions include 14 oblasts and 2 major cities, Astana and Almaty. Th data were obtained from the information-analytical system 'Taldau' (http://taldau.stat.gov.kz) of the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (http://stat.gov.kz). The data were translated from Russian to English by the authors, rearranged, and converted to Stata format.
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Конструктивисты убедительно показали с помощью теории норм и многочисленных тематических исследований, что идеи могут быть более влиятельными, чем материальные условия, в определении политических и социальных результатов. В данной работе... more
Конструктивисты убедительно показали с помощью теории норм и многочисленных тематических исследований, что идеи могут быть более влиятельными, чем материальные условия, в определении политических и социальных результатов. В данной работе анализируется способность норм противостоять шоковым воздействиям, которые приводят к радикальному изменению материальных условий, и показано, что значительные сбои в контексте реализации норм могут привести к нормативным разворотам. Авторы с точки зрения теории рассматривают “разворот норм” на примере российского сектора высшего образования, раскрывая, как вооруженный конфликт 2022 г. на Украине и западные санкции повлияли на внедрение нормы университетов мирового уровня в России. Результаты качественного тематического исследования, основанного на 24 экспертных интервью, свидетельствуют о том, что, хотя интернализованные нормы могут пережить сдвиги в материальных условиях, необходимость их адаптации к меняющемуся контексту и новым политическим целям приводит к их искажению. Международная норма, касающаяся университетов мирового уровня, реализуемая в России в рамках Проекта 5-100 и инициативы “Приоритет 2030”, сталкивается с исключительными вызовами, которые привели не к отказу или развороту нормы, а к ее ремоделированию для достижения новых целей. Влияние российского нормативного “редизайна” в сфере высшего образования также открывает новый этап в реализации международной нормы для университетов мирового уровня, отмеченный отказом от западноцентричной модели.
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Abstract: Over the past decade, cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the oil and gas sector has developed significantly. For China, security of its energy supply is a key strategic objective. This paper analyzes the evolution of... more
Abstract: Over the past decade, cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the oil and gas sector has developed significantly. For China, security of its energy supply is a key strategic objective. This paper analyzes the evolution of Sino-Kazakh oil and gas relations, assesses their long-term prospects, and explores how Chinese demand for oil and gas could divert Kazakhstan’s hydrocarbon resources from other energy markets. The netback approach has been used to assess the prices that China will need to offer other producers in Kazakhstan. Sino-Kazakh energy and economic cooperation could create a good basis for free economic zones and development of beneficial ties for both countries.
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This dataset is based on a firm-level survey. The sample includes 89 businesses located in different regions of Kazakhstan. The survey was generated using Google Forms and distributed mostly via social networks. The survey was conducted... more
This dataset is based on a firm-level survey. The sample includes 89 businesses located in different regions of Kazakhstan. The survey was generated using Google Forms and distributed mostly via social networks. The survey was conducted in 2016 (January-May). This dataset provides information about businesses and the quality of the business environment with a focus on competitiveness and governmental support. This survey aims to establish a picture of conditions for doing business in Kazakhstan in 2016. The survey was in three languages, English, Russian and Kazakh. Non-English language responses were translated to English mostly using Google Translate and were checked by the authors. All identifying information, including company name and work address, were removed.
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This study analyses the impact that local content policy as an instrument of support to domestic firms. It also identifies the drivers and conditions when local content policy changes firm’s competitiveness building on the firm’s decision... more
This study analyses the impact that local content policy as an instrument of support to domestic firms. It also identifies the drivers and conditions when local content policy changes firm’s competitiveness building on the firm’s decision to export. Specifically, we investigate how being part of alliance or foreign ownership moderates the competitiveness- local content policy nexus. Drawing on two pooled cross-sections of 1,059 Kazakhstani businesses from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey of the World Bank (2009–2013) before and after the protectionism policy, we find that local content policy positively impacts a firm’s competitiveness. Also, firms with greater foreign ownership benefit from local content policy more than domestic firms.
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List of Tables and Figures - Preface - PART ONE: THE LAST YEARS OF THE PLANNED ECONOMY: KAZAK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC - The Kazak Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR - The Years of Perestroika in the Kazak Soviet Socialist Republic -... more
List of Tables and Figures - Preface - PART ONE: THE LAST YEARS OF THE PLANNED ECONOMY: KAZAK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC - The Kazak Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR - The Years of Perestroika in the Kazak Soviet Socialist Republic - PART TWO: THE NEW NATIONAL ECONOMY: THE LEARNING CURVE - The Beginning of Sovereignty and the End of the Rouble Zone - The Introduction of the National Currency and the New Course of Reform - PART THREE: PRIVATISATION AND STRUCTURAL REFORMS IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR - Privatisation - Structural Transformation - PART FOUR: OTHER SECTORS OF THE REFORM PROCESS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS - Breaking New Ground - Sectors in Transition - Conclusion
This study uses the stakeholder perspective to knowledge spillover theory at university to explain how various characteristics of internal and external university stakeholders will affect its entrepreneurial outcomes. Acknowledging the... more
This study uses the stakeholder perspective to knowledge spillover theory at university to explain how various characteristics of internal and external university stakeholders will affect its entrepreneurial outcomes. Acknowledging the heterogeneity between entrepreneurial universities, we theoretically developed and empirically tested a model for four types of stakeholders (knowledge enablers, knowledge creators, knowledge codifiers, knowledge facilitators) across three university types (Russel group, teaching-based and polytechnic universities). To test our hypotheses related to the role of stakeholders in entrepreneurial outcomes of a university we used panel data on 139 UK universities that achieved entrepreneurial outcomes during 2010 and 2016. The results demonstrate significant differences in the role that stakeholders play in knowledge spillover entrepreneurship at universities with the effects vary across three distinct university types.
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The desire to use the extractive industry as a catalyst to provide an enhanced and positive economic breakthrough for resource-rich countries continues to be at the forefront of the debate on natural resource abundance and development.... more
The desire to use the extractive industry as a catalyst to provide an enhanced and positive economic breakthrough for resource-rich countries continues to be at the forefront of the debate on natural resource abundance and development. After several years of concentrating on fiscal policies as a means for accomplishing positive impact, local content policies (LCPs) have re-emerged as one of the tools that could allow linkages within the extractive sector in developing economies, particularly those in Africa. By integrating extensive literature on the subject under investigation, this paper critically analyses whether Ghana’ LCP implementation has been able to foster an economic linkage between indigenous Ghanaian-owned firms in the upstream sector. Our critique also seeks to ascertain if the development of LCP has been an efficient springboard in leveraging development transformation. Following on from other studies on LCPs, it is widely argued that local content policies can be a u...
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Over the last decade the Kazakhstani government is adopting strict policy of local content rules. The use of local content may of course develop naturally, but when it does not develop governments may substitute for the actions of private... more
Over the last decade the Kazakhstani government is adopting strict policy of local content rules. The use of local content may of course develop naturally, but when it does not develop governments may substitute for the actions of private actors. This paper analyses the development of labour skills through local content policy.
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LC policies can be controversial. The authors’ distinction between market-creating, sustaining and efficiency LC policy provides a broad taxonomy of different articulations of LC policy, but at the implementation level national policies... more
LC policies can be controversial. The authors’ distinction between market-creating, sustaining and efficiency LC policy provides a broad taxonomy of different articulations of LC policy, but at the implementation level national policies will frequently be a combination of each of these. In this chapter the emergence and articulation of LC policies in each of the case countries is examined. The cases illustrate the evolution of LC policies and learning over time. Several of the policies implemented by emerging economies today draw on policies developed by the North Sea countries in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the cases also illustrate important variations in the initial economic and social conditions that influence subsequent LC policy development.
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Nowadays, when the oil and gas (O&G) industry faces the prospect of a long-term low-price environment, adopting information and communication technologies is essential for improving operational excellence of O&G industry in the new market... more
Nowadays, when the oil and gas (O&G) industry faces the prospect of a long-term low-price environment, adopting information and communication technologies is essential for improving operational excellence of O&G industry in the new market conditions. Currently, international O&G companies are experiencing convergence of new digital technologies. How local companies can respond to these trends is especially important for developing and transitional countries where technological expertise is missing. Development of ICT technologies which may result from the energy sector is also extremely important for developing resource-rich countries such as for example Kazakhstan as they try to diversify their economies where the energy sector still plays a dominating role. O&G sector’s value network comprise different technological stages and represent a network of organisations including: development, exploration, production, processing, pipelines, refining/petrochemical, transport/storage, and ...
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This paper answers the question what helps subsoil users to meet local content requirements, which are set in subsoil users’ contracts. This paper provides an empirical analysis using annual data from 823 contracts on extraction and... more
This paper answers the question what helps subsoil users to meet local content requirements, which are set in subsoil users’ contracts. This paper provides an empirical analysis using annual data from 823 contracts on extraction and exploration of metals in Kazakhstan over the period 2013-2015. We found that devaluation of local currency helped subsoil users to meet LC requirements in procurements of goods and services; employment of managers; and training of local employees. Subsoil users meet local content requirements in employment of specialists and qualified workers, set in contracts on extraction better than in contracts on exploration of metals in Kazakhstan. The metal, in contracts on extraction or exploration, affects the fulfilment of local content requirements in procurements of goods and works; and in employment of managers and specialists.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected countless businesses, leading to serious disruptions for many industries. Drawing on the resilience literature, this study offers an understanding of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the... more
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected countless businesses, leading to serious disruptions for many industries. Drawing on the resilience literature, this study offers an understanding of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the creative industries and their response to the challenges they have encountered. This study reviews 59 papers following the systematic literature review approach and reveals several positive implications of the COVID-19 pandemic within the creative industries (e.g., IT and software) as well as the negative (the music industry, festivals, cultural events). Identifying six themes related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the creative industries, we develop a response matrix based on the discussion of firms’ digital capabilities and their ability to adapt to the COVID-19 crisis. We outline future research directions using a Theory-Context-Characteristics-Methodology (TCCM) framework.
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This article considers the ideational and political contexts in which Project 5-100, the Russian excellence in higher education initiative emerged, as well as the specificities of its organisational and behavioural model. While Project... more
This article considers the ideational and political contexts in which Project 5-100, the Russian excellence in higher education initiative emerged, as well as the specificities of its organisational and behavioural model. While Project 5-100 has been studied in the academic literature as regards its efficiency and how it affected the performance and inner workings of the participating universities, the question of how the project came about and the characteristic traits of its internal set-up still remain largely overlooked. The study focuses on the involvement of local and international players, arguing that their successful and organic cooperation influenced both the architecture and the implementation of the project. This paper contributes to the literature on policy networks by showing that transnational actors do not necessarily undermine or challenge state power and can on the contrary help governments implement systemic change. Inspired by the international experience of esta...
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Oil revenues offer important opportunities to enhance economic development. But they are also volatile, unpredictable and ultimately exhaustible; and they can thus greatly complicate economic management. In the Caspian region, the... more
Oil revenues offer important opportunities to enhance economic development. But they are also volatile, unpredictable and ultimately exhaustible; and they can thus greatly complicate economic management. In the Caspian region, the starting assumption must be that resource endowment is potentially a ‘blessing’ that can help overcome transition disruptions. But the lesson of experience elsewhere is that fulfilling this promise — and avoiding the risk of natural resources becoming a ‘curse’ — iscrucially dependent on policies, including a commitment to enhanced policy transparency.
Caspian Sea oil and gas exploitation has made (and will in future make) a significant impact on the Caspian economies. The crucial question in this respect will be the maximization of the potential national benefits. Governmental policy... more
Caspian Sea oil and gas exploitation has made (and will in future make) a significant impact on the Caspian economies. The crucial question in this respect will be the maximization of the potential national benefits. Governmental policy will be of paramount importance. In many ways, the development of Caspian oil and gas production is a remarkable story of the transition era. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union the newly independent countries of the Caspian Sea region found their own place in the international energy arena and have developed their national energy strategies.
In this chapter we consider the experience of three Caspian economies: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan since independence.1 We provide an overview of the economic setting to give a regional context for our economic analysis of... more
In this chapter we consider the experience of three Caspian economies: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan since independence.1 We provide an overview of the economic setting to give a regional context for our economic analysis of companies-governments relations. We pay special attention to developmental differences and the role of hydrocarbons in their economies, as well as political-economy challenges with which the governments are currently faced.
Since the region gained independence in the early 1990s, policy-makers in the Caspian states have given top priority to developing strategies for national hydrocarbon development, as many documents of that time confirm. The first... more
Since the region gained independence in the early 1990s, policy-makers in the Caspian states have given top priority to developing strategies for national hydrocarbon development, as many documents of that time confirm. The first generation of foreign investment in the region went overwhelmingly to the hydrocarbon sector (see Figure 4.1). The experience during this period can be viewed in terms of a learning curve in relations between the newly independent states and international companies, as they sought to develop cooperative relations.
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Any resource-rich country should adopt an integrated approach to energy policy. This should include components such as the principle of a cleaner environment, the sustainable development of the local economy to underpin stable energy... more
Any resource-rich country should adopt an integrated approach to energy policy. This should include components such as the principle of a cleaner environment, the sustainable development of the local economy to underpin stable energy suppliers for the future and to ensure a diverse economy that does not rely purely on energy exports. This set of elements is achievable by introducing advanced technologies as well as by improving the processes of energy production and spending of the resultant wealth, which we discussed in Chapter 6. In any case, policy-makers should ensure, through continual strategic review, that these interventions dovetail efficiently and steer private sector activity along routes consistent with the country’s long-run development policy.
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The broad shift in the region towards more assertive market regulation was discussed in Chapter 4, which highlighted the common concern of host governments to improve the capabilities of local companies involved in supply and services.... more
The broad shift in the region towards more assertive market regulation was discussed in Chapter 4, which highlighted the common concern of host governments to improve the capabilities of local companies involved in supply and services. This concept of local content is not a new one. It emerged in the USA in the 1900s, and in the 1920s it spread to UK industry.
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The process of privatisation is different across the Euro-Asian region. However there are common aims among the Central Asian economies, including the creation of a viable private sector with new economic incentives which will make a... more
The process of privatisation is different across the Euro-Asian region. However there are common aims among the Central Asian economies, including the creation of a viable private sector with new economic incentives which will make a country’s economic structure more efficient and stimulate economic growth. This perception comes from the general belief that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are usually inefficient and need significant subsidies for their operation, although there is some evidence (Casson et al., 2003) that challenges the view that private enterprises in a transition economy behave very differently from state-owned enterprises.