Nutrients

14 pages, 2052 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extended Reality Technologies in Nutrition Education and Behavior: Comprehensive Scoping Review and Future Directions

by Jared T. McGuirt, Natalie K. Cooke, Marissa Burgermaster, Basheerah Enahora, Grace Huebner, Yu Meng, Gina Tripicchio, Omari Dyson, Virginia C. Stage and Siew Sun Wong

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2899; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092899 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6494

Abstract

The use of Extended Reality (XR) (i.e. Virtual and Augmented Reality) for nutrition education and behavior change has not been comprehensively reviewed. This paper presents findings from a scoping review of current published research. Articles (n = 92) were extracted from PubMed [...] Read more.

The use of Extended Reality (XR) (i.e. Virtual and Augmented Reality) for nutrition education and behavior change has not been comprehensively reviewed. This paper presents findings from a scoping review of current published research. Articles (n = 92) were extracted from PubMed and Scopus using a structured search strategy and selection approach. Pertinent study information was extracted using a standardized data collection form. Each article was independently reviewed and coded by two members of the research team, who then met to resolve any coding discrepancies. There is an increasing trend in publication in this area, mostly regarding Virtual Reality. Most studies used developmental testing in a lab setting, employed descriptive or observational methods, and focused on momentary behavior change like food selection rather than education. The growth and diversity of XR studies suggest the potential of this approach. There is a need and opportunity for more XR technology focused on children and other foundational theoretical determinants of behavior change to be addressed within nutrition education. Our findings suggest that XR technology is a burgeoning approach in the field of nutrition, but important gaps remain, including inadequate methodological rigor, community application, and assessment of the impact on dietary behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodologies to Develop, Frame, Evaluate, and Disseminate Nutrition Education)

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Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram of literature search and selection process. Full article ">Figure 2
Summary of study characteristics by (a) technology type, (b) use of avatar, (c) purpose of technology, (d) location of study, (e) participant race, (f) participant age, (g) setting, (h) study design, (i) research focus), (j) outcome focus, (k) main equipment used. Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
Summary of study characteristics by (a) technology type, (b) use of avatar, (c) purpose of technology, (d) location of study, (e) participant race, (f) participant age, (g) setting, (h) study design, (i) research focus), (j) outcome focus, (k) main equipment used. Full article ">Figure 3
Publication trend from 2009–2018. Full article ">Figure 4
Study objectives by technology type (one type of tech in a study may contain multiple objectives). Full article ">Figure 5
Technology by Study Outcomes. Full article ">

19 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

KiwiC for Vitality: Results of a Placebo-Controlled Trial Testing the Effects of Kiwifruit or Vitamin C Tablets on Vitality in Adults with Low Vitamin C Levels

by Tamlin S. Conner, Benjamin D. Fletcher, Jillian J. Haszard, Juliet M. Pullar, Emma Spencer, Louise A. Mainvil and Margreet C. M. Vissers

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2898; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092898 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 13065 | Correction

Abstract

Consumption of vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables has been associated with greater feelings of vitality. However, these associations have rarely been tested in experimental trials. The aim of the current study was to test the effects of eating a vitamin C-rich food (kiwifruit) [...] Read more.

Consumption of vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables has been associated with greater feelings of vitality. However, these associations have rarely been tested in experimental trials. The aim of the current study was to test the effects of eating a vitamin C-rich food (kiwifruit) on subjective vitality and whether effects are driven by vitamin C. Young adults (n = 167, 61.1% female, aged 18–35 years) with plasma vitamin C < 40 µmol/L were allocated to three intervention conditions: kiwifruit (2 SunGold™ kiwifruit/day), vitamin C (250 mg tablet/day), placebo (1 tablet/day). The trial consisted of a two-week lead-in, four-week intervention, and two-week washout. Plasma vitamin C and vitality questionnaires (total mood disturbance, fatigue, and well-being) were measured fortnightly. Self-reported sleep quality and physical activity were measured every second day through smartphone surveys. Nutritional confounds were assessed using a three-day food diary during each study phase. Plasma vitamin C reached saturation levels within two weeks for the kiwifruit and vitamin C groups. Participants consuming kiwifruit showed a trend of improvement in mood disturbance, significantly decreased fatigue, and significantly improved well-being after two weeks of the intervention. Improvements in well-being remained elevated through washout. Consumption of vitamin C tablets alone was associated with improved well-being after two weeks, and additionally improved mood and fatigue for participants with consistently low vitamin C levels during lead-in. Diet records showed that participants consuming kiwifruit reduced their fat intake during the intervention period. Intervention effects remained significant when adjusting for condition allocation groupings, age, and ethnicity, and were not explained by sleep quality, physical activity, BMI, or other dietary patterns, including fat intake. There were no changes in plasma vitamin C status or vitality in the placebo group. Whole-food consumption of kiwifruit was associated with improved subjective vitality in adults with low vitamin C status. Similar, but not identical changes were found for vitamin C tablets, suggesting that additional properties of kiwifruit may contribute to improved vitality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins C and D: Global and Population Health Perspectives)

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Timeline of study design. Key Consent-Consent form and study information; Dem-Demographic questionnaire; Blood-Blood sample; BMI-Body mass index; Survey–Survey measuring mood disturbance (POMS), fatigue (MFSI-SF), and well-being (WEMWBS); Smart-Smartphone survey, every second day during week; FBR–3-day Food and Beverage Record is returned; Intervent–Intervention provided with a two week supply of supplement (placebo, vitamin C, or kiwifruit). Full article ">Figure 2
Participant flow diagram illustrating recruitment processes, inclusions and reasons for exclusion, allocated intervention condition, and withdrawals/loss-to-follow up. Below sat. vitamin C = Below saturation vitamin C status [selecting participants with vitamin C levels <60 µmol/L]. Full article ">Figure 3
Plasma vitamin C concentrations over the study period for the total sample (n = 167). (A–C): Individual results for all participants randomized to (A) placebo, (B) vitamin C tablet, and (C) kiwifruit conditions. Solid black lines are individuals in the per protocol (PP) analyses with lead-in plasma vitamin C levels <40 µmol/L (n = 92). Combined black lines (solid and dotted) are individuals in the below saturation analyses with lead-in plasma vitamin C levels <60 µmol/L (n = 128). Brown dotted lines are individuals with lead-in plasma vitamin C levels >60 µmol/L excluded from the below saturation analysis (n = 39). (D): Combined results of all plasma vitamin C levels for the total sample (n = 167). Black = placebo tablet, n = 54; orange = vitamin C tablet, n = 56; green = kiwifruit, n = 57. (E): Combined results of all plasma samples for the cohort sub-set with vitamin C concentrations <60 µmol/L at baseline and lead in (n = 128). Black = placebo tablet, n = 45; orange = vitamin C tablet, n = 40; green = kiwifruit, n = 43. Data are the raw unadjusted means ± SE. Full article ">Figure 4
Changes in fortnightly (A) total mood disturbance scores (POMS), (B) multidimensional fatigue score (MFS), and (C) well-being (WB) over the study period for the total sample (n = 167). Results are presented as means ± SE for participants allocated to placebo tablet (black lines), vitamin C tablet (orange lines) and kiwifruit (green lines) conditions. Lead-in Week 2 served as baseline, which was compared against Week 4 and Week 6 of the intervention. Full article ">

21 pages, 4389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Iron Supplementation Alone, but Not in Combination, Lower Inflammation and Anemia of Infection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Mice

by Arista Nienaber, Jeannine Baumgartner, Robin C. Dolman, Mumin Ozturk, Lizelle Zandberg, Frank E. A. Hayford, Frank Brombacher, Renee Blaauw, Suraj P. Parihar, Cornelius M. Smuts and Linda Malan

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2897; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092897 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6828

Abstract

Progressive inflammation and anemia are common in tuberculosis (TB) and linked to poor clinical outcomes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have inflammation-resolving properties, whereas iron supplementation in TB may have limited efficacy and enhance bacterial growth. We investigated effects of iron [...] Read more.

Progressive inflammation and anemia are common in tuberculosis (TB) and linked to poor clinical outcomes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have inflammation-resolving properties, whereas iron supplementation in TB may have limited efficacy and enhance bacterial growth. We investigated effects of iron and EPA/DHA supplementation, alone and in combination, on inflammation, anemia, iron status markers and clinical outcomes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. One week post-infection, mice received the AIN-93 diet without (control) or with supplemental iron (Fe), EPA/DHA, or Fe+EPA/DHA for 3 weeks. Mice supplemented with Fe or EPA/DHA had lower soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin and hepcidin than controls, but these effects were attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice. EPA/DHA increased inflammation-resolving lipid mediators and lowered lung IL-1α, IFN-γ, plasma IL-1β, and TNF-α. Fe lowered lung IL-1α, IL-1β, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. However, the cytokine-lowering effects in the lungs were attenuated with Fe+EPA/DHA. Mice supplemented with EPA/DHA had lower lung bacterial loads than controls, but this effect was attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice. Thus, individually, post-infection EPA/DHA and iron supplementation lowered systemic and lung inflammation and mitigated anemia of infection in TB, but not when combined. EPA/DHA also enhanced bactericidal effects and could support inflammation resolution and management of anemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health)

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12 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Micronutrient Deficiencies in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

by Omar Jamil, Raquel Gonzalez-Heredia, Pablo Quadri, Chandra Hassan, Mario Masrur, Reed Berger, Karen Bernstein and Lisa Sanchez-Johnsen

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2896; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092896 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3781

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review to examine micronutrient deficiencies in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. We conducted a literature review using PubMed and Cochrane databases to examine micronutrient deficiencies in SG patients in order to identify trends and find [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review to examine micronutrient deficiencies in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. We conducted a literature review using PubMed and Cochrane databases to examine micronutrient deficiencies in SG patients in order to identify trends and find consistency in recommendations. Seventeen articles were identified that met the defined criteria. Iron, vitamin B12 and vitamin D were the primary micronutrients evaluated. Results demonstrate the need for consistent iron and B12 supplementation, in addition to a multivitamin, while vitamin D supplementation may not be necessary. Additional prospective studies to establish a clearer picture of micronutrient deficiencies post-SG are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Health: Experimental, Clinical, and Community-Based Evidence)

13 pages, 2883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interplay of Enzyme Therapy and Dietary Management of Murine Homocystinuria

by Insun Park, Erez M. Bublil, Frank Glavin and Tomas Majtan

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2895; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092895 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3779

Abstract

Albeit effective, methionine/protein restriction in the management of classical homocystinuria (HCU) is suboptimal and hard to follow. To address unmet need, we developed an enzyme therapy (OT-58), which effectively corrected disease symptoms in various mouse models of HCU in the absence of methionine [...] Read more.

Albeit effective, methionine/protein restriction in the management of classical homocystinuria (HCU) is suboptimal and hard to follow. To address unmet need, we developed an enzyme therapy (OT-58), which effectively corrected disease symptoms in various mouse models of HCU in the absence of methionine restriction. Here we evaluated short- and long-term efficacy of OT-58 on the background of current dietary management of HCU. Methionine restriction resulted in the lowering of total homocysteine (tHcy) by 38–63% directly proportional to a decreased methionine intake (50–12.5% of normal). Supplemental betaine resulted in additional lowering of tHcy. OT-58 successfully competed with betaine and normalized tHcy on the background of reduced methionine intake, while substantially lowering tHcy in mice on normal methionine intake. Betaine was less effective in lowering tHcy on the background of normal or increased methionine intake, while exacerbating hypermethioninemia. OT-58 markedly reduced both hyperhomocysteinemia and hypermethioninemia caused by the diets and betaine in HCU mice. Withdrawal of betaine did not affect improved metabolic balance, which was established and solely maintained by OT-58 during periods of fluctuating dietary methionine intake. Taken together, OT-58 may represent novel, highly effective enzyme therapy for HCU performing optimally in the presence or absence of dietary management of HCU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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Sulfur amino acid metabolism and management of homocystinuria (HCU). In HCU, sulfur amino acid metabolism is disrupted due to deficient cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) activity (red cross), which leads to the elevation of upstream metabolites homocysteine (Hcy), methionine (Met), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and decrease of downstream metabolites cystathionine (Cth) and cysteine (Cys) as indicated by red arrows. Green stars designate locations, where the current treatments for HCU work: restriction of dietary Met and protein intake to decrease production of Hcy, pyridoxine supplementation to stimulate residual CBS activity and folate/betaine supplementation to promote Hcy re-methylation back to Met. cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL); di-MethylGlyoxime (DMG); S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH); Bet-Hcy-methyltransferase (BHMT). Full article ">Figure 2
Short-term evaluation of OT-58 on the background of current standard of care for HCU. Ten HO mouse cohorts (n = 3 males + 3 females each) were set on a different dietary regime evaluating normal or decreased Met content in the diet (MET4.0/2.0/1.0/0.5), Bet supplementation (2% Bet water), and dietary Cys supplementation (3xCYS). After acclimation, the efficacy of OT-58 treatment was assessed according to the study design shown in the bottom right corner. (a) Plasma Met, (b) plasma tHcy, (c) plasma tCys, (d) plasma Cth, (e) plasma Bet. Solid lines and closed symbols represent cohorts without Bet supplementation, while dashed lines and open symbols denote cohorts with Bet supplementation. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors of means, respectively. Full article ">Figure 3
Long-term evaluation of OT-58. Three HO mouse cohorts (n = 4 males + 4 females each) were set on diets with reduced (MET0.5), normal (MET4.0), and increased (MET8.2) Met content later combined with Bet supplementation. OT-58 efficacy was evaluated on the background of these dietary regimes and later challenged by switching cohorts between the three diets as outlined in study design shown at the top. (a) Plasma Met, (b) plasma tHcy, (c) plasma tCys, (d) plasma Cth. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors of means, respectively. Full article ">

34 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessReview

Promoting Healthy Eating among Young People—A Review of the Evidence of the Impact of School-Based Interventions

by Abina Chaudhary, František Sudzina and Bent Egberg Mikkelsen

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2894; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092894 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 14309

Abstract

Intro: Globally, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing among children and younger adults and is associated with unhealthy dietary habits and lack of physical activity. School food is increasingly brought forward as a policy to address the unhealthy eating patterns among [...] Read more.

Intro: Globally, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing among children and younger adults and is associated with unhealthy dietary habits and lack of physical activity. School food is increasingly brought forward as a policy to address the unhealthy eating patterns among young people. Aim: This study investigated the evidence for the effectiveness of school-based food and nutrition interventions on health outcomes by reviewing scientific evidence-based intervention studies amongst children at the international level. Methods: This study was based on a systematic review using the PRISMA guidelines. Three electronic databases were systematically searched, reference lists were screened for studies evaluating school-based food and nutrition interventions that promoted children’s dietary behaviour and health aiming changes in the body composition among children. Articles dating from 2014 to 2019 were selected and reported effects on anthropometry, dietary behaviour, nutritional knowledge, and attitude. Results: The review showed that school-based interventions in general were able to affect attitudes, knowledge, behaviour and anthropometry, but that the design of the intervention affects the size of the effect. In general, food focused interventions taking an environmental approach seemed to be most effective. Conclusions: School-based interventions (including multicomponent interventions) can be an effective and promising means for promoting healthy eating, improving dietary behaviour, attitude and anthropometry among young children. Thus, schools as a system have the potential to make lasting improvements, ensuring healthy school environment around the globe for the betterment of children’s short- and long-term health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Obesity and Nutrition Promotion Intervention)

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3 pages, 183 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health

by Anna Tresserra-Rimbau

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2893; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092893 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4274

Abstract

Plant-based foods are the main source of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, a large family of compounds with highly diverse chemical structures [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health)

16 pages, 1911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DGLA from the Microalga Lobosphaera Incsa P127 Modulates Inflammatory Response, Inhibits iNOS Expression and Alleviates NO Secretion in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages

by Ekaterina Novichkova, Katya Chumin, Noy Eretz-Kdosha, Sammy Boussiba, Jacob Gopas, Guy Cohen and Inna Khozin-Goldberg

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2892; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092892 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5131

Abstract

Microalgae have been considered as a renewable source of nutritional, cosmetic and pharmaceutical compounds. The ability to produce health-beneficial long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is of high interest. LC-PUFA and their metabolic lipid mediators, modulate key inflammatory pathways in numerous models. In particular, [...] Read more.

Microalgae have been considered as a renewable source of nutritional, cosmetic and pharmaceutical compounds. The ability to produce health-beneficial long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is of high interest. LC-PUFA and their metabolic lipid mediators, modulate key inflammatory pathways in numerous models. In particular, the metabolism of arachidonic acid under inflammatory challenge influences the immune reactivity of macrophages. However, less is known about another omega-6 LC-PUFA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activities, which contrast with its delta-5 desaturase product, arachidonic acid (ARA). In this work, we examined whether administrating DGLA would modulate the inflammatory response in the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line. DGLA was applied for 24 h in the forms of carboxylic (free) acid, ethyl ester, and ethyl esters obtained from the DGLA-accumulating delta-5 desaturase mutant strain P127 of the green microalga Lobosphaera incisa. DGLA induced a dose-dependent increase in the RAW264.7 cells’ basal secretion of the prostaglandin PGE1. Upon bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli, the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), was affected little by DGLA, while interleukin 6 (IL-6), nitric oxide, and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased significantly. DGLA administered at 100 µM in all forms attenuated the LPS-induced expression of the key inflammatory genes in a concerted manner, in particular iNOS, IL-6, and LxR, in the form of free acid. PGE1 was the major prostaglandin detected in DGLA-supplemented culture supernatants, whose production prevailed over ARA-derived PGE2 and PGD2, which were less affected by LPS-stimulation compared with the vehicle control. An overall pattern of change indicated DGLA’s induced alleviation of the inflammatory state. Finally, our results indicate that microalgae-derived, DGLA-enriched ethyl esters (30%) exhibited similar activities to DGLA ethyl esters, strengthening the potential of this microalga as a potent source of this rare anti-inflammatory fatty acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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Dose-dependent response evaluation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) free acid and ethyl ester forms in RAW264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of DGLA in its free or ethyl ester form for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) (A) and tetrazolium-formazan (XTT) (B) assays, as indicated in the Methods section. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (C) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (D) were quantified in culture supernatants. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 1:1000 (the final concentration in the cell culture media was 0.1% in all treatment groups) was used as a vehicle control and did not affect the cells viability. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). * denotes a significant difference compared to untreated control, p < 0.05, n = 3. Full article ">Figure 2
DGLA modulates key inflammatory signals in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Inflammation was induced by LPS (100 ng/mL). Concomitantly, the cells were treated without or with increasing DGLA concentrations. DGLA was administered as free acid or ethyl ester form for 24 h. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα; (A)), interleukin 1β (IL-1β; (B)); interleukin 6 (IL-6; (C)), nitric oxide (NO; (D)), and were quantified in culture supernatants after 24 h. Data are presented as mean ± SD. */# denotes a significant difference compared to untreated control or LPS-stimulated control, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 3. Control—untreated cells; vehicle—cells treated with 0.1% DMSO, the solvent used in DGLA preparations. The left panel depicts the impact of LPS stimuli and lack of effect DMSO, whereas the right panel depicts the impact of increasing concentrations of DGLA on LPS-stimulated cells. Full article ">Figure 3
DGLA alters reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Inflammation in the cells was induced by LPS (100 ng/mL). Concomitantly, the cells were treated without (w/o) or with increasing DGLA concentrations. After 24 h of incubation, cells were mounted with a fluorogenic dye 5-(and 6) -carboxy-2’ 7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DC-FDA), and ROS levels were estimated by fluorescence measurements. ROS levels, enhanced by LPS (A) or modulated by DGLA administered as free acid or ethyl ester form (B,C), are presented. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * denotes a significant difference compared to respective control, p < 0.05, n = 3. Control—untreated cells; vehicle—cells treated with 0.1% DMSO, the solvent used in DGLA preparations. Full article ">Figure 4
Synthetic and algae-derived DGLA modulate inflammation signals in RAW264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated as indicated in the legend of <a href="#nutrients-12-02892-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>. After 24 h, cell viability (A), PGE1, PGE2, and PGD2 (B–D), NO (E), and IL-6 (F) were quantified in culture supernatants. DGLA and arachidonic acid (ARA) levels in polar lipids (% of fatty acids) are presented in (G). Data are presented as mean ± SD. */# denote a significant difference compared to control (DMSO-treated) or LPS-induced cells, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 4. DGLA was administrated at 100 µM in three forms: Free acid (F100), Ethyl esters (E100) and microalgae-derived ethyl esters (ST100), respectively. Full article ">Figure 5
DGLA coordinately modulates the expression of key inflammatory and fatty acid metabolism-related genes in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. (A). Relative normalized expression (B). Principal component analysis was performed in R integrated package (four biological replicates are shown as individual circles). Cells were treated as indicated in the legend of <a href="#nutrients-12-02892-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>. mRNA was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data are presented as mean ± SD. * and ** denote a significant difference compared to the LPS-induced vehicle control, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively, n = 4. Full article ">

28 pages, 1182 KiB

Open AccessReview

Associations between Genotype–Diet Interactions and Weight Loss—A Systematic Review

by Sandra Bayer, Vincent Winkler, Hans Hauner and Christina Holzapfel

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092891 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6685

Abstract

Studies on the interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and macronutrient consumption on weight loss are rare and heterogeneous. This review aimed to conduct a systematic literature search to investigate genotype–diet interactions on weight loss. Four databases were searched with keywords on genetics, [...] Read more.

Studies on the interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and macronutrient consumption on weight loss are rare and heterogeneous. This review aimed to conduct a systematic literature search to investigate genotype–diet interactions on weight loss. Four databases were searched with keywords on genetics, nutrition, and weight loss (PROSPERO: CRD42019139571). Articles in languages other than English and trials investigating special groups (e.g., pregnant women, people with severe diseases) were excluded. In total, 20,542 articles were identified, and, after removal of duplicates and further screening steps, 27 articles were included. Eligible articles were based on eight trials with 91 SNPs in 63 genetic loci. All articles examined the interaction between genotype and macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, protein) on the extent of weight loss. However, in most cases, the interaction results were not significant and represented single findings that lack replication. The publications most frequently analyzed genotype–fat intake interaction on weight loss. Since the majority of interactions were not significant and not replicated, a final evaluation of the genotype–diet interactions on weight loss was not possible. In conclusion, no evidence was found that genotype–diet interaction is a main determinant of obesity treatment success, but this needs to be addressed in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)

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17 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Scalable, Multi-Campus “Foodprint” Seminar on College Students’ Dietary Intake and Dietary Carbon Footprint

by Hannah Malan, Ghislaine Amsler Challamel, Dara Silverstein, Charlie Hoffs, Edward Spang, Sara A. Pace, Benji Lee Reade Malagueño, Christopher D. Gardner, May C. Wang, Wendelin Slusser and Jennifer A. Jay

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092890 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6401

Abstract

Background: Dietary patterns affect both human health and environmental sustainability. Prior research found a ten-unit course on food systems and environmental sustainability shifted dietary intake and reduced dietary carbon footprint among college students. This research evaluated the impact of a similar, more scalable [...] Read more.

Background: Dietary patterns affect both human health and environmental sustainability. Prior research found a ten-unit course on food systems and environmental sustainability shifted dietary intake and reduced dietary carbon footprint among college students. This research evaluated the impact of a similar, more scalable one-unit Foodprint seminar taught at multiple universities. Methods: We used a quasi-experimental pre-post nonequivalent comparison group design (n = 176). As part of the Menus of Change University Research Collaborative, research was conducted at three university campuses in California over four academic terms. All campuses used the same curriculum, which incorporates academic readings, group discussions, and skills-based exercises to evaluate the environmental footprint of different foods. The comparison group comprised students taking unrelated one-unit courses at the same universities. A questionnaire was administered at the beginning and end of each term. Results: Students who took the Foodprint seminar significantly improved their reported vegetable intake by 4.7 weekly servings relative to the comparison group. They also reported significantly decreasing intake of ruminant meat and sugar-sweetened beverages. As a result of dietary shifts, Foodprint seminar students were estimated to have significantly decreased their dietary carbon footprint by 14%. Conclusions: A scalable, one-unit Foodprint seminar may simultaneously promote environmental sustainability and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits and Health among College and University Students)

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11 pages, 2126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Magnesium Content on Intestinal Microbiota of Rats

by Arantxa García-Legorreta, Luis Alfonso Soriano-Pérez, Aline Mariana Flores-Buendía, Omar Noel Medina-Campos, Lilia G. Noriega, Omar Granados-Portillo, Rafael Nambo-Venegas, Armando R. Tovar, Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas, Diana Barrera-Oviedo, José Pedraza-Chaverri and Berenice Palacios-González

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2889; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092889 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5060

Abstract

Background: Magnesium is a mineral that modulates several physiological processes. However, its relationship with intestinal microbiota has been scarcely studied. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the role of dietary magnesium content to modulate the intestinal microbiota of Wistar male rats. Methods: Rats [...] Read more.

Background: Magnesium is a mineral that modulates several physiological processes. However, its relationship with intestinal microbiota has been scarcely studied. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the role of dietary magnesium content to modulate the intestinal microbiota of Wistar male rats. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned one of three diets: a control diet (C-Mg; 1000 mg/kg), a low magnesium content diet (L-Mg; 60 mg/kg), and a high magnesium content diet (H-Mg; 6000 mg/kg), for two weeks. After treatment, fecal samples were collected. Microbiota composition was assessed by sequencing the V3–V4 hypervariable region. Results: The C-Mg and L-Mg groups had more diversity than H-Mg group. CF231, SMB53, Dorea, Lactobacillus and Turibacter were enriched in the L-Mg group. In contrast, the phyla Proteobacteria, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, and Victivallis were overrepresented in the H-Mg group. PICRUSt analysis indicated that fecal microbiota of the L-Mg group were encoded with an increased abundance of metabolic pathways involving carbohydrate metabolism and butanoate metabolism. Conclusion: Dietary magnesium supplementation can result in intestinal dysbiosis development in a situation where there is no magnesium deficiency. Conversely, low dietary magnesium consumption is associated with microbiota with a higher capacity to harvest energy from the diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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Figure 1
Alpha and beta diversity among the groups. (a) Observed species among the study groups. (b) Comparison of species richness among the groups. (c) Comparison of species diversity among the groups. (d) Beta diversity. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) plot based on generalized UniFrac distances among the groups. Low magnesium diet (L-Mg) (light blue circles), control diet (C-Mg) (gray circles), and high magnesium diet (H-Mg) (dark blue circles). * p < 0.05 compared to the C-Mg group. Boxes represent the minimum value to the maximum value, with the internal horizontal line representing the median. Full article ">Figure 2
Bacterial taxonomy among the groups. (a) Phylum-level composition (% relative abundances) among the three study groups. (b) Fecal microbiota composition among the study groups. The outermost ring indicates phylum level; the middle ring displays composition at the family level and the innermost ring at genus level. (c) Linear discriminant analysis effect size among the study groups. Full article ">Figure 3
Network analysis of intestinal microbiota using SparCC correlation coefficients between the groups. The networks indicate abundant sequences at the genus level. The nodes represent genera; the edges represent the correlation between genera. The gray lines indicate negative correlations; the orange lines are for positive correlations. Nodes are colored according to their abundance among the groups. Full article ">Figure 4
Inferred metagenomic analyses from the fecal microbiomes of the L-Mg, C-Mg, and H-Mg groups. (a) The relative contribution of KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways encoded in the gut microbiota of the L-Mg, C-Mg, and H-Mg groups. (b) KEGG pathways consistently enriched or depleted in the fecal microbiomes of the L-Mg or H-Mg groups compared with the C-Mg group. Red denotes enrichment and green indicates depletion. Black indicates pathways whose representation is not significantly different. (c) Plot of the most significant KEGG Orthology (KO) identified by random forest. The features are ranked by the mean decrease in classification accuracy (500 permutations). Red denotes the most important feature and blue indicates the least important feature. Full article ">

15 pages, 2283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Sleep Low Glycemic Index Modified Starch Does Not Improve Next-Morning Fuel Selection or Running Performance in Male and Female Endurance Athletes

by Monique D. Dudar, Emilie D. Bode, Karly R. Fishkin, Rochelle A. Brown, Madeleine M. Carre, Noa R. Mills, Michael J. Ormsbee and Stephen J. Ives

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092888 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4917

Abstract

To determine the effects of pre-sleep supplementation with a novel low glycemic index (LGI) carbohydrate (CHO) on next-morning substrate utilization, gastrointestinal distress (GID), and endurance running performance (5-km time-trial, TT). Using a double-blind, randomized, placebo (PLA) controlled, crossover design, trained participants (n [...] Read more.

To determine the effects of pre-sleep supplementation with a novel low glycemic index (LGI) carbohydrate (CHO) on next-morning substrate utilization, gastrointestinal distress (GID), and endurance running performance (5-km time-trial, TT). Using a double-blind, randomized, placebo (PLA) controlled, crossover design, trained participants (n = 14; 28 ± 9 years, 8/6 male/female, 55 ± 7 mL/kg/min) consumed a LGI, high glycemic index (HGI), or 0 kcal PLA supplement ≥ 2 h after their last meal and <30 min prior to sleep. Upon arrival, resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate utilization, blood glucose, satiety, and GID were assessed. An incremental exercise test (IET) was performed at 55, 65, and 75% peak volume of oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) with GID, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and substrate utilization recorded each stage. Finally, participants completed the 5-km TT. There were no differences in any baseline measure. During IET, CHO utilization tended to be greater with LGI (PLA, 56 ± 11; HGI, 60 ± 14; LGI, 63 ± 14%, p = 0.16, η² = 0.14). GID was unaffected by supplementation at any point (p > 0.05). Performance was also unaffected by supplement (PLA, 21.6 ± 9.5; HGI, 23.0 ± 7.8; LGI, 24.1 ± 4.5 min, p = 0.94, η² = 0.01). Pre-sleep CHO supplementation did not affect next-morning resting metabolism, BG, GID, or 5-km TT performance. The trend towards higher CHO utilization during IET after pre-sleep LGI, suggests that such supplementation increases morning CHO availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Athletic Performance)

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Experimental Overview; RMR = resting metabolic rate; IET: incremental exercise test. Full article ">Figure 2
Metabolic Response to incremental exercise test (IET) at 55, 65, and 75% of VO2peak between placebo (PLA), high glycemic index (HGI), and low glycemic index (LGI) supplements (n = 14). (A) Relative fat utilization (%FAT), (B) relative carbohydrate utilization (%CHO), (C) respiratory exchange ratio, and (D) VO2. Data expressed as means ± SD. * effect of intensity, p < 0.001. Full article ">Figure 3
Gastrointestinal distress (GID; categorical scale) during incremental exercise trial (IET) at 55, 65, and 75% of VO2peak (n = 14) between placebo (PLA), high glycemic index (HGI), and low glycemic index (LGI) supplements. Data expressed as means ± SD. * effect of intensity, p = 0.04. Full article ">Figure 4
(A) Heart rate (HR), (B) gastrointestinal distress (GID, CS), (C) rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and (D) time (min) for 5-km time trial performance between placebo (PLA), high glycemic index (HGI), and low glycemic index (LGI) supplements (n = 14). Data expressed as means ± SD. * significant effect for distance p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 5
(A) Satiety (mm; VAS) and (B) gastrointestinal distress (GID; mm; VAS) at baseline (pre) and at conclusion (post) of running the 5-km time trial performance between placebo (PLA), high glycemic index (HGI), and low glycemic index (LGI) supplements (n = 14). Data expressed as means ± SD. Full article ">Figure 6
Blood glucose levels (mg·dL−1) at baseline, 1 min post 5-km TT run, and 10 min post 5-km TT run trial between placebo (PLA), high glycemic index (HGI), and low glycemic index (LGI) supplements (n = 14). Data expressed as means ± SD. * significant effect of time, p = 0.00. Full article ">

12 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Appropriation of the Front-of-Pack Nutrition Label Nutri-Score across the French Population: Evolution of Awareness, Support, and Purchasing Behaviors between 2018 and 2019

by Barthélemy Sarda, Chantal Julia, Anne-Juliette Serry and Pauline Ducrot

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2887; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092887 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6664

Abstract

Since the implementation of the Nutri-Score on a voluntary basis in 2017 in France, very few studies have evaluated how the label was recognized and used by consumers. The goal of this study was to assess the evolution of awareness, support, and perceived [...] Read more.

Since the implementation of the Nutri-Score on a voluntary basis in 2017 in France, very few studies have evaluated how the label was recognized and used by consumers. The goal of this study was to assess the evolution of awareness, support, and perceived impact on purchasing behaviors of the Nutri-Score in France. Between April 2018 and May 2019, a total of 4006 participants were recruited across three successive waves and answered questions regarding awareness of the Nutri-Score, support of the measure, and change of behavior following the implementation of the Nutri-Score via an online survey. Descriptive analyses to assess the evolution over time were performed, as well as logistic regression models to evaluate associations between the different outcomes and individual characteristics. From April 2018 to May 2019, the awareness of the Nutri-Score increased considerably, reaching 81.5% in May 2019. Since April 2018, a steady proportion of participants—9 out of 10—showed strong support toward the measure and a similar proportion, 87.2%, declared being in favor of making the Nutri-Score mandatory. The impact on purchasing behaviors appeared promising given the limited implementation of the label, with 42.9% of the participants reporting they modified their purchasing behaviors thanks to the measure. Multivariate analyses showed that the impact on purchasing behaviors of the Nutri-Score was greater over time, on younger populations and on frequent labeling readers. Our results suggested that the labeling system was well received and used by all socioeconomic groups, including subgroups who are more likely to have a lower-quality diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

14 pages, 2080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Status and Oral Frailty: A Community Based Study

by Yoshiaki Nomura, Yoshimasa Ishii, Shunsuke Suzuki, Kenji Morita, Akira Suzuki, Senichi Suzuki, Joji Tanabe, Yasuo Ishiwata, Koji Yamakawa, Yota Chiba, Meu Ishikawa, Kaoru Sogabe, Erika Kakuta, Ayako Okada, Ryoko Otsuka and Nobuhiro Hanada

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2886; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092886 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5509

Abstract

Compromised oral health can alter food choices. Poor masticatory function leads to imbalanced food intake and undesirable nutritional status. The associations among nutritional status, oral health behavior, and self-assessed oral functions status were investigated using a community-based survey. In total, 701 subjects more [...] Read more.

Compromised oral health can alter food choices. Poor masticatory function leads to imbalanced food intake and undesirable nutritional status. The associations among nutritional status, oral health behavior, and self-assessed oral functions status were investigated using a community-based survey. In total, 701 subjects more than 50 years old living Ebina city located southwest of the capital Tokyo were investigated. The number of remaining teeth was counted by dental hygienists. Oral health behavior and self-assessed oral functions were evaluated by oral frailty checklist. Nutritional status was evaluated by the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire using Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese as reference. More than 80% of subjects’ intakes of vitamin B₁₂, pantothenic acid, copper, and proteins were sufficient. In contrast, only 19% of subjects’ intake of vitamin A was sufficient and 35.5% for vitamin B₁. More than 90% of subjects’ intakes of vitamin D and vitamin K were sufficient. Only 35.5% of subjects’ intakes of dietary fiber were sufficient. Overall, 88.9% of subjects had excess salt. The number of remaining teeth was not correlated with nutritional intakes. Oral health behavior significantly correlated with nutritional intakes. Oral functions are important for food choice; however, oral functions were not directly correlated with nutritional intakes. Comprehensive health instructions including nutrition and oral health education is necessary for health promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Population-Based Nutrition Epidemiology)

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Proportion of subjects for BMI and meeting Tentative Dietary Goal for preventing lifestyle related diseases. Energy balance on three major nutrients are set in Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese as Tentative Dietary Goal for preventing lifestyle related diseases (DG). DG for three major nutrients are expressed by percent of energy intakes. When comparing men and women, distributions were all statistically significant by χ2 tests. Target BMI ranges are 20.0–24.9 (kg/m2) for 50–69 years old and 21.5–24.9 (kg/m2) for 70 years or older. Target BMI range is common to men and women. Optimal range of Body Mass Index (Target BMI) and Tentative Dietary Goal for preventing lifestyle related diseases (DG) are set in Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese. Full article ">Figure 2
Meeting of vitamins, macro minerals, and micro minerals. Levels were determined by Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese. <a href="#nutrients-12-02886-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> shows the proportion of subjects whose intake of each nutrient was sufficient based (A) EAR and RDA. (B) AI. (C) DG. EAR: Estimated Average Requiremen. RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowance. AI: Adequate Intake. DG: Tentative Dietary Goal for preventing LRDs. Full article ">Figure 3
Structural equation modeling of oral health behavior and nutrition intakes: (A) three macronutrients; (B) water-soluble Vitamins; (C) fat-soluble vitamins; (D) macro minerals; and (E) micro minerals. Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
Structural equation modeling of oral health behavior and nutrition intakes: (A) three macronutrients; (B) water-soluble Vitamins; (C) fat-soluble vitamins; (D) macro minerals; and (E) micro minerals. Full article ">

17 pages, 557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) as a Screening Tool for Risk of Malnutrition: Optimal Cutoff, Factor Structure, and Validation in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Sabrina Lau, Kalene Pek, Justin Chew, Jun Pei Lim, Noor Hafizah Ismail, Yew Yoong Ding, Matteo Cesari and Wee Shiong Lim

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092885 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 9822

Abstract

Malnutrition is an independent marker of adverse outcomes in older adults. While the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) for anorexia has been validated as a nutritional screening tool, its optimal cutoff and validity in healthy older adults is unclear. This study aims to [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is an independent marker of adverse outcomes in older adults. While the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) for anorexia has been validated as a nutritional screening tool, its optimal cutoff and validity in healthy older adults is unclear. This study aims to determine the optimal cutoff for SNAQ in healthy community-dwelling older adults, and to examine its factor structure and validity. We studied 230 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 67.2 years) who were nonfrail (defined by Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses & Loss (FRAIL) criteria). When compared against the risk of malnutrition using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), the optimal cutoff for SNAQ was ≤15 (area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve: 0.706, sensitivity: 69.2%, specificity: 61.3%). Using exploratory factor analysis, we found a two-factor structure (Factor 1: Appetite Perception; Factor 2: Satiety and Intake) which accounted for 61.5% variance. SNAQ showed good convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity. In logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, education and MNA, SNAQ ≤15 was significantly associated with social frailty, unlike SNAQ ≤4 (odds ratio (OR) 1.99, p = 0.025 vs. OR 1.05, p = 0.890). Our study validates a higher cutoff of ≤15 to increase sensitivity of SNAQ for anorexia detection as a marker of malnutrition risk in healthy community-dwelling older adults, and explicates a novel two-factor structure which warrants further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Requirements and Muscle Mass in Older Persons)

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11 pages, 1569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TG6 Auto-Antibodies in Dermatitis Herpetiformis

by Marios Hadjivassiliou, Timo Reunala, Kaisa Hervonen, Pascale Aeschlimann and Daniel Aeschlimann

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092884 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4111

Abstract

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an extraintestinal manifestation of gluten sensitivity, in which an autoimmune response is directed against transglutaminase 3 (TG3), an epidermal transglutaminase. TG2 is the autoantigen in celiac disease (CD), defined by the presence of enteropathy, and TG6 is the autoantigen [...] Read more.

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an extraintestinal manifestation of gluten sensitivity, in which an autoimmune response is directed against transglutaminase 3 (TG3), an epidermal transglutaminase. TG2 is the autoantigen in celiac disease (CD), defined by the presence of enteropathy, and TG6 is the autoantigen in neurological manifestations of gluten sensitivity. The interplay between B cell responses to these 3 transglutaminases in developing the clinical spectrum of disease manifestations is not completely understood. Also, the individual or combined diagnostic and predictive value of the respective autoantibodies is not fully explored. We examined the prevalence of TG6 antibodies in a cohort of patients with DH. TG6 positivity was found in 13/33 (39%), with IgA detected in 11 patients, IgG in 3, and both in 1. This was significantly higher compared to what is seen in the classic CD cases (14%) in a Finnish population. TG6 positive baseline samples constituted 60% of DH patients with no enteropathy (n = 10), as opposed to 17% positivity in those with overt enteropathy (n = 12; Marsh IIIB). Repeat testing after adherence to a gluten-free diet for 1 year showed reduced titers for TG6 antibodies in 11/13 (85%), whereby 7 patients were now TG6 antibody-negative. Four patients seroconverted and tested positive for TG6 antibodies at one year, due to the ongoing exposure to gluten. We report another patient who presented with neurological manifestations (encephalopathy) leading to the diagnosis of CD, who was intermittently adhering to a gluten-free diet. Serological testing at baseline showed him to be positive for antibodies to all 3 transglutaminases. Eleven years later, he developed DH. He also subsequently developed ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. Although TG3 and TG6 autoantibodies are linked to certain disease manifestations, TG2, TG3, and TG6 autoantibodies can be present across the spectrum of GRD patients and might develop years before onset of symptoms of extraintestinal manifestations. This is consistent with gluten-dependent adaptive immunity being a necessary but not sufficient pretext to organ-specific damage. TG6 antibodies appear to develop more frequently in patients where tolerance to gluten was broken but, either there was no development of the molecular state driving the tissue destruction at the level of the gut, or perhaps more likely, there was more resistance to developing this phenotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten-Related Disorders: Time to Move from Gut to Brain)

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Serum concentration of (A) anti-TG6 IgA and (B) anti-TG6 IgG in the Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) cohort (n = 33) at baseline. The cut-off limits are indicated by the dashed line. Samples from patients with psoriasis (P; n = 9) or atopic dermatitis (AD, n = 27) were included as non-Gluten-related disorders (GRD) controls. Note, for one AD sample, no result could be obtained due to unacceptably high non-specific reactivity in the assay. Full article ">Figure 2
Longitudinal analysis of serum concentration of (A) anti-TG6 IgA and (B) anti-TG6 IgG in DH patients that tested positive for these antibodies at baseline on a gluten-free diet (GFD) (left panel, closed circles). Patients who tested negative at baseline but subsequently developed antibodies are given in the right panel (open circles). Note—two patients with TG6 IgA failed to respond to GFD, one of which also became positive for TG6 IgG after 6 months of GFD. Full article ">Figure 3
Brain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan conducted on presentation in 1997. The patient was diagnosed with gluten encephalopathy, having presented with headaches and cognitive difficulties. Serological testing and subsequent duodenal biopsy confirmed celiac disease (CD). The scan shows white matter changes typical of what is seen in the context of gluten encephalopathy. Full article ">Figure 4
Brain MRI scan conducted on the same patient, as in <a href="#nutrients-12-02884-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>. The scan was conducted in 2018 and at that point showed evidence of cerebellar atrophy that apparently developed over an interval of 21 years. The patient now displays clinical evidence of cerebellar ataxia. Full article ">

14 pages, 498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Abdominal Fat Phenotypes and Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Individuals after Acute Pancreatitis

by Juyeon Ko, Loren Skudder-Hill, Jaelim Cho, Sakina H. Bharmal and Maxim S. Petrov

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092883 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3649

Abstract

Both type 2 prediabetes/diabetes (T2DM) and new-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis (NODAP) are characterized by impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin action. Although the outcomes of NODAP and T2DM are different, it is unknown whether drivers of insulin resistance are different in the two [...] Read more.

Both type 2 prediabetes/diabetes (T2DM) and new-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis (NODAP) are characterized by impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin action. Although the outcomes of NODAP and T2DM are different, it is unknown whether drivers of insulin resistance are different in the two types of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the associations between abdominal fat phenotypes and indices of insulin sensitivity in non-obese individuals with NODAP, T2DM, and healthy controls. Indices of insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS), Raynaud index, triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index, Matsuda index) were calculated in fasting and postprandial states. Fat phenotypes (intra-pancreatic fat, intra-hepatic fat, skeletal muscle fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat) were determined using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Linear regression and relative importance analyses were conducted. Age, sex, and glycated hemoglobin A1c were adjusted for. A total of 78 non-obese individuals (26 NODAP, 20 T2DM, and 32 healthy controls) were included. Intra-pancreatic fat was significantly associated with all the indices of insulin sensitivity in the NODAP group, consistently in both the unadjusted and adjusted models. Intra-pancreatic fat was not significantly associated with any index of insulin sensitivity in the T2DM and healthy controls groups. The variance in HOMA-IS was explained the most by intra-pancreatic fat (R² = 29%) in the NODAP group and by visceral fat (R² = 21%) in the T2DM group. The variance in the Raynaud index was explained the most by intra-pancreatic fat (R² = 18%) in the NODAP group and by visceral fat (R² = 15%) in the T2DM group. The variance in the TyG index was explained the most by visceral fat in both the NODAP group (R² = 49%) and in the T2DM group (R² = 25%). The variance in the Matsuda index was explained the most by intra-pancreatic fat (R² = 48%) in the NODAP group and by visceral fat (R² = 38%) in the T2DM group. The differing association between intra-pancreatic fat and insulin resistance can be used to differentiate NODAP from T2DM. Insulin resistance in NODAP appears to be predominantly driven by increased intra-pancreatic fat deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes)

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18 pages, 1168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Body Weight: Design and Validation of Psycho-Behavioural Living and Eating for Health Segments (LEHS) Profiles for Social Marketing

by Linda Brennan, Shinyi Chin, Annika Molenaar, Amy M. Barklamb, Megan SC Lim, Mike Reid, Helen Truby, Eva L. Jenkins and Tracy A. McCaffrey

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092882 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4947

Abstract

Obesity, sedentary behaviour, and poor dietary habits amongst young adults are growing concerns, with this age group being in a worse state of health and nutrition than adolescents and adults. This paper presents the procedures for establishing a new instrument for defining behaviours [...] Read more.

Obesity, sedentary behaviour, and poor dietary habits amongst young adults are growing concerns, with this age group being in a worse state of health and nutrition than adolescents and adults. This paper presents the procedures for establishing a new instrument for defining behaviours in relation to healthy lifestyle and food choices amongst young adults (Living and Eating for Health Segments: LEHS). The aim of this paper is to outline the instrument design protocol for external validation and to permit replication in other studies. The instrument design process used a multi-step social marketing instrument design method. This approach has previously been used in designing valid and reliable measures in marketing and consumer research, including social marketing. The protocol established six psycho-behavioural LEHS profiles for young adults. These profiles are: Lifestyle Mavens (15.4%), Aspirational Healthy Eaters (27.5%), Balanced-all Rounders (21.4%), Health Conscious (21.1%), Contemplating Another Day (11.2%), and Blissfully Unconcerned (3.4%). Each of these profiles provided insights into psycho-behavioural characteristics that can be used in designing apposite social media social marketing campaigns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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12 pages, 663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Late Eating Is Associated with Obesity, Inflammatory Markers and Circadian-Related Disturbances in School-Aged Children

by Nuria Martínez-Lozano, Asta Tvarijonaviciute, Rafael Ríos, Isabel Barón, Frank A. J. L. Scheer and Marta Garaulet

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092881 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9640

Abstract

Late eating has been shown to promote metabolic dysregulation and to be associated with obesity in adults. However, few studies have explored this association in children. We compared the presence of obesity, metabolic alterations and circadian-related disturbances between school-aged children who were early [...] Read more.

Late eating has been shown to promote metabolic dysregulation and to be associated with obesity in adults. However, few studies have explored this association in children. We compared the presence of obesity, metabolic alterations and circadian-related disturbances between school-aged children who were early dinner eaters (EDE) or late dinner eaters (LDE). School-age children (n = 397; 8–12 years; mean BMI (range): 19.4 kg/m² (11.6–35.1); 30.5% overweight/obesity) from Spain were classified into EDE and LDE, according to dinner timing (Median: 21:07). Seven-day-dietary-records were used to assess food-timing and composition. Non-invasive tools were used to collect metabolic biomarkers (saliva), sleep and circadian-related variables (body-temperature and actigraphy). Compared to EDE, LDE were more likely to be overweight/obese [OR: 2.1 (CI: 1.33, 3.31); p = 0.002], and had higher waist-circumference and inflammatory markers, such as IL-6 (1.6-fold) (p = 0.036)) and CRP (1.4-fold) than EDE (p = 0.009). LDE had alterations in the daily patterns of: (a) body-temperature, with a phase delay of 26 min (p = 0.002), and a reduced amplitude (LDE = 0.028 (0.001) and EDE = 0.030 (0.001) (Mean (SEM); p = 0.039); (b) cortisol, with a reduced amplitude (LDE = 0.94 (0.02) and EDE = 1.00 (0.02); p = 0.035). This study represents a significant step towards the understanding of novel aspects in the timing of food intake in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Meal Timing to Improve Human Health)

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14 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Correction Down-Regulates Serum Amyloid P Component Levels in Vitamin D Deficient Arab Adults: A Single-Arm Trial

by Osama E. Amer, Malak N. K. Khattak, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Naji J. Aljohani and Nasser M. Al-Daghri

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092880 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3437

Abstract

Vitamin D (VD) has been observed to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of VD supplementation on the serum amyloid P component (SAP) has not been established. This study aimed to investigate the effect of VD supplementation on serum SAP levels in Arab [...] Read more.

Vitamin D (VD) has been observed to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of VD supplementation on the serum amyloid P component (SAP) has not been established. This study aimed to investigate the effect of VD supplementation on serum SAP levels in Arab adults. A total of 155 VD-deficient adult Saudis (56 males and 99 females) were recruited in this non-randomized, 6-month, single-arm trial. The intervention was as follows; cholecalciferol 50,000 international units (IU) every week for the first 2 months, followed by 50,000 twice a month for the next two months, and for the last two months, 1000 IU daily. Serum 25(OH)D, SAP, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile, and glucose were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. At post-intervention, VD levels were significantly increased, while SAP levels significantly decreased in all study participants. Remarkably, this reduction in SAP was more significant in males than females after stratification. SAP was inversely correlated with VD overall (r = −0.17, p < 0.05), and only in males (r = −0.27, p < 0.05) after stratification according to sex after 6 months of VD supplementation. Such a relationship was not observed at baseline. VD supplementation can favorably modulate serum SAP concentrations in Arab adults, particularly in males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in the New Decade: Facts, Controversies, and Future Perspectives for Daily Clinical Practice)

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16 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immune Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Viral Infections

by Maheen Siddiqui, Judhell S. Manansala, Hana A. Abdulrahman, Gheyath K. Nasrallah, Maria K. Smatti, Nadin Younes, Asmaa A. Althani and Hadi M. Yassine

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2879; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092879 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 17342

Abstract

Viral infections have been a cause of mortality for several centuries and continue to endanger the lives of many, specifically of the younger population. Vitamin D has long been recognized as a crucial element to the skeletal system in the human body. Recent [...] Read more.

Viral infections have been a cause of mortality for several centuries and continue to endanger the lives of many, specifically of the younger population. Vitamin D has long been recognized as a crucial element to the skeletal system in the human body. Recent evidence has indicated that vitamin D also plays an essential role in the immune response against viral infections and suggested that vitamin D deficiency increases susceptibility to viral infections as well as the risk of recurrent infections. For instance, low serum vitamin D levels were linked to increased occurrence of high burdens viral diseases such as hepatitis, influenza, Covid-19, and AIDS. As immune cells in infected patients are responsive to the ameliorative effects of vitamin D, the beneficial effects of supplementing vitamin D-deficient individuals with an infectious disease may extend beyond the impact on bone and calcium homeostasis. Even though numerous studies have highlighted the effect of vitamin D on the immune cells, vitamin D’s antiviral mechanism has not been fully established. This paper reviews the recent mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates the immune system, both innate and adaptive systems, and reflects on the link between serum vitamin D levels and viral infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Inflammation, and Infectious Diseases)

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19 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time Course of Salivary Protein Responses to Cranberry-Derived Polyphenol Exposure as a Function of PROP Taster Status

by Neeta Y. Yousaf, Melania Melis, Mariano Mastinu, Cristina Contini, Tiziana Cabras, Iole Tomassini Barbarossa and Beverly J. Tepper

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092878 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4383

Abstract

Astringency is a complex oral sensation, commonly experienced when dietary polyphenols interact with salivary proteins. Most astringent stimuli alter protein levels, which then require time to be replenished. Although it is standard practice in astringency research to provide breaks in between stimuli, there [...] Read more.

Astringency is a complex oral sensation, commonly experienced when dietary polyphenols interact with salivary proteins. Most astringent stimuli alter protein levels, which then require time to be replenished. Although it is standard practice in astringency research to provide breaks in between stimuli, there is limited consensus over the amount of time needed to restore the oral environment to baseline levels. Here we examined salivary protein levels after exposure to 20 mL of a model stimulus (cranberry polyphenol extract, 0.75 g/L CPE) or unsweetened cranberry juice (CJ), over a 10 min period. Whole saliva from healthy subjects (n = 60) was collected at baseline and after 5 and 10 min following either stimulus. Five families of proteins: basic proline-rich proteins (bPRPs); acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRPs); histatins; statherin; and S-type cystatins, were analyzed in whole saliva via HPLC-low resolution-ESI-IT-MS, using the area of the extracted ion current (XIC) peaks. Amylase was quantified via immunoblotting. In comparison to baseline (resting), both stimuli led to a rise in levels of aPRPs (p < 0.000) at 5 min which remained elevated at 10 min after stimulation. Additionally, an interaction of PROP taster status and time was observed, wherein super-tasters had higher levels of amylase in comparison to non-tasters after stimulation with CJ at both timepoints (p = 0.014–0.000). Further, male super-tasters had higher levels of bPRPs at 5 min after stimulation with both CJ and CPE (p = 0.015–0.007) in comparison to baseline. These data provide novel findings of interindividual differences in the salivary proteome that may influence the development of astringency and that help inform the design of sensory experiments of astringency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taste Perception and Food Preferences)

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Saliva collection timeline. Full article ">Figure 2
Extracted ion current (XIC) peak areas (mean values × 109 ± SEM) in arbitrary units for salivary protein families following stimulation with cranberry juice (CJ) and cranberry-derived polyphenol extract (CPE) (n = 60). Values with different superscript letters (a, b etc.) differ at p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 3
Effect of stimulation on total bPRP (basic proline-rich protein) levels in taster by gender subgroups. Mean extracted ion current (XIC) peak areas ± SEM (×109 arbitrary units) are shown for super-taster (a) and non-taster subjects (b). Left panels show response to stimulation to CJ, while right panels show response to CPE. The same resting values were used for CJ and CPE. Superscripts (a,b) show significant differences in protein levels across the time course in each subgroup (male ST, female ST, male NT or female NT) and * shows differences between males and females at each time point. Non-taster females (n = 15), non-taster males (n = 14), super-taster females (n = 16) and super-taster males (n = 15). Full article ">Figure 4
Effect of stimulation with CJ on levels of individual salivary proteins. Mean extracted ion current (XIC) peak areas ± SEM (×108 arbitrary units) of individual proteins measured at resting (R), 5 min (5) and 10 min (10) after stimulation (n = 60). Means within protein type with different superscript letters (a, b, etc.) are different at p < 0.002. Full article ">Figure 5
Effect of stimulation with CPE on levels of individual salivary proteins. Mean extracted ion current (XIC) peak area ± SEM (×108 arbitrary units) of individual proteins measured at resting (R), 5 min (5) and 10 min (10) after stimulation (n = 60). Means within protein type with different superscript letters (a, b) are different at p < 0.002. Full article ">Figure 6
Effect of stimulation on alpha-amylase levels (µg/µL) after stimulation with CJ (a) and CPE (b). * indicates a difference between non-tasters and super-tasters (p < 0.014–0.000) at a given time point. Non-tasters (n = 29) and super-tasters (n = 31). Full article ">

13 pages, 1228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supermarket Circulars Promoting the Sales of ‘Healthy’ Foods: Analysis Based on Degree of Processing

by Alyne Michelle Botelho, Anice Milbratz de Camargo, Kharla Janinny Medeiros, Gabriella Beatriz Irmão, Moira Dean and Giovanna Medeiros Rataichesck Fiates

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2877; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092877 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5646

Abstract

The health and wellness food sector grew 98% from 2009 to 2014 in Brazil, the world’s fourth-biggest market. The trend has reached supermarket circulars, which recently started to feature whole sections advertising health and wellness-enhancing foods. This study identified food items advertised in [...] Read more.

The health and wellness food sector grew 98% from 2009 to 2014 in Brazil, the world’s fourth-biggest market. The trend has reached supermarket circulars, which recently started to feature whole sections advertising health and wellness-enhancing foods. This study identified food items advertised in circulars’ specific sections of two Brazilian supermarket chains (one regional, one national) during a 10-week period. Foods were classified according to degree of food processing and presence/type of claims on their front-of-pack (FoP) labels. Comparison between groups of Unprocessed/Minimally Processed foods vs. Ultra-processed foods and presence/type of claims employed Pearson chi-square test. From the 434 alleged health and wellness-enhancing foods advertised, around half (51.4%) were classified as Ultra-processed. Presence of reduced and increased nutrient-content claims was significantly higher in labels of Ultra-processed foods. Most frequent claims addressed sugar and fibre content. Brazilian supermarket circulars were found to be promoting the sale of Ultra-processed foods in their health and wellness sections, leading to a situation that can mislead the consumer and bring negative health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Labeling: Analysis, Understanding, and Perception)

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11 pages, 774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Vitamin D Supplement on Vulvovaginal Atrophy of the Menopause

by Thawinee Kamronrithisorn, Jittima Manonai, Sakda Arj-Ong Vallibhakara, Areepan Sophonsritsuk and Orawin Vallibhakara

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092876 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7759

Abstract

The effects of oral vitamin D supplements on vaginal health in postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) was evaluated. A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks to investigate changes on vaginal maturation index (VMI), vaginal pH, and the visual analog [...] Read more.

The effects of oral vitamin D supplements on vaginal health in postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) was evaluated. A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks to investigate changes on vaginal maturation index (VMI), vaginal pH, and the visual analog scale (VAS) of VVA symptoms. The vitamin D group received oral ergocalciferol, at 40,000 IU per week, while the placebo group received an identical placebo capsule. Eighty postmenopausal women were enrolled. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between both groups. In an intention-to-treat analysis, VMI, vaginal pH, and VAS of VVA symptoms showed no significant differences between both groups at the six and 12 weeks. However, the mean difference of VMI in the vitamin D group between baseline and at six weeks showed significant improvement (5.5 + 16.27, p <0.05). Moreover, the mean vaginal pH and VAS of VVA patients in the vitamin D group were significantly improved at both six and 12 weeks compared to baseline. The oral vitamin D supplementation for 12 weeks potentially improves vaginal health outcomes in postmenopausal women with VVA symptoms, demonstrated by the improved mean VMI, vaginal pH, and VAS at six and 12 weeks between baseline, however, no significant differences were observed from the placebo treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in 2020: Stop or Not Yet?)

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16 pages, 1378 KiB

Open AccessReview

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids—An Underexplored Class of Dairy-Derived Fatty Acids

by Victoria M. Taormina, Allison L. Unger, Morgan R. Schiksnis, Moises Torres-Gonzalez and Jana Kraft

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2875; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092875 - 20 Sep 2020

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 15487

Abstract

Dairy fat and its fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to possess pro-health properties that can support health maintenance and disease prevention. In particular, branched-chain FAs (BCFAs), comprising approximately 2% of dairy fat, have recently been proposed as bioactive molecules contributing to the [...] Read more.

Dairy fat and its fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to possess pro-health properties that can support health maintenance and disease prevention. In particular, branched-chain FAs (BCFAs), comprising approximately 2% of dairy fat, have recently been proposed as bioactive molecules contributing to the positive health effects associated with the consumption of full-fat dairy products. This narrative review evaluates human trials assessing the relationship between BCFAs and metabolic risk factors, while potential underlying biological mechanisms of BCFAs are explored through discussion of studies in animals and cell lines. In addition, this review details the biosynthetic pathway of BCFAs as well as the content and composition of BCFAs in common retail dairy products. Research performed with in vitro models demonstrates the potent, structure-specific properties of BCFAs to protect against inflammation, cancers, and metabolic disorders. Yet, human trials assessing the effect of BCFAs on disease risk are surprisingly scarce, and to our knowledge, no research has investigated the specific role of dietary BCFAs. Thus, our review highlights the critical need for scientific inquiry regarding dairy-derived BCFAs, and the influence of this overlooked FA class on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products for Human Health)

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15 pages, 3728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cannabinoid CB₁ Receptors in the Intestinal Epithelium Are Required for Acute Western-Diet Preferences in Mice

by Bryant Avalos, Donovan A. Argueta, Pedro A. Perez, Mark Wiley, Courtney Wood and Nicholas V. DiPatrizio

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092874 - 20 Sep 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4505

Abstract

The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the intake of palatable food. For example, endocannabinoid signaling in the upper small-intestinal epithelium is increased (i) in rats after tasting dietary fats, which promotes intake of fats, and (ii) in a mouse model of [...] Read more.

The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the intake of palatable food. For example, endocannabinoid signaling in the upper small-intestinal epithelium is increased (i) in rats after tasting dietary fats, which promotes intake of fats, and (ii) in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, which promotes overeating via impaired nutrient-induced gut–brain satiation signaling. We now utilized a combination of genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral approaches to identify roles for cannabinoid CB₁Rs in upper small-intestinal epithelium in preferences for a western-style diet (WD, high-fat/sucrose) versus a standard rodent diet (SD, low-fat/no sucrose). Mice were maintained on SD in automated feeding chambers. During testing, mice were given simultaneous access to SD and WD, and intakes were recorded. Mice displayed large preferences for the WD, which were inhibited by systemic pretreatment with the cannabinoid CB₁R antagonist/inverse agonist, AM251, for up to 3 h. We next used our novel intestinal epithelium-specific conditional cannabinoid CB₁R-deficient mice (IntCB₁−/−) to investigate if intestinal CB₁Rs are necessary for WD preferences. Similar to AM251 treatment, preferences for WD were largely absent in IntCB₁−/− mice when compared to control mice for up to 6 h. Together, these data suggest that CB₁Rs in the murine intestinal epithelium are required for acute WD preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Appetite and Satiety Control-Gut Mechanisms)

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Cannabinoid CB1Rs control acute preferences for Western Diet. Veh = vehicle treatment; AM251 = 3mg per kg; SD = standard rodent chow; WD = western diet. Unpaired Student’s t-test, two-tailed (a–d,m–t); Two-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparison tests (e–l); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M; n = 7–8 per condition. Full article ">Figure 2
CB1R immunoreactivity is absent in the upper small-intestinal epithelium of conditional intestinal epithelium-specific CB1R-deficient mice. When compared to control mice (a, IntCB +/+), conditional intestinal epithelium-specific CB1R-null mice (b, IntCB1−/−) are deficient in immunoreactivity for CB1Rs in the upper small-intestinal epithelium. Wild-type C57BL/6Tac mice display immunoreactivity for CB1Rs in the upper small-intestinal epithelium (c, WT (+)), which is absent when the primary CB1R antibody is not included (d, WT(-)). White arrows point to representative red immunoreactivity for CB1Rs. Red = CB1R immunoreactivity; blue = DAPI. WT = wild-type mice. (+) = with CB1R primary antibody; (-) = without CB1R primary antibody. Full article ">Figure 3
Expression of endocannabinoid system genes in conditional intestinal epithelium-specific CB1R-deficient mice and controls. Expression of cannabinoid CB1Rs (Cnr1) was reduced in the jejunum epithelium of conditional intestinal epithelium-specific CB1R deficient mice (IntCB1−/−) when compared to control mice (IntCB1+/+) (a), and expression of mRNA for other components of the endocannabinoid system was unaffected, including cannabinoid CB2Rs (Cnr2), g-protein coupled receptor 55 (Gpr5), diacylglycerol lipase alpha (Dagla), diacylglycerol lipase beta (Daglb), monoacylglycerol lipase (Mgll), alpha beta hydrolase domain containing 6 (Abhd6), N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (Napepld), and fatty acid amide hydrolase (Faah) (a). IntCB1−/− mice, when compared to IntCB1+/+ controls, were deficient in expression of mRNA for CB1Rs (Cnr1) in the duodenum epithelium (Duo Epi), ileum epithelium (Ileum Epi), large intestine (Large Int), but not in the small-intestinal submucosa/muscle/serosal layers (SI Submucosa), stomach, liver, pancreas, and epididymal fat (E Fat) (b). Unpaired Student’s t-tests, two-tailed; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M; n = 5–8 per condition. Full article ">Figure 4
Conditional intestinal epithelium CB1R-deficient mice display no changes in baseline feeding parameters, motor activity, or glucose clearance. Unpaired Student’s t-test, two-tailed (a–e,g; p > 0.05); two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparison tests (f; not significant). Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M; n = 7–8 per condition (a–e), n = 3–4 (f,g). +/+ = IntCB1+/+ mice, −/− = IntCB1−/− mice; OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test; AUC = area under the curve. Full article ">Figure 5
Acute preferences for western diet are absent in conditional intestinal epithelium-specific CB1R-deficient mice. +/+ = IntCB1+/+ control mice; −/− = IntCB1−/− mice; SD = standard rodent chow; WD = western diet. Unpaired Student’s t-test, two-tailed (a–d,m–t); Two-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparison tests (e–l); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M; n = 4–8 per condition. Full article ">

43 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review

by Mikiko Watanabe, Renata Risi, Davide Masi, Alessandra Caputi, Angela Balena, Giovanni Rossini, Dario Tuccinardi, Stefania Mariani, Sabrina Basciani, Silvia Manfrini, Lucio Gnessi and Carla Lubrano

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092873 - 20 Sep 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 29572

Abstract

The use of food supplements for weight loss purposes has rapidly gained popularity as the prevalence of obesity increases. Navigating through the vast, often low quality, literature available is challenging, as is providing informed advice to those asking for it. Herein, we provide [...] Read more.

The use of food supplements for weight loss purposes has rapidly gained popularity as the prevalence of obesity increases. Navigating through the vast, often low quality, literature available is challenging, as is providing informed advice to those asking for it. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature revision focusing on most currently marketed dietary supplements claimed to favor weight loss, classifying them by their purported mechanism of action. We conclude by proposing a combination of supplements most supported by current evidence, that leverages all mechanisms of action possibly leading to a synergistic effect and greater weight loss in the foreseen absence of adverse events. Further studies will be needed to confirm the weight loss and metabolic improvement that may be obtained through the use of the proposed combination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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Proposed food supplement combination leveraging multiple mechanisms of action to aid weight loss and metabolism improvement based on the current state of the art. Green tea was shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase, amylase, and glucosidase in the gastrointestinal tract reducing the absorption of nutrients and leading to the presence of undigested carbohydrates in the GI tract, in turn driving the microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Through an AMPK dependent mechanism, it also inhibits lipogenesis and induces lipolysis. Phaseolus vulgaris extract (PVE) contains phaseolin, an α-amylase inhibitor whose function impairs the absorption of carbohydrates. Caffeine suppresses hunger and stimulates energy expenditure through increased excitability of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), increased fat oxidation and Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) activation. Capsaicinoids activate the Transient Receptor Potential Channel Vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) leading to Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release, increased fat oxidation, increased Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) expression. They also suppress ghrelin release and increase adiponectin, PPARα and PGC-1α expression. They finally regulate gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis genes improving insulin resistance. L-Carnitine was shown to improve insulin resistance, increase acetyl-coenzyme A and glucose supply to the brain leading to increased energy expenditure; it facilitates activated long chain fatty acids transportation into mitochondria, playing an important role in β-oxidation. It also modulates lipid metabolism. Resveratrol increases SIRT-1 expression, decreases adipogenesis and viability in maturing preadipocytes and modulates lipid metabolism in mature adipocytes. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases the size of adipocytes, alters adipocyte differentiation, regulates lipid metabolism and activates of PPAR-γ receptors. Lipoic acid increases GLUT4 expression on the cell membrane of skeletal muscle and adipocyte cells leading to increased glucose uptake, hence improved glucose tolerance, chlorogenic acid (CGA). Full article ">

23 pages, 2956 KiB

Open AccessReview

Moderators of the Impact of (Poly)Phenols Interventions on Psychomotor Functions and BDNF: Insights from Subgroup Analysis and Meta-Regression

by Achraf Ammar, Khaled Trabelsi, Omar Boukhris, Bassem Bouaziz, Patrick Müller, Jordan M. Glenn, Karim Chamari, Notger Müller, Hamdi Chtourou, Tarak Driss and Anita Hökelmann

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092872 - 19 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4160

Abstract

Background: Recent anti-aging interventions have shown contradictory impacts of (poly)phenols regarding the prevention of cognitive decline and maintenance of brain function. These discrepancies have been linked to between-study differences in supplementation protocols. This subgroup analysis and meta-regression aimed to (i) examine differential effects [...] Read more.

Background: Recent anti-aging interventions have shown contradictory impacts of (poly)phenols regarding the prevention of cognitive decline and maintenance of brain function. These discrepancies have been linked to between-study differences in supplementation protocols. This subgroup analysis and meta-regression aimed to (i) examine differential effects of moderator variables related to participant characteristics and supplementation protocols and (ii) identify practical recommendations to design effective (poly)phenol supplementation protocols for future anti-aging interventions. Methods: Multiple electronic databases (Web of Science; PubMed) searched for relevant intervention published from inception to July 2019. Using the PICOS criteria, a total of 4303 records were screened. Only high-quality studies (n = 15) were included in the final analyses. Random-effects meta-analysis was used, and we calculated standard differences in means (SDM), effect size (ES), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for two sufficiently comparable items (i.e., psychomotor function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)). When significant heterogeneity was computed (I² > 50%), a subgroup and meta-regression analysis were performed to examine the moderation effects of participant characteristics and supplementation protocols. Results: The reviewed studies support the beneficial effect of (poly)phenols-rich supplementation on psychomotor functions (ES = −0.677, p = 0.001) and brain plasticity (ES = 1.168, p = 0.028). Subgroup analysis revealed higher beneficial impacts of (poly)phenols (i) in younger populations compared to older (SDM = −0.89 vs. −0.47 for psychomotor performance, and 2.41 vs. 0.07 for BDNF, respectively), (ii) following an acute compared to chronic supplementation (SDM = −1.02 vs. −0.43 for psychomotor performance), and (iii) using a phenolic compound with medium compared to low bioavailability rates (SDM = −0.76 vs. −0.68 for psychomotor performance and 3.57 vs. 0.07 for DBNF, respectively). Meta-regressions revealed greater improvement in BDNF levels with lower percentages of female participants (Q = 40.15, df = 6, p < 0.001) and a skewed scatter plot toward a greater impact using higher (poly)phenols doses. Conclusion: This review suggests that age group, gender, the used phenolic compounds, their human bioavailability rate, and the supplementation dose as the primary moderator variables relating to the beneficial effects of (poly)phenol consumption on cognitive and brain function in humans. Therefore, it seems more advantageous to start anti-aging (poly)phenol interventions in adults earlier in life using medium (≈500 mg) to high doses (≈1000 mg) of phenolic compounds, with at least medium bioavailability rate (≥9%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary (Poly)Phenols and Health)

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Flow diagram of the literature selection process. Full article ">Figure 2
Forest plot of the standardized differences in means of the effect of (poly) phenols-rich supplementation on psychomotor functions. Note: A negative direction of effect size (ES) indicates a better effect of (poly)phenols-rich supplementation. Full article ">Figure 3
Scatter plot of regression analysis showing the influence of polyphenols supplementation by gender. Full article ">Figure 4
Funnel plot of psychomotor performance following (poly)phenols-rich supplementation, showing evidence of publication bias. Full article ">Figure 5
Forest plot including standardized differences in means of effects of (poly)phenols-rich supplementation on BDNF concentrations. Note: Positive direction of ES is indicative a greater effects from (poly)phenols-rich supplementation. Full article ">Figure 6
Scatter plot of regression analysis showing the influence of polyphenols supplementation by phenolic dose. Full article ">Figure 7
Funnel plot of BDNF following (poly)phenols-rich supplementation, showing evidence of publication bias. Full article ">

21 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Therapeutic Benefit of NAD⁺ Supplementation for Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

by Gloria Cimaglia, Marcela Votruba, James E. Morgan, Helder André and Pete A. Williams

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092871 - 19 Sep 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7415

Abstract

Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration are leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide with significant health and societal burdens. To date, no clinical cures are available and treatments target only the manageable symptoms and risk factors (but do not remediate the underlying pathology of [...] Read more.

Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration are leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide with significant health and societal burdens. To date, no clinical cures are available and treatments target only the manageable symptoms and risk factors (but do not remediate the underlying pathology of the disease). Both diseases are neurodegenerative in their pathology of the retina and as such many of the events that trigger cell dysfunction, degeneration, and eventual loss are due to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Here, we critically review how a decreased bioavailability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD; a crucial metabolite in healthy and disease states) may underpin many of these aberrant mechanisms. We propose how exogenous sources of NAD may become a therapeutic standard for the treatment of these conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Eye Health)

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25 pages, 13371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Makes a Front-of-Pack Nutritional Labelling System Effective: The Impact of Key Design Components on Food Purchases

by Laurent Muller and Bernard Ruffieux

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092870 - 19 Sep 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6630

Abstract

The relative impacts on food purchases of many alternative front-of-pack nutritional labelling systems were tested, with various methods—from opinion pool to nationwide experiments. Clearly, some systems induce better purchasing responses, having better nutritional impacts on food baskets. Nonetheless, we still ignore what the [...] Read more.

The relative impacts on food purchases of many alternative front-of-pack nutritional labelling systems were tested, with various methods—from opinion pool to nationwide experiments. Clearly, some systems induce better purchasing responses, having better nutritional impacts on food baskets. Nonetheless, we still ignore what the ingredients of an efficient label are. Here, we propose guidance for label designers. To do so, we first propose a typology that breaks down established labelling systems into four elementary components: Directiveness, Scope and Gradation, Set of Reference and Sign. On this basis, we then build seven alternative generic labelling systems that we test in a framed-field experiment enabling us to measure the effect of each component on food purchases in isolation. Our results show that an effective front-of-pack labelling system should be Food-Directive (instead of Diet-Directive) and be displayed on both healthy and unhealthy food. The reference set, which is across categories or within categories, produces the same average nutrition score but generates contrasting behavioural responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Food Labelling: The Impact of Established Front of Pack (FoP) Label Systems on Behaviour)

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