Marcel Djama
CIRAD, Environment and Society, Faculty Member
• Several sustainability certification schemes have been developed for palm oil; however, the field impacts of these schemes remain highly uncertain. The Sustainable Palm Oil Production (SPOP) project, funded by the French National... more
• Several sustainability certification schemes have been developed for palm oil; however, the field impacts of these schemes remain highly uncertain. The Sustainable Palm Oil Production (SPOP) project, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), was aimed at consolidating and deepening the scientific basis of these schemes. • SPOP field work undertaken in Indonesia and Cameroon highlighted the large variability in practices and impacts of oil palm systems. Our main results related to the uncovering of the multiplicity of growers and their trajectories, and identifying room for improvement and the need for recommendations adapted to the various grower contexts and strategies. • The SPOP project made it explicit that visions of sustainability and global challenges vary greatly among growers and other stakeholders involved in the palm oil sector. These diverging conceptions are most likely to induce bottlenecks in the definition and implementation of good practices and should be accounted for in the refinement of sustainability criteria. • Within the SPOP project, we investigated possible futures for oil palm using participatory prospective analyses and multi-agent-based modeling work. Our research work showed that capacity development and the organizational capacity of smallholders, fair partnerships and combined forms of governance are key drivers in ensuring the uptake of good practices and sustainable development at the landscape scale.
Research Interests:
• The global palm oil value chain has grown in complexity over time as have the public and private regulations governing the sector. This influences stakeholder decisions along the palm oil supply chain and the territories where it is... more
• The global palm oil value chain has grown in complexity over time as have the public and private regulations governing the sector. This influences stakeholder decisions along the palm oil supply chain and the territories where it is produced. • Weak alignment between the many regulatory initiatives has given rise to a 'transnational regime complex' that is struggling to resolve effectively many structural performance issues that have long plagued the palm oil sector. • Key performance issues facing the palm oil sector relate to pervasive land conflict and informality, yield differences between companies and smallholders, and a high carbon debt linked to emissions arising from deforestation and peatlands conversion. • Different disconnects, complementarities and antagonisms characterize current governance. Building connections and enhancing complementarities are important ways to gradually reduce antagonisms. • Complementarities have emerged among instruments with global reach, whereas disconnects persist especially within public regulations, between regulations and private standards, and between standards operating across different territorial scales. • Several connections can be built by better linking existing regulations, and public regulations and private standards at different levels. These could arise by embracing approaches that look at both supply chain and territorial management. • The main policy targets to achieve sustainability and inclusivity are: 1) limiting the expansion of palm oil in high-carbon forests and peatlands; 2) adopting mechanisms to enhance transparency and accountabilities; 3) creating conditional incentives to intensify palm oil supply, mainly of smallholder farmers; 4) adopting new approaches to facilitate the upgrade of smallholder production systems; and 5) legalizing tenure claims under different types of rights recognition schemes.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Les objectifs de l'etude, realisee a la demande de la DDRP, etaient d'une part d'aider a comprendre les causes du desengagement des producteurs de la Province Nord, d'autre part de contribuer a la formulation de nouveaux... more
Les objectifs de l'etude, realisee a la demande de la DDRP, etaient d'une part d'aider a comprendre les causes du desengagement des producteurs de la Province Nord, d'autre part de contribuer a la formulation de nouveaux modes d'intervention en milieu rural melanesien. Les resultats de l'enquete socio-economique mettent en evidence la grande faiblesse des revenus effectivement percus par les producteurs, mais aussi le fait que les planteurs les plus assidus (et qui ont les meilleurs revenus) sont ceux deja securises au plan economique. Une grande part des planteurs qui ont abandonne l'activite ne s'est pas reconvertie dans une autre activite de production marchande. La production melanesienne, dans un contexte de petite exploitation diffuse semble vouee au declin et sur le plan economique, le cafe melanesien n'est pas competitif ni en cout de production, ni en qualite. Plus generalement en terme economique et de developpement durable, les strategies actuelles de production (cafe de moyenne qualite a cout de production et de revient eleve) ne sont plus justifiables dans le nouveau contexte economique international de liberalisation des marches. Les auteurs presentent des propositions d'intervention dans la filiere cafe a travers trois scenarios elabores avec les agents de la DDRP a partir des enjeux de la collectivite provinciale et des operateurs de la filiere qu'elle soutient
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Business, Engineering, Corporate Governance, Biotechnology, Malaysia, and 13 moreAgriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology, Medicine, Genetically Modified Crops, Humans, Gouvernance, Crop Production, Zea mays, Plante Transgènique, Glycine max, Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), Utilisation, and Biosécurité
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Cette mission s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'action incitative n°1, "Aide à la prospection" du CIRAD en 2007. Elle a pour objectif de consolider un programme de recherche sur les politiques d'aide aux Etats fragiles,... more
Cette mission s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'action incitative n°1, "Aide à la prospection" du CIRAD en 2007. Elle a pour objectif de consolider un programme de recherche sur les politiques d'aide aux Etats fragiles, en mobilisant des partenariats institutionnels et de recherche en Afrique de l'Est. L'analyse des politiques d'aide et de leurs évolutions est un axe majeur d'investissement scientifique du collectif Nomade au sein de l'UMR MOISA. L'appui institutionnel aux Etats en crise est devenu un thème central de réflexions et de mobilisation des agences d'aide, suite aux désordres internationaux qui ont accompagné la fin de la guerre froide et dans le contexte de l'après "11 septembre". Ainsi, le concept "d'Etat fragile" (fragile state) fait l'objet d'intenses discussions depuis quelques années, essentiellement au sein des agences d'aide du système international (Banque Mondiale, OCDE, PNUD), ...
National audienc
Si elle tend a jouer un role de plus en plus important dans le fonctionnement economique des populations kanak, l'activite salariale apparait d'une part comme une realite multiforme qu'il convient de caracteriser plus... more
Si elle tend a jouer un role de plus en plus important dans le fonctionnement economique des populations kanak, l'activite salariale apparait d'une part comme une realite multiforme qu'il convient de caracteriser plus precisement, d'autre part, elle ne constitue qu'une facette des systemes d'activites que les habitants des tribus de la Province Nord mobilisent pour assurer la reproduction des groupes domestiques. Ce volet de l'etude constitue dans cette perspective une tentative visant a cerner les parts respectives des activites de production rurale et des activites salariees a travers l'analyse d'un echantillon de 200 unites domestiques etablies dans les tribus de la Province Nord. Avant la presentation des resultats d'enquete l'auteur procede a une rapide mise en perspective globale de la situation de l'activite en 1996 des populations melanesiennes du Territoire de la Province Nord.
Research Interests:
National audienc
Research Interests:
Cette note sur les marches de proximite prolonge l'etude engagee en 1998 sur les "Dynamiques rurales et Developpement Regional de la Province Nord de Nouvelle-Caledonie". Cette etude effectuee a la demande des elus de la... more
Cette note sur les marches de proximite prolonge l'etude engagee en 1998 sur les "Dynamiques rurales et Developpement Regional de la Province Nord de Nouvelle-Caledonie". Cette etude effectuee a la demande des elus de la Province Nord exposait un etat des lieux du developpement rural provincial apres 8 annees de decentralisation et au terme de la periode dite des "Accords de Matignon". [...] Le but de la presente note est d'inventorier ces marches de proximite de la Province Nord, de signaler quelques-unes de leurs caracteristiques, et de suggerer quelques modalites d'accompagnement de leur developpement. De meme que l'etude sur les "Dynamiques Rurales et le Developpement Regional..." conduisait a nuancer l'opposition souvent faite en Nouvelle-Caledonie entre les producteurs marchands et les producteurs non marchands (ce dernier groupe etant principalement constitue par les producteurs kanaks operant en marge des circuits officiellem...
Research Interests:
A partir de l'exemple de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, cet article examine comment et dans quelles conditions les operations groupees d'amenagement foncier (OGAF) peuvent constituer, entre autres outils, un instrument approprie pour une... more
A partir de l'exemple de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, cet article examine comment et dans quelles conditions les operations groupees d'amenagement foncier (OGAF) peuvent constituer, entre autres outils, un instrument approprie pour une politique territoriale et contractuelle de reconnaissance et de mise en valeur de la multifonctionnalite de l'agriculture dans les territoires de l'outre-mer francais. L'evaluation du dispositif OGAF et de divers instruments de developpement rural des trois provinces de Nouvelle-Caledonie montre comment ces operations ont contribue a introduire des pratiques d'aides contractuelles et de programmation concertee en matiere de developpement rural, mais egalement a associer demarche sectorielle et approche territoriale. (Resume d'auteur)
Research Interests:
Le CNASEA a confie a l'Institut Agronomique neo-Caledonien une etude d'evaluation des quatre Operations Groupees d'Amenagement Foncier (OGAF) engagees en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Les objectifs de l'etude sont: - D'analyser... more
Le CNASEA a confie a l'Institut Agronomique neo-Caledonien une etude d'evaluation des quatre Operations Groupees d'Amenagement Foncier (OGAF) engagees en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Les objectifs de l'etude sont: - D'analyser les modes d'intervention et les processus de mise en oeuvre dans les quatre sites concernes par le dispositif OGAF (Ouenee, Yate, Ouvea et Thio); - De meure en evidence et analyser la perception que les partenaires engages dans le dispositif ont de l'outil de developpement que represente l'OGAF et apprecier l'interet qu'il peut constituer dans le cadre de l'action publique en faveur du developpement des zones rurales; - De formuler des recommandations et des propositions susceptibles de favoriser la reussite d'une OGAF. La premiere partie du rapport presente le deroulement des operations dans les quatre sites concernes et met en relief les resultats obtenus et les difficultes rencontrees. La seconde partie propose une syn...
Research Interests:
Ce document expose les premieres donnees d'une recherche finalisee en sciences sociales, dont l'objectif assigne est d'identifier les formes contemporaines de la ruralite en Nouvelle Caledonie et les determinants majeurs qui... more
Ce document expose les premieres donnees d'une recherche finalisee en sciences sociales, dont l'objectif assigne est d'identifier les formes contemporaines de la ruralite en Nouvelle Caledonie et les determinants majeurs qui contraignent les operations de developpement rural en Province Nord. Pour repondre a ce vaste programme, les operations de recherches ont consiste a reconstituer dans une perspective historique les contextes economiques et institutionnels qui participent a l'orientation des politiques de mise en valeur agricole et de developpement rural. Si la Nouvelle Caledonie a des sa colonisation entretenu des projets de developpements agricoles et une veritable ideologie agraire, l'histoire de la mise en valeur (puis du developpement rural) apparait de fait marquee par un decalage constant entre des objectifs plus ou moins realistes d'essor agricole -presque toujours a l'initiative de l'administration coloniale qui experimente au gre des circ...
Research Interests:
Abstract In light of growing social and transnational activism against palm oil, governmental, non-government and private sector organizations have begun to advocate a package of sustainable management practices through the Roundtable on... more
Abstract In light of growing social and transnational activism against palm oil, governmental, non-government and private sector organizations have begun to advocate a package of sustainable management practices through the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) standard. Since its adoption involves voluntary compliance, understanding the financial costs and benefits is critical. This study reviews the existing literature to identify the financial outcomes associated with RSPO certification. Seventeen analyses qualified. However, only three were considered robust: two revealed positive returns, one negative. While the quality of past research has limited our understanding of the profitability issue, it has provided insights into issues such as incentive and knowledge deficiencies. Comparative research using a standard data template and analytical method is recommended. Given that the standard modifies management practices and that business dynamics affect financial outcomes, it is concluded that research efforts will have to be better tailored for local management.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Mechanisms to standardize sustainable agricultural practices first emerged in the early 2000s with the goal of establishing responsible rules of corporate behaviour. Based on voluntary commitments by firms, these mechanisms are usually... more
Mechanisms to standardize sustainable agricultural practices first emerged in the early 2000s with the goal of establishing responsible rules of corporate behaviour. Based on voluntary commitments by firms, these mechanisms are usually structured around a particular agricultural product and bring together the global value chain’s various actors (producers, buyers, processors, retailers), as well as NGOs, banks, and sometimes governments, to define and monitor sustainable production practices. They aim to regulate the environmental and social impacts of agriculture, especially large-scale industrial agriculture. And yet, some authors have noted the difficulty of ‘internalizing’ the negative effects and costs that international trade makes invisible, due to a ‘distance’ effect. By basing itself on the work of Thomas Princen (1997), this chapter explores the ability of standardization mechanisms to make visible again the effects that are ‘obscured’ by distance and the strategic action of firms and governments. Distance is understood here in terms of different dimensions: geographical, but also (and particularly) pertaining to contractual asymmetries; a limited cognitive ability of interpretation in an exchange between ‘foreign’ people and places; or a large number of intermediaries. From an empirical analysis of standardization mechanisms and a literature review, we show that sustainability standards have brushed aside part of the social and environmental criticism raised in a wider public debate, much like they exclude certain concerns raised by the affected people themselves. Characterized as a form of ‘government by the stakeholders’, such mechanisms in fact lead to the depoliticization of the debate and therefore to the exclusion of certain political perspectives and expressions of the common good. Moreover, they deliberately ignore some relationships that people have with their environment, thus making invisible part of the damage. Thus, these sustainability standards simply do not take some of negative impacts of the exports of biomass by industrial agriculture into account. These mechanisms have so far excluded or dismissed the constructions of sustainability whose aim was precisely to reduce the various dimensions of distance.
Research Interests: Business, Political Science, Sustainable Development, Agriculture, Standardization, and 15 moreNormalisation, Plantations, Développement Durable, étude De Cas, Certification, Entreprise Publique, Organisation non gouvernementale, Norme, Elaeis Guineensis, Biomasse, Durabilité, Commerce International, E-COMMERCE AND INTERNATIONAL TAXATION, Déboisement, and Utilisation
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
National audienc
Research Interests:
National audienc
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Etude réalisée en s'appuyant sur des entretiens et l'animation de réunions de réflexion avec des directeurs de Parc, des représentants des Régions, des bailleurs de fonds et divers autres acteurs de la coopération internationale,... more
Etude réalisée en s'appuyant sur des entretiens et l'animation de réunions de réflexion avec des directeurs de Parc, des représentants des Régions, des bailleurs de fonds et divers autres acteurs de la coopération internationale, ainsi qu'une analyse bibliographique. Analyse de l'offre et de la demande de coopération internationale des parcs naturels régionaux, et des principales thématiques concernées. Elaboration d'une grille de lecture des projets de coopération internationale des PNR et de la FPNR. Elaboration de fiches de présentation de projets représentatifs. Bilan des principaux enseignements
Research Interests:
Avian influenza and health barriers: How national stakeholders seize opportunities offered by a global health crisis (case of Senegal) [Grippe aviaire et barrières sanitaires : comment les acteurs nationaux se saisissent des opportunités offertes par une crise sanitaire mondiale (cas du Sénégal)]more
Research Interests:
La Nouvelle-Caledonie est un territoire francais du Pacifique engage dans un processus de decolonisation. Pour accompagner ce processus et mettre fin aux affrontements intercommunautaires des annees 1980 entre les populations kanakes... more
La Nouvelle-Caledonie est un territoire francais du Pacifique engage dans un processus de decolonisation. Pour accompagner ce processus et mettre fin aux affrontements intercommunautaires des annees 1980 entre les populations kanakes autochtones (44% de la population) qui reclament majoritairement l'independance et leurs opposants, l'Etat francais a mis en oeuvre une politique de partage du pouvoir local et un programme de reequilibrage economique au profit des populations kanakes. Les reformes foncieres constituent l'un des principaux leviers de ce reequilibrage. Entre 1978 - date a laquelle sont engagees les premieres operations de reformes agraires - et la fin des annees 1990 plus de 100000ha de terres ont ete retrocedees aux populations kanakes spoliees sous la colonisation par les colons europeens. A l'instar d'autres regions du monde, les debats autour de la question fonciere en Nouvelle-Caledonie ont oppose les tenants d'une approche moderniste revendi...
Research Interests:
Among the oil palm supply chain participants, the smallholders are relatively at a disadvantage because of their small farms, low production and other structural problems. An empowerment program is one of the effective measures to improve... more
Among the oil palm supply chain participants, the smallholders are relatively at a disadvantage because of their small farms, low production and other structural problems. An empowerment program is one of the effective measures to improve their economic status. An understanding of perception on empowerment program will help the policy makers to design an effective empowerment program. The study identifies the determinants of the oil palm farmers’ participation in training for the empowerment program. Struc tured questionnaire and face-to-face data collection methods are employed to obtain the primary data from 194 oil palm smallholders in Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Province, Indonesia. Logistic-regression is used to gain information on the determinant of smallholders’ readiness to participate in the empowerment program. The principal component analysis indicates that knowledge and activities variables have significant effect on the probability of farmers’ participation on the train...
Research Interests:
Abstract The adoption of sustainable palm oil standards remains voluntary. It is unclear whether early adopters achieve better financial performance than those who lag in adopting. This study examines how the profitability, in terms of... more
Abstract The adoption of sustainable palm oil standards remains voluntary. It is unclear whether early adopters achieve better financial performance than those who lag in adopting. This study examines how the profitability, in terms of the return on invested capital (ROIC) of plantation companies is impacted by the entry order of the adoption of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) sustainability standard. Based on the 2000–2016 panel data of the 39 plantation companies listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, this study has demonstrated profitability as being influenced by the timing of entry (adoption), related resource allocation, business efficiency, and the price of crude palm oil. Since early adopters (plantation companies) realised a positive relationship with ROIC, the presence of an early mover advantage can be hypothesised. This positional advantage is likely to yield both operating and capital efficiencies, such as those predicated in the good management practices of the RSPO standard. This finding is useful as a motivational strategy to augment the acceptance of international palm oil standards among plantation companies, which are often a nucleus to smallholders. The implications for firms adopting other sustainability standards are also discussed.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Sociology and Dissolution
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Local ecological knowledge and know-how play a central role in the negotiations on the Convention on Biological Diversity. Here the authors present and analyze the specific characteristics of the French approach on the subject: the... more
Local ecological knowledge and know-how play a central role in the negotiations on the Convention on Biological Diversity. Here the authors present and analyze the specific characteristics of the French approach on the subject: the concepts of terroir and heritage, a reinterpretation of indigenousness, and diverse forms of conservation; all of these are often tied to enhancing the status of products via the market. (Resume d'auteur)
Research Interests:
Dans le contexte de transition institutionnelle que connaissent le Territoire et la Province Nord, le Programme Agricultures familiales du CIRAD-Tera a realise une etude de diagnostic sur les dynamiques rurales et le developpement... more
Dans le contexte de transition institutionnelle que connaissent le Territoire et la Province Nord, le Programme Agricultures familiales du CIRAD-Tera a realise une etude de diagnostic sur les dynamiques rurales et le developpement regional dans la Province Nord a la demande de la Direction du developpement rural et de la peche (DDRP). Ce diagnostic, conduit en etroite collaboration avec les agents et responsables de la DDRP, repose sur une approche globale des activites agricoles et non agricoles des ruraux combinant : - une analyse sectorielle mettant en evidence les enseignements et les limites des approches "filieres" ;- une analyse des strategies individuelles, des activites et des revenus des ruraux - une approche des dynamiques collectives : organisations professionnelles, dynamiques associatives et territoriales ;- une approche de la diversite des situations et des dynamiques territoriales en Province Nord.Le diagnostic debouche sur des propositions susceptibles de ...
Research Interests:
Utilise depuis pres de 50 ans, le concept de filiere constitue a la fois un outil d'analyse et un cadre pour l'action. En tant qu'outil d'analyse, il propose un decoupage du systeme productif en isolant du reste de... more
Utilise depuis pres de 50 ans, le concept de filiere constitue a la fois un outil d'analyse et un cadre pour l'action. En tant qu'outil d'analyse, il propose un decoupage du systeme productif en isolant du reste de l'economie les activites liees a la production, a la transformation, au commerce et a la consommation d'un produit ou d'un groupe de produits. On identifie alors les acteurs de la filiere horticole, de la filieres laitiere, ou de la filiere cotonniere pour ne citer que quelques exemples pris dans le domaine agro-alimentaire. Cet outil d'analyse, qui se refere au corpus de la "meso-economie" (par opposition a la micro et a la macro-economie), utilise les apports de plusieurs disciplines techniques ou socio-economiques pour analyser l'objet d'etude ainsi defini: le "systeme-filiere". Le principal apport des etudes filiere reside dans la prise en compte des contraintes techniques et economiques propres a chaque type...
Research Interests:
As the global mining industry often operates in remote vulnerable locations, requires large areas of land and may have negative social and environmental impacts, it was soon challenged by civil society. In this context, since the late of... more
As the global mining industry often operates in remote vulnerable locations, requires large areas of land and may have negative social and environmental impacts, it was soon challenged by civil society. In this context, since the late of the 1990s, the most common response of large mining companies has been the elaboration of a corporate social and environmentally responsibility policy, recognizing their obligation to contribute to the social and environmental sustainability of the countries in which they operate. Some authors have provided evidence that CSR activities and local impacts depend on the local context in which the company invests while others argue that its country of origin matters. Most condude that more research is needed on the links between corporate governance, CSR strategies, and the policy and social settings in host countries. In this contribution, we analyse how the local social and institutional context shapes the CSR activities and impacts of a mining compan...
Research Interests:
Reliazing the pass-through effects of global commodity prices on domestic prices, this study develops a vector error correction model (VECM) to test for the determinants and direction of causality between global prices and crude palm oil... more
Reliazing the pass-through effects of global commodity prices on domestic prices, this study develops a vector error correction model (VECM) to test for the determinants and direction of causality between global prices and crude palm oil (CPO) price in Thailand. Malaysian crude palm oil, world soybean oil and world crude oil prices were investigated as factors affecting the Thai CPO price. Using the Johansen cointegration test, the result unveils a presence of long-run relationship among the determinants. This long-run relationship, proposes that CPO price flows in Thailand are positively influenced by the Malaysian CPO price and the error correction term suggests that approximately 35 percent of total disequilibrium in Thai CPO price was corrected in the following month. Moreover, the findings show Granger causality from each of the Malaysian CPO price and the world soybean oil price for the Thai CPO price. Information flow regarding the price movements of the Malaysian CPO and soy...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Page 1. Biodiversity and Local Ecological Knowledge in France Under the Editorship of Laurence Berard, Marie Cegarra, Marcel Djama, Selim Louafi, Philippe Marchenay, Bernard Roussel, Francois Verdeaux This One XJF5-AHP-OQGP Page 2. ...
Research Interests:
This document proposes elements of strategy and priority actions to be integrated in the National Action Plan of Somalia regarding the agro-pastoralism and forestry sector. This list of possible interventions was made to support decision... more
This document proposes elements of strategy and priority actions to be integrated in the National Action Plan of Somalia regarding the agro-pastoralism and forestry sector. This list of possible interventions was made to support decision - making in the field of post-war development. As the experts were not able to go to Somalia, the identification of potential interventions was mainly made through bibliographic evaluation. The document is structured as follow: After a brief presentation of the sector review and the problems to be addressed, the objectives/goals and intervention strategies are described. Priority actions are finally presented. Sustainable management of natural resources will drive Somalia's productive capacity but current massive degradation of natural resources results in a serious threat to livelihoods and future development. Pastoralism has a large impact on the environment and, hence, it needs to be considered in conjunction with natural resource management....