Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition between Senior Orienteering Athletes and Community-Dwelling Older Adults
<p>Factors affecting the composition of gut microbiota.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Relative abundance of the 10 most abundant genera across 98 samples.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Relative abundance of significantly different genera and selected species stratified for group (senior orienteers compared to older adults). Cut-off for significance was set at false discovery rate (FDR) <5%. Descriptive <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values for each comparison are shown. (<b>A</b>) Genera; (<b>B</b>) Species.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of covariates. Boxplots of covariates stratified for older adults and senior orienteers, including descriptive <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values from Welch’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test. (<b>A</b>) Macronutrients measured by energy percentage (E%). (<b>B</b>) Fibre measured by grams per megajoule (MJ). (<b>C</b>) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score. (<b>D</b>) Bar plot for medication covariates for older adults and senior orienteers, including descriptive <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values from chi-square test.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Significance of difference between older adults and senior orienteers after correction for macronutrients, psychological distress, and medication variables. Corrected bacterial composition values were compared between groups for each species and false discovery rates (FDRs) calculated. The dots represent negative log10 <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values belonging to respective species, where blue denotes significance and red denotes non-significance, with a significance threshold at FDR <5%. A Results for models with a single macronutrient variable and with all macronutrient variables in a multi-variable model. B Results for models with single medication variables and with all variables in a multi-variable model. C Results for models regarding anxiety and depression separately with single Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) variables and with both HADS variables in a multi-variable model. D Results for models with sex and age.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Assessment of relative importance of all covariates. A complete model comprising all covariates for assessing variable importance. The relative importance of each covariate was measured as likelihood-ratio chi-square statistics.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots. Principal coordinates were estimated using Bray–Curtis distance on the predicted species. Each dot represents an individual sample, shape depicts groups, and blue scale codes for the gastrointestinal symptom scores measured with Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) values. Dotted ellipse indicates 95% confidence region of older adults and dashed ellipse indicates 95% confidence region of senior orienteers. CEA = 95% confidence ellipse area. (<b>A</b>) PCoA using all predicted species; (<b>B</b>) PCoA using four selected species that were significantly different between older adults and senior orienteers.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Comparison of covariates when older adults are stratified for typical and atypical. Atypical older adults are defined as samples outside of the confidence ellipse area in <a href="#nutrients-12-02610-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. Statistically significant differences are marked with an asterisk. (<b>A</b>) Macronutrient intake measured by energy percentage (E%). (<b>B</b>) Fibre measured by grams per megajoule. (<b>C</b>) Anxiety and depression scores. (<b>D</b>) Mean score of gastrointestinal symptoms. (<b>E</b>) Representation of proportion of subjects with medications.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Correlation between <span class="html-italic">Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</span> and fibre intake. Shape depicts different groups. Dotted line, solid line, and dashed line represent regression lines for senior orienteers, typical older adults, and atypical older adults, respectively. Confidence interval (95%) values are given in brackets for respective observed correlations.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants, Data Collection, and Ethics
2.2. Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Psychological Distress, and Physical Activity
2.3. Macronutrient Intake
2.4. Medications
2.5. Next-Generation Sequencing for Determination of the Microbiota Composition
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data
3.2. Microbiota Composition
3.3. Ecological Diversity and Homogeneity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Older Adults | Senior Orienteering Athletes |
---|---|
Inclusion criteria | |
Informed consent signed by the study participant Age ≥ 65 years Mentally and physically fit to complete questionnaires during the study period | Informed consent signed by the study participant Age ≥ 65 years Mentally and physically fit to complete questionnaires during the study period Actively performing and competing in orienteering |
Exclusion criteria | |
Any known gastrointestinal disease, malignancies, and ischemia Inflammatory bowel disease Participation in another clinical trial in the past three months | Any known gastrointestinal disease, malignancies, and ischemia Inflammatory bowel disease Participation in another clinical trial in the past three months |
Parameter | Community-Dwelling Older Adults n = 70 | Senior Orienteering Athletes n = 28 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex Median n (%) | |||
Female Male | 33 (47%) 37 (53%) | 12 (43%) 16 (57%) | 0.701 |
Age Median (IQR) | 72 (69–76) | 68.5 (67–72) | 0.034 |
Smoking n (%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.537 |
Physical activity Median (IQR) | 3.5 (3–4) | 4 (4–5) | <0.001 * |
Polypharmacy n (%) | 8 (12%) | 2 (7%) | 0.487 |
Number of medications Median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–2) | 0.016 |
GI symptoms Median (IQR) | |||
Indigestion Constipation Abdominal pain Diarrhoea Reflux | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) 1.3 (1.0–3.3) 1.3 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.3) 1.0 (1.0–1.5) | 1.5 (1.3–1.9) 1.3 (1.0–1.6) 1.0 (1.0–1.7) 1.3 (1.0–1.7) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.011 0.569 0.009 0.497 0.043 |
Total GI symptoms | 1.8 (1.1–2.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 0.021 |
Depression Median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 0 (0–1) | 0.002 * |
Anxiety Median (IQR) | 2 (0.5–5.5) | 0.5 (0–2.8) | 0.006 * |
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Fart, F.; Rajan, S.K.; Wall, R.; Rangel, I.; Ganda-Mall, J.P.; Tingö, L.; Brummer, R.J.; Repsilber, D.; Schoultz, I.; Lindqvist, C.M. Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition between Senior Orienteering Athletes and Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2610. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092610
Fart F, Rajan SK, Wall R, Rangel I, Ganda-Mall JP, Tingö L, Brummer RJ, Repsilber D, Schoultz I, Lindqvist CM. Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition between Senior Orienteering Athletes and Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2610. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092610
Chicago/Turabian StyleFart, Frida, Sukithar Kochappi Rajan, Rebecca Wall, Ignacio Rangel, John Peter Ganda-Mall, Lina Tingö, Robert J. Brummer, Dirk Repsilber, Ida Schoultz, and Carl Mårten Lindqvist. 2020. "Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition between Senior Orienteering Athletes and Community-Dwelling Older Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2610. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092610