James Olopade
University of Ibadan, Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty Member
Metals are natural component of the ecosystem present throughout the layers of atmosphere; their abundant expression in the brain indicates their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the brain tissue, their distribution... more
Metals are natural component of the ecosystem present throughout the layers of atmosphere; their abundant expression in the brain indicates their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the brain tissue, their distribution is highly compartmentalized, the pattern of which is determined by their primary roles. Bio-imaging of the brain to reveal spatial distribution of metals within specific regions has provided a unique understanding of brain biochemistry and architecture, linking both the structures and the functions through several metal mediated activities. Bioavailability of essential trace metal is needed for normal brain function. However, disrupted metal homeostasis can influence several biochemical pathways in different fields of metabolism and cause characteristic neurological disorders with a typical disease process usually linked with aberrant metal accumulations. In this review we give a brief overview of roles of key essential metals (Iron, Copper and Zinc...
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The aim of this study was to compare mandible forms in adult males and females of African giant rat (or Gambian pouched rat) (Cricetomys gambianusWaterhouse, 1840). For this purpose, 9 lateral mandibular landmarks were analysed by means... more
The aim of this study was to compare mandible forms in adult males and females of African giant rat (or Gambian pouched rat) (Cricetomys gambianusWaterhouse, 1840). For this purpose, 9 lateral mandibular landmarks were analysed by means of geometric morphometrics in 12 males and 13 females. Males and females appeared poorly discriminated according to mandible shape analysis, being major differences localized on mental foramen position and on alveolar height at first premolar. This fact suggested to be functionally related to diet preference and pattern of food handling. The results obtained from this research can be useful in rodent ration formulation and captive species management. This is the first time to the best of our knowledge that geometric morphometric comparison of mandible morphology in this African rodent is described.
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The work investigated the protective role of vitamin E on vanadium induced neurotoxicity. Three adult female rats were divided into three groups, A-C with each dam and her pups forming a group. Group A served as control. The dam in Group... more
The work investigated the protective role of vitamin E on vanadium induced neurotoxicity. Three adult female rats were divided into three groups, A-C with each dam and her pups forming a group. Group A served as control. The dam in Group B was given 3mg/kg b.w./day of vanadium from PND 1 while the Group C dam were given 3mg/kg b.w./day of vanadium, for 14 days and 500mg/kg b.w. of vitamin E 72 hourly in the same time frame. The results showed that pups from Group B, exhibited behavioural deficits in most tests, a significant reduction in body weight gain and absolute brain weight; in addition immunohistochemistry showed reactive astrogliosis induced by vanadium exposure. All these findings were however attenuated in pups whose dam was exposed to vanadium and vitamin E depicting the significant protective effects of this antioxidant against vanadium. This study is novel in that both vanadium and vitamin E were introduced through the lactation route. We conclude that though caution re...
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), caused by abnormal prion protein (PrPSc), affect many species. The most classical scrapie isolates harbor mixtures of strains in different proportions. While the characterization of... more
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), caused by abnormal prion protein (PrPSc), affect many species. The most classical scrapie isolates harbor mixtures of strains in different proportions. While the characterization of isolates has evolved from using wild-type mice to transgenic mice, no standardization is established yet. Here, we investigated the incubation period, lesion profile and PrPSc profile induced by well-defined sheep scrapie isolates, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and ovine BSE after intracerebral inoculation into two lines of ovine PrP (both ARQ/ARQ) overexpressing transgenic mice (Tgshp IX and Tgshp XI). All isolates were transmitted to both mouse models with an attack rate of almost 100%, but genotype-dependent differences became obvious between the ARQ and VRQ isolates. Surprisingly, BSE induced a much longer incubation period in Tgshp XI compared to Tgshp IX. In contrast to the histopathological lesion profiles, the immunohistochemical PrPSc pro...
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This report describes a case of polydactyly in the hind-limb of a West African Dwarf goat kid in South West Africa. Physical examination revealed the presence of four digits in each of the hind limbs. Radiological examination and... more
This report describes a case of polydactyly in the hind-limb of a West African Dwarf goat kid in South West Africa. Physical examination revealed the presence of four digits in each of the hind limbs. Radiological examination and macerated bones of the animal showed a bifid shape of each metatarsal that was more prominent from the distal half of the diaphysis. This resulted in the presence of four articulating surfaces per limb at the distal extremity. Though this condition is rare in goats, we advise that continuous reporting by researchers can give a better prevalence statistics of these occurrences.
Oligodendrocyte development and myelination occurs vigorously during the early post natal period which coincides with the period of peak mobilization of iron. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are easily disturbed by any agent that... more
Oligodendrocyte development and myelination occurs vigorously during the early post natal period which coincides with the period of peak mobilization of iron. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are easily disturbed by any agent that affects iron homeostasis and its assimilation into these cells. Environmental exposure to vanadium, a transition metal can disrupt this iron homeostasis. We investigated the interaction of iron deficiency and vanadium exposure on the myelination infrastructure and its related neurobehavioural phenotypes, and neurocellular profiles in developing rat brains. Control group (C) dams were fed normal diet while Group 2 (V) dams were fed normal diet and pups were injected with 3mg/kg body weight of sodium metavanadate daily from postnatal day (PND) 1-21. Group 3 (I+V) dams were fed iron deficient diet after delivery and pups injected with 3mg/kg body weight sodium metavanadate from PND1-21. Body and brain weights deteriorated in I+V relative to C and V whi...
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Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) are tick-borne arboviruses within the order Bunyavirales. Both viruses are endemic in several African countries and can induce mild (DUGV, BSL 3) or... more
Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) are tick-borne arboviruses within the order Bunyavirales. Both viruses are endemic in several African countries and can induce mild (DUGV, BSL 3) or fatal (CCHFV, BSL 4) disease in humans. Ruminants play a major role in their natural transmission cycle. Therefore, they are considered as suitable indicator animals for serological monitoring studies to assess the risk for human infections. Although both viruses do not actually belong to the same serogroup, cross-reactivities have already been reported earlier—hence, the correct serological discrimination of DUGV and CCHFV antibodies is crucial. In this study, 300 Nigerian cattle sera (150 CCHFV seropositive and seronegative samples, respectively) were screened for DUGV antibodies via N protein-based ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence (iIFA) and neutralization assays. Whereas no correlation between the CCHFV antibody status and DUGV seroprevalence ...
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The camel is well adapted to life and thrives in SUMMARY Adaptation feature of the camel include its ability to feed without discretion on desert and semi desert vegetation, and to browse trees and shrubs beyond the reach of other... more
The camel is well adapted to life and thrives in SUMMARY Adaptation feature of the camel include its ability to feed without discretion on desert and semi desert vegetation, and to browse trees and shrubs beyond the reach of other animals. We decided to investigate if these voracious and liberal feeding skills could be at the expense of a healthy dental profile. We looked at the macerated skull of 29 camels from three different regions comprising of 15 females and 14 males. A total of 10 different types of dental and related osteologic pathologies were identified; these were attrition, gingival recession, fractured tooth, carious tooth, dental abrasion, stains, bone recession, erosions, split tooth and bone. The prevalence of attrition and gingival recession was 100%. Sexual dimorphism was seen in the expression of dental abnormalities in the camels with evidence that the abnormalities progressed more in the males. In addition regional geographical variation was observed in the seve...
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The camel is well adapted to life and thrives in SUMMARY Adaptation feature of the camel include its ability to feed without discretion on desert and semi desert vegetation, and to browse trees and shrubs beyond the reach of other... more
The camel is well adapted to life and thrives in SUMMARY Adaptation feature of the camel include its ability to feed without discretion on desert and semi desert vegetation, and to browse trees and shrubs beyond the reach of other animals. We decided to investigate if these voracious and liberal feeding skills could be at the expense of a healthy dental profile. We looked at the macerated skull of 29 camels from three different regions comprising of 15 females and 14 males. A total of 10 different types of dental and related osteologic pathologies were identified; these were attrition, gingival recession, fractured tooth, carious tooth, dental abrasion, stains, bone recession, erosions, split tooth and bone. The prevalence of attrition and gingival recession was 100%. Sexual dimorphism was seen in the expression of dental abnormalities in the camels with evidence that the abnormalities progressed more in the males. In addition regional geographical variation was observed in the seve...
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This study aimed to compare mandibular parameters in adult males and females of Greater cane rat or African cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). For this purpose,9lateral mandibular landmarks were analysed by means of geometric... more
This study aimed to compare mandibular parameters in adult males and females of Greater cane rat or African cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). For this purpose,9lateral mandibular landmarks were analysed by means of geometric morphometrics. Based on data, and exclusion of the size related component of shape variation, males and females can be clearly discriminated according to mandible shape.In males the ventral point of first incisor alveolus tends to be more cranial, whereas the mental foramen presented a more caudal displacement in females, which moreover demonstrated a more slender mandible. Main biomechanical points (mandibular ramus flexure) showed no differences between genders. It may be concluded that morphological differences the in the mandible of both sexes of T. swinderianus are not due to a functional reasons, as masticatory behaviour would be. This is the first time to the best of our knowledge that geometric morphometric comparison of mandibles in this African roden...
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The mammalian mandible is generally seen as a functional unit as a lever during biting. Allometry can be an important factor that contributes to adaptative traits and its variation. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is... more
The mammalian mandible is generally seen as a functional unit as a lever during biting. Allometry can be an important factor that contributes to adaptative traits and its variation. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an allometric relationship in goat hemimandible. For this purpose, seven hemimandibles belonging to wild Capra pyrenaica and 43 more belonging to different domestic goat breeds were studied. Digital photographs were used to obtain two distances: from the temporo-mandibular to the middle of the cheek teeth row, and from the temporo-mandibular articulation to the bottom of the angular process. Our analyses determined that goat hemimandibles exhibit positive allometry (r2=0.658), which hints at fundamental constraints in goats due to their size differences. Nevertheless, in view of methodological constraints (exclusively morphometrical data, small sample size, lateral landmarks...) we caution that this similar functional pattern of mandible...
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Trypanosoma brucei infection is an important protozoan disease of dogs in tsetse fly infested areas of Africa. It is associated with great economic losses in dogs. Diminazine aceturate (DA) is commonly used in Nigeria for the management... more
Trypanosoma brucei infection is an important protozoan disease of dogs in tsetse fly infested areas of Africa. It is associated with great economic losses in dogs. Diminazine aceturate (DA) is commonly used in Nigeria for the management of protozoan diseases including trypanosomosis. DA has however been found to have potential harmful effect on the liver, heart, kidney and brain. The need to evaluate the efficacy of DA administered intramuscularly and intravenously in acute infection and evaluate the biochemical and cardiovascular effect warranted this study. In this study, we compared the treatment of single doses of DA intramuscular (i/m), and slow intravenous (i/v) administration. Sixteen local dogs (4-5 months) were used and grouped as Control (C), Trypanosome infested (untreated, T1), Trypanosome infested (i/m treated, T2), and Trypanosome infested (i/v treated, T3). DA was administered to T2 and T3 eight days after inoculation and trypanosome parasitaemia had been established. Daily body weight and body temperature, haematological tests, serological tests, parasitaemia and electrocardiograms of the dogs were evaluated in each group. Results show a steady rise in temperature after parasitaemia which resolved after treatment. There were significant increase in packed cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, and creatinine, in the treated groups when compared with the control and untreated groups. There was significant increase in lymphocyte count in T2 compared to the control as well. There was a reduction in blood pressure of the infected untreated group. The electrocardiogram data showed significant increase in PR interval and QT interval in T1 and QTc intervals in T1, T2, and T3 across groups. We conclude that, though both routes cleared the parasitaemia and the intravenous route was well tolerated, no summative comparative advantage was seen over the intramuscular routes in the parameters observed in this study. Further work is needed to examine if advantage can be observed in long term prevention of relapse by the intravenous route.
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To evaluate sexual-size dimorphism and attempt at categorization of inter-individual shapes of foramen magnum outlines using Fourier descriptors which allow for shape outline evaluations with a resultant specimen character definition.... more
To evaluate sexual-size dimorphism and attempt at categorization of inter-individual shapes of foramen magnum outlines using Fourier descriptors which allow for shape outline evaluations with a resultant specimen character definition. Individual characterization and quantification of foramen magnum shapes in direct caudal view based on elliptical Fourier technique was applied to 46 tropical raccoon skulls (26 females, 20 males). Incremental number of harmonics demonstrates morphological contributions of such descriptors with their relations to specific anatomical constructions established. The initial harmonics (1st to 3rd) described the general foramen shapes while the second (4th to 12th) demonstrated fine morphological details. Sexual-size dimorphism was observed in females (87.1%) and 91.7% in males, normalization of size produces 75% in females and 83% in males. With respect to foramen magnum dimorphism analysis, the result obtained through elliptic Fourier analysis was compara...
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Protocatechuic acid (PCA) ameliorates colitis and the associated hepatotoxicity through its intrinsic anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in rats.
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African giant rats (AGR) are large nocturnal rodents with well-developed olfactory abilities uniquely linked to cognition. The post natal proliferation of neurons (adult neurogenesis), is thought to play an important role in spatial... more
African giant rats (AGR) are large nocturnal rodents with well-developed olfactory abilities uniquely linked to cognition. The post natal proliferation of neurons (adult neurogenesis), is thought to play an important role in spatial memory and learning. Eighteen brains of the African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse) belonging to three age groups (neonates n = 6, juveniles n = 6 and adults n = 6) were examined by immunohistochemistry, using antibodies for proliferating cells (Ki-67), and immature neurons (Doublecortin, DCX). Mean brain weights were 0.40 ± 0.00 g; 4.48 ± 0.43 g and 5.48 ± 0.56 g for neonate, juvenile and adult brains respectively. Our results show positive cell proliferation in the subventricular (SVZ) zone of the lateral ventricle and in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus but at low levels in adults compared to juveniles. Estimate of the mean total proliferative Ki-67 positive cells in the SVZ and DG in the neonates was 21145 ± 8395, and 11800 ± 1230; brains from juvenile AGRs, 45530 ± 13950 and 12480 ± 7860 and from adult brains, (6880 ± 340 and 1130 ± 150) respectively. Juvenile AGR in particular, stained positively in potential sites such as the piriform and somatosensory cortices, striatum and cerebellum. This intensity of the proliferating cells within the dentate gyrus in the juvenile and adult brains could be associated with a role in the cognitive functions of landmine detection and tuberculosis diagnosis after olfactory training of the African giant rat. The juvenile rats are proposed as the most suited for experimental research and olfactory training.
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Examined bones were obtained from eight adult African giant rats,Cricetomys gambianusWaterhouse. Animals used had an average body mass of730.00±41.91 gm and body length of67.20±0.05 cm. The vertebral formula was found to be C7, T13, L6,... more
Examined bones were obtained from eight adult African giant rats,Cricetomys gambianusWaterhouse. Animals used had an average body mass of730.00±41.91 gm and body length of67.20±0.05 cm. The vertebral formula was found to be C7, T13, L6, S4, Ca31–36. The lowest and highest points of the cervicothoracic curvature were at C5and T2, respectively. The spinous process of the axis was the largest in the cervical group while others were sharp and pointed. The greatest diameter of the vertebral canal was at the atlas (0.8 cm) and the lowest at the caudal sacral bones (2 mm). The diameter of the vertebral foramen was the largest at C1and the smallest at the S4; the foramina were negligibly indistinct caudal to the sacral vertebrae. There were 13 pairs of ribs. The first seven pairs were sternal, and six pairs were asternal of which the last 2-3 pairs were floating ribs. The sternum was composed of deltoid-shaped manubrium sterni, four sternebrae, and a slender processus xiphoideus. No sex-rel...
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A study of the neurometrics of the Sahel goat was done using sixteen goats. The mean brain weight obtained was 85.13g. The mean brain length, depth, cerebral length, depth and cerebellar length and depth were 9.38cm, 4.34cm, 5.78cm,... more
A study of the neurometrics of the Sahel goat was done using sixteen goats. The mean brain weight obtained was 85.13g. The mean brain length, depth, cerebral length, depth and cerebellar length and depth were 9.38cm, 4.34cm, 5.78cm, 4.34cm, 2.79cm and 2.43cm respectively, while the relative brain weight was 0.004. Animals below one year of age and 20kg body weight had significantly higher relative brain weight than animals at and above this age and body weight groups. Female goats had a lower mean brain weight than males. There was a strong positive correlation between body weight and brain depth while a strong negative correlation existed between body weight and relative brain weight. The result is added information to the comparative neuroanatomy of small ruminant breeds and should serve as baseline research data in applied fields.
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Developmental mode along the altricial-precocial spectrum is well known to be influenced by brain development and maturation. The greater cane rat (GCR) is an indigenous precocial African rodent with uncommon phenotypes and life traits.... more
Developmental mode along the altricial-precocial spectrum is well known to be influenced by brain development and maturation. The greater cane rat (GCR) is an indigenous precocial African rodent with uncommon phenotypes and life traits. This study was therefore designed to characterize and describe distinctive external developmental features in the prenatal GCR brain across the entire gestational length using the emergence and differentiation of external features of the brain vesicles. Four gross morphometric brain parameters (weight, length, width, and height) were evaluated and expressed as mean ± SEM. Relationship between all brain morphometrics and gestation length were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and linear regression. Developmental milestones in the prenatal GCR were then compared with closely related precocial mammals. The earliest time point with gross observable features in the prenatal GCR brain was at gestation day (GD) 60. The period with the most remarkable gross devel...
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology is characterised by distinct types of cellular defects, notably associated with oxidative damage and mitochondria dysfunction, leading to the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain’s... more
Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology is characterised by distinct types of cellular defects, notably associated with oxidative damage and mitochondria dysfunction, leading to the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain’s substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Exposure to some environmental toxicants and heavy metals has been associated with PD pathogenesis. Raised iron levels have also been consistently observed in the nigrostriatal pathway of PD cases. This study explored, for the first time, the effects of an exogenous environmental heavy metal (vanadium) and its interaction with iron, focusing on the subtoxic effects of these metals on PD-like oxidative stress phenotypes in Catecholaminergic a-differentiated (CAD) cells and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK−1)B9Drosophila melanogaster models of PD. We found that undifferentiated CAD cells were more susceptible to vanadium exposure than differentiated cells, and this susceptibility was modulated by iron. In PINK−1 flies, the e...
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Background The Garcinia kola seeds have been reported for its antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and also for its chemoprevention property. The use of doxorubicin as an anticancer drug has been accompanied with avalanche of side... more
Background The Garcinia kola seeds have been reported for its antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and also for its chemoprevention property. The use of doxorubicin as an anticancer drug has been accompanied with avalanche of side effects including cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect of Kolaviron and Garcinia kola and their mechanisms of action. Methods Sixty male rats (Wistar strain) were used in this study. They were divided into 6 groups (A-F) each containing 10 animals. Group A was the control. Rats in Groups B, C, D, E and F were treated with doxorubicin at the dosage of 15 mg/kg body weight i.p. Prior to this treatment, rats in groups C, D, E and F were pre-treated orally with Kolaviron at the dosage of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, and Garcinia kola 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 7 days, respectively. Results The results show that doxorubicin caused a significant increase in heart rate and prolonged QT, reduced antioxidant status, ...
Research Interests: Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Plant Biology, Oxidative Stress, Flavonoids, Antioxidants, and 14 moreHumans, Animals, Male, Heart rate, Doxorubicin, Garcinia kola, Plant extracts, Rats, Seeds, Wistar Rats, Integrative and Complementary Medicine, Cardiotoxicity, Antineoplastic Agents, and Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Vanadium, atomic number 23, is a transition metal widely distributed in nature. It is a major contaminant of fossil fuels and is widely used in industry as catalysts, in welding, and making steel alloys. Over the years, vanadium compounds... more
Vanadium, atomic number 23, is a transition metal widely distributed in nature. It is a major contaminant of fossil fuels and is widely used in industry as catalysts, in welding, and making steel alloys. Over the years, vanadium compounds have been generating interests due to their use as therapeutic agents in the control of diabetes, tuberculosis, and some neoplasms. However, the toxicity of vanadium compounds is well documented in literature with occupational exposure of workers in vanadium allied industries, environmental pollution from combustion of fossil fuels and industrial exhausts receiving concerns as major sources of toxicity and a likely predisposing factor in the aetiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. A lot has been done to understand the neurotoxic effects of vanadium, its mechanisms of action and possible antidotes. Sequel to our review of the subject in 2011, this present review is to detail the recent insights gained in vanadium neurotoxicity.
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Exposures to toxic levels of vanadium and soluble vanadium compounds cause behavioral impairments and neurodegeneration via free radical production. Consequently, natural antioxidant sources have been explored for effective and cheap... more
Exposures to toxic levels of vanadium and soluble vanadium compounds cause behavioral impairments and neurodegeneration via free radical production. Consequently, natural antioxidant sources have been explored for effective and cheap remedy following toxicity. Grewia carpinifolia has been shown to improve behavioral impairments in vanadium-induced neurotoxicity, however, the active compounds implicated remains unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate ameliorative effects of bioactive compounds from G. carpinifolia on memory and behavioral impairments in vanadium-induced neurotoxicity. Sixty BALB/c mice were equally divided into five groups (A-E). A (control); administered distilled water, B (standard); administered α-tocopherol (500 mg/kg) every 72 hr orally with daily dose of sodium metavanadate (3 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, test groups C, and D; received single oral dose of 100 μg β-spinasterol or stigmasterol (bioactive compounds from G. carpinifolia), respectiv...
Vanadium is a contaminant of crude oil that released into the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels. The mechanism by which it exerts toxic influences had not been fully elucidated in African giant rat (AGR). This study investigates... more
Vanadium is a contaminant of crude oil that released into the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels. The mechanism by which it exerts toxic influences had not been fully elucidated in African giant rat (AGR). This study investigates the mechanisms of sodium metavanadate (SMV) induced oxidative stress in AGR. A total of 24 adult male AGR weighing 600-850 g were used. Animals were randomly divided into six groups. Groups 1, 3 and 5 served as control while groups 2, 4 and 6 were treated with intraperitoneal 3 mg/kg body weight of SMV for 3, 7 and 14 days, respectively. Serum, brain, liver, testes, kidneys, spleen and lungs were harvested for biochemical assays. SMV induced significant increase in malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, sulfhydryl (total thiol) and protein carbonyl levels but decreased non-protein thiol levels in tissues accessed. A significant decrease was observed in glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathion...
The University of Ibadan/Grass Foundation Workshop in Neuroscience Teaching (March 31to April 2, 2017) in Ibadan, Nigeria was sponsored by the Grass Foundation as a "proof of principle" outreach program for young neuroscience... more
The University of Ibadan/Grass Foundation Workshop in Neuroscience Teaching (March 31to April 2, 2017) in Ibadan, Nigeria was sponsored by the Grass Foundation as a "proof of principle" outreach program for young neuroscience faculty at Nigerian universities with limited educational and research resources. The workshop's goal was to introduce low cost equipment for student lab exercises and computational tutorials that could enhance the teaching and research capabilities of local neuroscience educators. Participant assessment of the workshop's activities was very positive and suggested that similar workshops for other faculty from institutions with limited resources could have a great impact on the quality of both the undergraduate and faculty experience.
Moringa oleifera is reported to be a miracle plant, with positive effects on practically every system in the animal body. The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was fractionated using liquid-liquid fractionation, column... more
Moringa oleifera is reported to be a miracle plant, with positive effects on practically every system in the animal body. The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was fractionated using liquid-liquid fractionation, column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bioassay guided fractionation using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) was used to determine the fraction with the highest antioxidative power. Chemical structure was elucidated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. FRAP showed that the pure compound, butyl p-hydroxyphenyl-acetate (MIMO2) exhibited an antioxidant activity higher than TEMPOL (positive control). Vanadium is a metal, which as a salt has been shown to be a neurotoxicant; and was therefore used to assess the efficacy of MIMO2 in this experiment. HT22 (immortalized mouse hippocampal) cells were used for cell culture. The Comet assay showed a statistically significant reduction (p < .05) in DNA damage when 0.25 and 0.5 μM MIMO2 as well as 0.1 and 0.2 mg of the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MO) were used in combination with 200 μM vanadium (sodium metavanadate). Analogously, a reduced formation of superoxide was observed using dihydroethidium (2,7-Diamino-10-ethyl-9-phenyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthridine-DHE) stain after 0.5 μM MIMO2 and 0.063 mg MO were used in combination with vanadium 100 μM. MIMO2 and MO gave a statistically significant (p < .05) protective effect against vanadium toxicity on neuronal cells. Further assays may need to be performed to assess the extent of protection that MIMO2 may offer, and also to better understand its mechanisms of action.
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Vanadium (V), a heavy metal, has been reported to induce central nervous system toxicity leading to various behavioural impairments. It is characterized by the production of reactive oxygen. The present study was designed to test the... more
Vanadium (V), a heavy metal, has been reported to induce central nervous system toxicity leading to various behavioural impairments. It is characterized by the production of reactive oxygen. The present study was designed to test the possibility of Grewia carpinifolia ethanolic extract in preventing behavioural alterations following acute vanadium toxicity in mice. Twenty five Swiss albino mice (25—27 g) were completely random-ized into 5 groups (A—E) of 5 animals each. Group A received distilled water and served as a control; group B, received vitamin E (500 mg.kg –1 b. w. every 72 hours), a known antioxidant orally, along with a daily dose of sodium metavanadate intraperitoneally (i. p.) for 7 days; group C and group D received Grewia carpinifolia leaf extract at 100 and 200 mg.kg –1 b.w orally respectively, along with the sodium metavanadate i. p. for 7 days; while group E received sodium metavanadate i. p. only for 7 days. The behavioural and motor functions were analysed by the open field, negative geotaxis, and hanging wire tests; the daily body and brain weights were recorded. Grewia carpinifolia ethanolic extracts significantly reduced the number of grooming, stretched attend posture, and freezing time that were significantly increased in the vanadium only group and also enhanced the vestibular functions. In addition, the latent time spent on the hanging wire in groups simultaneously administered with the extract and V compared favourably (P > 0.05) with the control groups but a decrease in latent time was observed in the V only group. The results suggest that acute V toxicity results in various behavioural deficits and support a possible role of Grewia carpinifo-lia as a protective agent against acute vanadium-toxicity with a better result at 200 mg.kg –1 b. w.
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Vanadium is a transitional metal with an ability to generate reactive oxygen species in the biological system. This work was designed to assess memory deficits in mice chronically exposed to vanadium. A total of 132 male BALB/c mice (4... more
Vanadium is a transitional metal with an ability to generate reactive oxygen species in the biological system. This work was designed to assess memory deficits in mice chronically exposed to vanadium. A total of 132 male BALB/c mice (4 weeks old) were used for the experiment and were divided into three major groups of vanadium treated, matched controls, and animals exposed to vanadium for three months and thereafter vanadium was withdrawn. Animals were tested using Morris water maze and forelimb grip test at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. The results showed that animals across the groups showed no difference in learning but had significant loss in memory abilities after 3 months of vanadium exposure and this trend continued in all vanadium-exposed groups relative to the controls. Animals exposed to vanadium for three months recovered significantly only 9 months after vanadium withdrawal. There was no significant difference in latency to fall in the forelimb grip test between vanadium-exposed groups and the controls in all age groups. In conclusion, we have shown that chronic administration of vanadium in mice leads to memory deficit which is reversible but only after a long period of vanadium withdrawal.
Vanadium is a transitional metal with an ability to generate reactive oxygen species in the biological system. This work was designed to assess memory deficits in mice chronically exposed to vanadium. A total of 132 male BALB/c mice (4... more
Vanadium is a transitional metal with an ability to generate reactive oxygen species in the biological system. This work was designed to assess memory deficits in mice chronically exposed to vanadium. A total of 132 male BALB/c mice (4 weeks old) were used for the experiment and were divided into three major groups of vanadium treated, matched controls, and animals exposed to vanadium for three months and thereafter vanadium was withdrawn. Animals were tested using Morris water maze and forelimb grip test at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. The results showed that animals across the groups showed no difference in learning but had significant loss in memory abilities after 3 months of vanadium exposure and this trend continued in all vanadium-exposed groups relative to the controls. Animals exposed to vanadium for three months recovered significantly only 9 months after vanadium withdrawal. There was no significant difference in latency to fall in the forelimb grip test between vanadium-exposed groups and the controls in all age groups. In conclusion, we have shown that chronic administration of vanadium in mice leads to memory deficit which is reversible but only after a long period of vanadium withdrawal.
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... International Journal of Morphology. versión On-line ISSN 0717-9502. Resumen. OLOPADE,James Olukayode y ONWUKA, Silas Kalu. Aspectos de Anatomía Clínica de las Regiones Mandibular y Maxilofacial de la Cabra Enana del Oeste Africano en... more
... International Journal of Morphology. versión On-line ISSN 0717-9502. Resumen. OLOPADE,James Olukayode y ONWUKA, Silas Kalu. Aspectos de Anatomía Clínica de las Regiones Mandibular y Maxilofacial de la Cabra Enana del Oeste Africano en Nigeria. Int. J. Morphol. ...
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There has been a widespread use of pigs in medical and biomedical training and research due to many similarities in the morphophysiology of tissues between swine and humans The aim of this study was to measure some rostrofacial indices of... more
There has been a widespread use of pigs in medical and biomedical training and research due to many similarities in the morphophysiology of tissues between swine and humans The aim of this study was to measure some rostrofacial indices of some indigenous pigs in Nigeria, with a view to providing basic information on some clinically important parameters. Using 26 pigs, the mean values for the mandibular lenghts MDL-1 and MDL-2 were 16.74±1.76cm and 15.98±2.32cm for the males and 18.03±3.04 and 17.07±2.54 for the females. The mean distance of the infraorbital foramen to the root of the alveolus of premolar three was relatively constant between sexes and age group however, significant differences was found in the distance between the medial mental foramen and the mandibular foramen, between age group within sexes. Several lateral foramina were observed on either side of the bodies of the mandibles, with an average of 6 in the males and 7 in the females with the implications for anaesthesia discussed. With increasing use of the porcine species as experimental models for improvement of human dental implants, this work will further aid the knowledge of the regional anaesthesia of this species in dental implant studies and could be of value in the surgical intervention of priced animals.
Morphometric Studies of the Eyeball and Orbital Region of the Nigerian Local Pig (Sus scrofa). Olopade, J.O., Igado, O.O., Azeez, I.A. and Okandeji, M.E. Trop. Vet. Vol. 29 (1) 34-40 (2011). Abstract. The ocular and orbital morphometrics... more
Morphometric Studies of the Eyeball and Orbital Region of the Nigerian Local Pig (Sus scrofa). Olopade, J.O., Igado, O.O., Azeez, I.A. and Okandeji, M.E. Trop. Vet. Vol. 29 (1) 34-40 (2011). Abstract. The ocular and orbital morphometrics of the Nigerian local pig (Sus scrofa) were investigated on the fresh specimen and macerated skull on twenty- six pigs (12 males and 14 females). The average weight of the animals studied was 19 ± 1.3 kg, while the eyeball weights were 5.12g and 5.16g for the right and left eyeballs respectively. The vertical diameter was greater than the horizontal diameter thus the animals had an orbital index above 100. No statistically significant differences (P˃0.05) were observed between the male and the female values. Of the eighteen parameters measured, only five parameters recorded values that were slightly higher in the males. The correlation coefficient of the horizontal height (of the orbit in the dry skull) to the right and left eyes although positive, ...