Muhammady Fathy

This article publishes Coptic graffiti found in the tomb of Paser (TT 367) located in the upper enclosure of the necropolis of Sheikh Abdel Qurna (Western Thebes). It is one of the tombs that are dated to the reign of Amenhotep II in the Eighteenth Dynasty. This tomb has been reused more than once, from the New Kingdom until the Late Roman Period. While a few of the finds belong to the original Eighteenth Dynasty burial, most of them belong to the Third Intermediate Period. The tomb of Paser, as well as many other monuments, were reused by the Christians in late-antique Egypt. No man is in the house.

The two Coptic papyri presented below are the testament of a Coptic woman is called Susanna, who transfers her inheritance into her five grandchildren, they are dated to the eighth century . This testament is written in two parallel copies; the first copy number P.KRU 066; P.Lond.Copt. 397. This papyrus is preserved now in the British Library no. CII (102) .
The second copy number P.KRU 076; Berlin Kgl. Museum, p. 3138. This copy is written in three folios (A-C), on the recto of a papyrus preserved now in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. This papyrus was purchased in 1876 from Kanzler to Mr. Filling and the German Institute of Archaeology (DAI).
The will is a Coptic legal document, deals with the inheritance; its main role is to transfer the property from someone/s to another/s after death. Studying the Coptic wills and its social setting let us to be near day by day life issues of Egyptian Christian family, and demonstrate the social and monetary communications of the occupants of Egypt.
Study of these two papyri is very important because they are the only example we have of a written will in two copies, since it's realized that the Coptic will was composed in one duplicate. In this article, I will try to answer some questions, which papyrus was written first, and which was written later? which papyrus is the typical will of lady Susanna? why did Susanna decide to rewrite her will on another papyrus? These questions can be answered through the paleographical and analytical study of two texts, which illustrate that the two texts contain some written mistakes which are many in P.KRU 66 more than P.KRU 76. In addition to erasing some information, rewriting other information. It was clear that papyrus no. P.KRU 76 contains extra addition information did not mention in papyrus no. P.KRU 66. Moreover, modified information, or changed, information was written on a papyrus and was not written on another papyrus and rephrasing some paragraphs.

This paper aims to present a linguistic study; the Coptic text and the translation. Then the analytical study by studying the formulae which are in the Testament of Paul P.KRU 74 as following:
The opening formula which is vocation, the formula of date, the two magistrates of the town, the owner of the will, the kind of document, the declaration of the owner of the will, what make the will legal, quotation of the bible which relating to death, sequence of property transmission, the body of the will, the duties of the heirs, oath formula, the penal terms, the concluding formula, the witnesses and the scribe of the will.

The will involved in this research is a kind of documentary texts regarding transferring property or inheritance, takes effect after death, or to transfer the administration of the monastery from the abbot to successor superior. Studying the Coptic wills of the abbots and monks is very important, because it sheds light on the conditions of monasticism and monks as well as other valuable information for the period which they are written. So, this paper aims to study the texts of the Coptic wills of the abbots and monks analytical study considering papyri that have been found, especially those concerning monks the monastery of St. Phoibammon known as " Deir el-Bahari " , and the monastery of St. Epiphanius in Western Thebes. In addition to the Monastery of St. Heroj in El Ashmunein. The wills of the Non-seculars divided into two groups: the first group concerning the abbots and these are related to transfer the management of the monastery from abbot to another with certain conditions, specific duties, their number four wills. Three of them in the dossier of the wills of the abbots of the monastery of Saint Phoibammon which consists of four documents. Two of them are already published: the earlier is the will of Abraham, bishop of Hermonthis, P.Lond. I 77, written in Greek, and the later, P.KRU 65, is the will of the monk and abbot Jacob. Τhe two others, the wills of Victor which consists of two parts, the first part P.KRU 77, is published, and the second part, P.Sor.inv. 2680, still unpublished. Then the will of Petros, P. Lyon II, is lost for the moment, but there are some photographs of it. In addition to one will is relationg to the monastery of St. Epiphanius, P.KRU 75, it's a joint will of two abbots; Jakob and Elias. The wills of the abbots talk about monasticism in terms of some monastic laws. Also, the priestly ranks, the vocabulary refer to the monastery, where monks were dwelling, a description of the architectural elements of the monastery, its property and how the monastery got them. The succession and mechanism of transmission the administration of the monastery from monk to another. The wills of the abbots talked also about the monk, who is going to administrate the holy monastery, namely the successor abbot, it mentioned his characteristics, method of choice, his rights and duties, as well as spiritual commandments. The second group is the wills of monks relating to private property obtained by the monk before becoming a monk and transmitted by a testament to his heirs. This group divides into two parts based on who will receive the property: 1-to the heirs P.KRU 67, the will of the monk Paham, and P.CLT 01; 02, concerning Moses the monk. 2-to the monastery and monks in the same monastery where the monk were dwelling, O.Crum ST 56, will of son of Abel, and CPR IV 177, the will of Basil the monk.

The subject of this thesis deals with the Will in the Coptic Texts, from the seventh to the eleventh century AD. This study is divided into an introduction, a preface, three chapters and appendixes of the formulae of the Coptic Wills.
The introduction addresses the reasons for choosing the subject, research goals and previous studies. The preface deals with the study of will and inheritance in ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman Periods.
The first chapter, presenting “The definition of the will and the referring words”. The second chapter, where the “the texts of monks’ wills” are discussed: the will of Victor P.KRU 077; will of Jakob P.KRU 065; will of Jakob and Elias P.KRU 075; two texts of Moses P.CLT 01; 02; will of Basil CPR IV 177; will of Kalashire P.Mon.Epiph. 87; text no. P.Mon.Epiph. 257; text no. P.Mon.Epiph. 54; text no. O.Crum 132; will of Paham P.KRU 067; will no. P.Vindob. K 5354; will of son of Abil O.CrumST 056. This chapter introduces the lingual and analytical study. 
The third chapter entitled “the texts of seculars’ wills”: the joint will of Victor and his wife Hirai O.CrumVC 005; the two duplicates of Susanna’s will P.KRU 66 and 76; will of  Elisabeth P.KRU 68; will of Paul P.KRU 74; will of Tbasbes P.KRU 70; joint will of Aaron and his wife Eudoxia P.KRU 72; will no. P.KRU 73 of unknown person; will of Daniel P.KRU 71; will of Georgios son Pisrael O. Crum ST 60; will of Eudoxia P. Lond. Copt. I 448 (BM 448); two wills of Raphael from Teshlot; P.Teshlot 7 and P.Teshlot 8. In addition to texts were written on ostraca: O.Crum 144; O. Crum 146; O. Crum 147; AF 12616; P.Mon.Epiph. 264. It includes also, the lingual and the analytical study. 
The conclusion addresses the main results of the study.

يتناول هذا البحث المكتبات فى مصر بعد دخول الديانة المسيحة بصفة خاصة، مع القاء الضوء على وضع المكتبات فى الفترة التاريخية قبل دخول الدين المسيحى مصر واعتناق المصريين له، وودورها فى الحركة العلمية والفكرية فى المجتمع المصرى القديم، والعصر اليونانى، والرومانى وصولاً للعصر البيزنطى الذى تميز بانتشار الدين المسيحى فى مصر، ومدى ارتباط المكتبة وأماكن نسخ المخطوطات والكتب بتعليم الكتابة والتدريب عليها ودور تلك المكتبات وأمثلة عليها وأنواعها.

يتناول هذا العمل المعلومات الخاصة بالمواقع الأثرية التى تقع بمحافظة الإسكندرية التى يزورها طلاب قسم الآثار المصرية بكلية الآثار جامعة القاهرة سواء البطلمية وهى المقابر البطلمية الموجودة شرق المدينة وهى جبانة الشاطبى المجاورة للبحر، ومقابر مصطفى كامل ومقابر الجبانة الغربية مثل الانفوشى.
بالإضافة إلى المواقع الأثرية  التى تعود للعصر الرومانى وهذه الآثار هى: ما أصطلح خطأً على تسميته بالمسرح الرومانى، ومعبد السيرابيوم حيث عمود السوارى، ومقبرة كوم الشقافة. فهذا العمل عبارة عن مادة علمية قيمة تحتوى على ما يخص تلك الآثار من خلال الكتب والمراجع العلمية الحديثة التى تتحدث عن مدينة الإسكندرية. فتناولت الحديث عن المدينة من الناحيتين التاريخية –دون الإسهاب كثيرًا فى المعلومات التاريخية- والحضارية

يحتوى هذا الكتاب على ما ورد من معلومات فى نصوص الوصايا المكتوبة باللغة القبطية التى تم العثور عليها فى مصر حتى الآن، والتى تؤرخ فى الفترة من القرن السابع وحتى مطلع القرن الحادى عشر، بدءًا من مدينة الأشمونين بمحافظة المنيا مرورًا بدشلوط بأسيوط ، وقفط، وقوص، وأرمنت، ومدينة الحِلّة بإسنا، وإدفو حتى مدينة كيلسى بأسوان

This book is the publication of my doctoral dissertation, so it contains the information contained in the wills texts written in the Coptic language that have been found in Egypt so far, and which date from the seventh century until the beginning of the eleventh century, starting from the city of Ashmounin in Minya Governorate, passing through Dashlut in Assiut. , Qift, Qus, Armant, the city of Hilla in Esna, and Edfu to the city of Kielsi in Aswan..