Norma Franklin
University of Haifa, Zinman Institute of Archaeology, Department Member
- Archaeology, Biblical Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Ancient Technology (Archaeology), Near Eastern Studies, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, and 42 moreAncient Near East (Archaeology), Archaeometry, Archaeological Fieldwork, Levantine Archaeology, Ancient construction (Archaeology), Archaeology of Buildings, Ancient economies (Archaeology), Historical Archaeology, Ancient History, Ancient Topography (Archaeology), Ancient water systems, Hebrew Bible, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Cultural Heritage, Jezreel, Megiddo, Samaria, Samaria-Sebastia, Ancient Water Technology, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Biblical Studies, Iron Age, Burial Practices (Archaeology), Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East, Proto Ionic Column Capital, tiglath-pileser III, Jerusalem, Biblical Interpretation, Archaeology of the Levant, History of Jerusalem, Archaeology of Jerusalem, Jewish Temple, Dibon, Ancient Samaria, Architecture, Cypriot Archaeology, 25th Dynasty (Egyptology), Assyriology, Asherah, History of Art, Neo-Assyrian studies, Assyriology, Levant, and Near Eastern Archaeologyedit
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An analysis of the meaning and function of the 55 stone volutes discovered in ancient Israel, Judah, Ammon, Moab.
An analysis of the meaning and function of the 55 stone volutes discovered in ancient Israel, Judah, Ammon, Moab.
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Aššurnaṣirpal II (r. 883-859 b.c.e.) moved his capital from Aššur to the old, long-deserted city of Kalḫu, which he proceeded to rebuild. His new official residence, the Northwest Palace, he described as his "palace for eternity." The... more
Aššurnaṣirpal II (r. 883-859 b.c.e.) moved his capital from Aššur to the old, long-deserted city of Kalḫu, which he proceeded to rebuild. His new official residence, the Northwest Palace, he described as his "palace for eternity." The rooms of the palace had carved stone relief slabs, previously unknown in Assyria. Ten of the, known, rooms had depictions of stylized trees, as well as other figures. This chapter identifies the stylized trees as female date palms and their offshoots-clones of the original tree-together offering a stylized view of a date palm plantation. By exploring the scientific and linguistic data of date palms and the artistic and historical aspects of the reliefs, it appears that Aššurnaṣirpal used this stylized depiction of a date palm plantation as his stemma, an analogy of his unchanging hereditary right to rule.
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The first excavations at Khorsabad were conducted by PE Botta in 1844.The results, illustrated by the artist ME Flandin, were published in 1849 in five volumes, Monument de Ninive. The excavations were renewed by V. Place in 1852, and the... more
The first excavations at Khorsabad were conducted by PE Botta in 1844.The results, illustrated by the artist ME Flandin, were published in 1849 in five volumes, Monument de Ninive. The excavations were renewed by V. Place in 1852, and the results published by M. Pillet in 1918, Les ...
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Research Interests: Nubia, Sennacherib, Southwest Palace, Nineveh, Sennacherib & Neo Assyrian Empire, Kushite Archaeology, Kingdom of Judah, and 3 moreHezekiah, Lmlk Imagery, and Lachish; Siege of Lachish; Sennacherib campaign to Judah; Sennacherib; Biblical Archaeology; Near Eastern Archaeology; Siege-ramp; Siege-machine; Assyrian reliefs
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Much has been written about the stables of Megiddo Stratum IV since a series of tripartite buildings were discovered in 1928 during excavations conducted by The Oriental Institute under the direction of P. L. O. Guy. The buildings... more
Much has been written about the stables of Megiddo Stratum IV since a series of tripartite buildings were discovered in 1928 during excavations conducted by The Oriental Institute under the direction of P. L. O. Guy. The buildings continued to be identified as Solomon’s Stables until the early 1970s, when Yadin conducted a number of small-scale excavations on behalf of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and dated them down to the 9th century BCE; consequently, they became known as Ahab’s Stables (Yadin 1970; 1976). The Megiddo Expedition of Tel Aviv University launched a large-scale excavation of the site in 1992, and excavations in the area of the northern stables (Area L) were resumed in 1998. The Tel Aviv University excavations resulted in the stables being dated later—yet again—to the 8th cen-tury BCE and cautiously attributed to Jeroboam II (Cantrell and Finkelstein 2006: 644–45; Finkelstein 1999: 63–66).
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In 746 BCE, Tiglath-pileser III came to the Assyrian throne as a usurper.¹ His foreign policy was markedly different to that of his predecessors: he enlarged the area of Assyrian control, annexed former client states and converted them... more
In 746 BCE, Tiglath-pileser III came to the Assyrian throne as a usurper.¹ His foreign policy was markedly different to that of his predecessors: he enlarged the area of Assyrian control, annexed former client states and converted them into Assyrian provinces.² His rule marks the beginning of Assyria's imperial phase³ and, significantly, also the beginning of the end of the Kingdom of Israel. The Northern Kingdom rebelled against Assyrian domination circa 734 BCE – an event heralded by the murder of Pekahiah, the son of Menachem, and the accession of Pekah to the Israelite throne in 736 BCE.⁴ Tiglath-pileser responded to the general unrest in the region by conducting three campaigns⁵ to the west, including at least one against Israel, between the years 734 and 732 BCE.⁶ This resulted
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Proof
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The biblical story of Naboth and his vineyard have come to life in a recent excavation at Jezreel, where archaeologists excavated an Iron Age winery at the foot of Tel Jezreel.
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Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, and 7 moreHebrew Bible, Survey Methodology, Archaeological GIS, Hellenistic Roman and Byzantine Archaeology in the Land of Israel, Ancient Israel, LiDAR for Landscape Archaeology, and Jezreel
Research Interests: Archaeology, Levantine Archaeology, Hebrew Bible, Biblical Archaeology, Biblical Interpretation, and 9 moreHebrew Bible and Ancient Near East, Jerusalem, Samaria, Archaeology of the Levant, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, City of David, Ancient Samaria, Dibon, and History of Jerusalem, Archaeology of Jerusalem, Jewish Temple
Research Interests: Hebrew Bible, Trade, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East, Mediterranean archaeology, Viticulture, and 12 moreAmphorae, Oenology, Viticulture & Enology, Wine and Olive Oil Production, Wine and Olive Oil Production, Oenology and Viticulture, Wine in Ancient Mediterranean, Ancient wine making, Ancient History of wine, Jezreel, Naboth, and Antic Technology
Research Interests: Archaeology, Architecture, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Cypriot Archaeology, and 13 moreSyro-Palestinian archaeology, Archaeology of Buildings, Biblical Archaeology, Archaeology of Architecture, Ancient Near East, Israelite Religion, Date Palm Production Technology, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Megiddo, Ramat Rahel, Column Capitals, Proto Ionic Column Capital, and Archaeology of Cyprus
Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Water Engineering, and 8 moreSyro-Palestinian archaeology, Ancient Near East, Ancient Technology (Archaeology), Ancient Near East (Archaeology), Ancient water systems, Ancient Water Technology, Megiddo, and Archaeology of the Levant
Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Near Eastern Studies, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, and 9 moreAncient economies (Archaeology), Syro-Palestinian archaeology, Ancient Near East, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East, Ancient Near East (Archaeology), History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Omride Israel, and Ancient Samaria
Research Interests: Archaeology, Theology, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Ritual, and 17 moreHebrew Bible, Biblical Studies, Culture, Biblical Archaeology, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Ancient Near East, Biblical Interpretation, Burial Practices (Archaeology), Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East, Tradition, Samaria, Burial Customs, Tombs, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Omride Israel, Ancient Samaria, and King Omri of Samaria
A description of a Window Balustrade from Ramat Rahel, Israel
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Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Stratigraphy, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, and 11 moreHebrew Bible, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, Biblical Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East, Ancient Near East (Archaeology), Megiddo, Bible chronology, Archaeology of the Levant, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, and Ancient Samaria
Research Interests: Ancient History, Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Near Eastern Studies, and 28 moreArchaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Hebrew Bible, Biblical Studies, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, Archaeology of Buildings, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Ancient Near East, Burial Practices (Archaeology), Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East, Ancient Near East (Archaeology), Assyrian Empire, Assyrian art, Tomb Architecture, Samaria, Archaeology of death and burial, Burial Customs, Tombs, Neo Assyrian wall reliefs, Book of Kings, Archaeology of the Levant, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Omride Israel, Ancient Samaria, Samaria-Sebastia, King Omri of Samaria, Archaeology of the Iron Age in the Levant, and Omrides
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A popular version of my 2000 paper on the dating of the Megiddo Water System
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The re-excavation of Stairway 2153 and the investigation of Yadin’s proposed second water system at Megiddo.
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The excavation of the area surrounding the tomb excavated by Schumacher in the center of the Tell. A reassessment of the tomb and its date of construction and use.
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This article focuses on Stratum V, Stratum VA-IVB, and Stratum IVA at Megiddo. The try nature of Stratum V is revealed , showing it to be an important multiphased city, complete with two palatial buildings, one of which has similarities... more
This article focuses on Stratum V, Stratum VA-IVB, and Stratum IVA at Megiddo. The try nature of Stratum V is revealed , showing it to be an important multiphased city, complete with two palatial buildings, one of which has similarities with the Omride Palace in Samaria. In addition, the existence of a distinct Stratum IVB (VA-IVB) is questioned, and an alternative layout for Stratum IV in the crucial southern area of the tell is proposed.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Archaeometry, and 10 moreSyro-Palestinian archaeology, Biblical Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Archaeological Fieldwork, Ancient Near East (Archaeology), Megiddo, Bible chronology, Archaeology of the Levant, Israel Finkelstein, and Yigael Yadin
In this brief response, the author replies to David Ussishkin’s comments, reiterating in particular that an analysis of the stratigraphy of Iron Age Megiddo and Samaria cannot be judged solely via the available published material,... more
In this brief response, the author replies to David Ussishkin’s comments, reiterating in particular that an analysis of the stratigraphy of Iron Age Megiddo and Samaria cannot be judged solely via the available published material, especially when such has been found wanting, but must also include a consideration of previously unavailable archival material.
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Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Epigraphy (Archaeology), Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, and 14 moreHebrew Bible, Carian, Archaeometry, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, Archaeology of Buildings, Biblical Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Ancient Technology (Archaeology), Ancient Near East (Archaeology), Epigraphic Hebrew, Carian/Karian, Carian/Karian language/script, Masons marks, and Archaeology of the Levant
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Recently, a travel account and 700 photographs came to light by the hand of Leo Boer, a former student of the École Biblique et Archéologique Française in Jerusalem who, at the age of 26 in 1953–4 visited many archaeological sites in the... more
Recently, a travel account and 700 photographs came to light by the hand of Leo Boer, a former student of the École Biblique et Archéologique Française in Jerusalem who, at the age of 26 in 1953–4 visited many archaeological sites in the area of present-day Israel and the Palestinian Territories. These documents inspired 20 internationally-renowned scholars – many of whom excavated at the sites they describe – to report on what we know today of nine particular sites chosen from the many that Leo Boer visited 60 years ago: Jerusalem, Khirbet et-Tell (Άi?), Samaria & Sebaste, Tell Balata (Shechem), Tell es-Sultan (Jericho), Khirbet Qumran, Caesarea, Megiddo, and Bet She’an. Rather than focusing on the history of these sites, the contributors describe the history of the archaeological expeditions. Who excavated these sites over the years? What were the specific aims of their campaigns? What techniques and methods did they use? How did they interpret these excavations? What finds were most noteworthy? And finally, what are the major misconceptions held by the former excavators?
Several themes are interwoven amongst the contributions and variously discussed, such as ‘identification of biblical sites’, ‘regional surveys’, ‘underwater archaeology’, ‘archaeothanatology’, ‘archaeology and politics’, ‘archaeology and science’, and ‘heritage management’. This unique collection of images and essays offers to scholars working in the region previously unpublished materials and interpretations as well as new photographs. For students of archaeology, ancient or Biblical history and theology it contains both a detailed archaeological historiography and explores some highly relevant, specific themes. Finally, the superb quality of Boer’s photography provides an unprecedented insight into the archaeological landscape of post-war Palestine for anyone interested in Biblical history and archaeology.
Table of Contents
Preface (Jürgen Zangenberg)
A Chance Meeting in a Museum (Bart Wagemakers)
Chapter 1 – Leo Boer (Bart Wagemakers)
Chapter 2 – Jerusalem (Margreet L. Steiner)
Chapter 3 – Khirbet et-Tell (Άi?) (Lucas P. Petit)
Chapter 4 – Samaria & Sebaste (Shimon Gibson, Ron E. Tappy)
Chapter 5 – Tell Balata (Shechem) (Edward F. Campbell, Jr., Gerrit van der Kooij, Hamdan Taha and Monique H. van den Dries)
Chapter 6 – Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) (Maura Sala, Fanny Bocquentin and Bart Wagemakers)
Chapter 7 – Khirbet Qumran (Joan E. Taylor, Jan Gunneweg)
Chapter 8 – Caesarea Maritima (Kenneth G. Holum)
Chapter 9 – Megiddo (Norma Franklin)
Chapter 10 – Bet She’an (Yoram Tsafrir and Benjmain Arubas, Gabriel Mazor and Walid Atrash, Nava Panitz-Cohen)
Chronological Table
List of Contributors
Index
Apply to the author for a PDF
Several themes are interwoven amongst the contributions and variously discussed, such as ‘identification of biblical sites’, ‘regional surveys’, ‘underwater archaeology’, ‘archaeothanatology’, ‘archaeology and politics’, ‘archaeology and science’, and ‘heritage management’. This unique collection of images and essays offers to scholars working in the region previously unpublished materials and interpretations as well as new photographs. For students of archaeology, ancient or Biblical history and theology it contains both a detailed archaeological historiography and explores some highly relevant, specific themes. Finally, the superb quality of Boer’s photography provides an unprecedented insight into the archaeological landscape of post-war Palestine for anyone interested in Biblical history and archaeology.
Table of Contents
Preface (Jürgen Zangenberg)
A Chance Meeting in a Museum (Bart Wagemakers)
Chapter 1 – Leo Boer (Bart Wagemakers)
Chapter 2 – Jerusalem (Margreet L. Steiner)
Chapter 3 – Khirbet et-Tell (Άi?) (Lucas P. Petit)
Chapter 4 – Samaria & Sebaste (Shimon Gibson, Ron E. Tappy)
Chapter 5 – Tell Balata (Shechem) (Edward F. Campbell, Jr., Gerrit van der Kooij, Hamdan Taha and Monique H. van den Dries)
Chapter 6 – Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) (Maura Sala, Fanny Bocquentin and Bart Wagemakers)
Chapter 7 – Khirbet Qumran (Joan E. Taylor, Jan Gunneweg)
Chapter 8 – Caesarea Maritima (Kenneth G. Holum)
Chapter 9 – Megiddo (Norma Franklin)
Chapter 10 – Bet She’an (Yoram Tsafrir and Benjmain Arubas, Gabriel Mazor and Walid Atrash, Nava Panitz-Cohen)
Chronological Table
List of Contributors
Index
Apply to the author for a PDF
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Ivories, votive capitals, stele, and beyond: The origin of the proto-ionic or volute motif and its evolution The volute motif has previously been recognized as a stylized version of a date palm, the tree of life. However until now the... more
Ivories, votive capitals, stele, and beyond:
The origin of the proto-ionic or volute motif and its evolution
The volute motif has previously been recognized as a stylized version of a date palm, the tree of life. However until now the key botanical rationale that gave rise to this relationship has not been understood. This paper will explain the naissance of the volute motif and illuminate its significant emblematic function in the art and architecture of the Ancient Near East.
The origin of the proto-ionic or volute motif and its evolution
The volute motif has previously been recognized as a stylized version of a date palm, the tree of life. However until now the key botanical rationale that gave rise to this relationship has not been understood. This paper will explain the naissance of the volute motif and illuminate its significant emblematic function in the art and architecture of the Ancient Near East.
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Proof
Encyclopedia article on Building materials in the ancient near east
Encyclopedia article on Building materials in the ancient near east
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Proof
Construction techniques in the ancient near east
Construction techniques in the ancient near east