- Helsingforsgade 14, 8200 AarhusN , Central Jutland, Denmark
- 93508391
- Aarhus University, Department of Engineering, Faculty MemberPolitecnico di Milano, Department of Design, Faculty Memberadd
- Peter Gall Krogh is trained as an architect and product designer. He is professor at the Department of Digital Design... morePeter Gall Krogh is trained as an architect and product designer. He is professor at the Department of Digital Design and Information Studies at Aarhus University and associated with Politecnico di Milano. Emblematic to the cross-disciplinary character of his work he has held design professorships in institutions based in art, technology and humanities. Additionally, he has been visiting researcher and professor at TU Eindhoven, Hong Kong PolyU, and Jiangnan University. He contributes to service and interaction design both in practice and by theorizing based on co-design techniques, with a particular interest in aesthetics, collective action, and proxemics. In recent years this has been applied in relation to designing for patient experiences in healthcare. His recent book, Drifting by Intention: Four Epistemic Traditions from within Constructive Design Research, describes what design looks like and how it can be approached when developing knowledge is as equally important as providing opportunities by design.edit
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It is assumed that to appreciate a knowledge contribution in research-through-design, we all agree on what the act of designing is and should deliver in research. However, just from a glance at contributions in an HCI context, this is far... more
It is assumed that to appreciate a knowledge contribution in research-through-design, we all agree on what the act of designing is and should deliver in research. However, just from a glance at contributions in an HCI context, this is far from the case. The course is based on the book: Drifting by intention – four epistemic traditions in constructive design research authored by the instructors. It unpacks different ways of knowing in practice-based design and provides operational models and hands-on exercises applied on participants cases to help plan and articulate the contribution of design in each participant's individual research project.
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In Chap. 4, we presented a Knowledge-Relevance model (K-R) that maps design activities in terms of evaluation and hypothesis construction, and knowledge and relevance interests. We analyzed some of the ways in which hypotheses... more
In Chap. 4, we presented a Knowledge-Relevance model (K-R) that maps design activities in terms of evaluation and hypothesis construction, and knowledge and relevance interests. We analyzed some of the ways in which hypotheses construction takes shape in the four traditions we have identified in Chap. 3. In this chapter our focus will be at the very heart of the model: how design experiments articulate research interests, how drifting happens in experimentation, and how drifting happens between design experiments. Based on the corpus of PhD dissertations that form the foundations of this book, we provide a typology comprised of five types of design experiments. We will label these as accumulative, comparative, serial, expansive and probing.
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In this paper, we argue firstly that researchers in critical computing should address the specific information and communication technology (ICT) needs and activities of those agencies concerned with emancipatory issues. Secondly, we... more
In this paper, we argue firstly that researchers in critical computing should address the specific information and communication technology (ICT) needs and activities of those agencies concerned with emancipatory issues. Secondly, we argue that a critical perspective, explicitly foregrounding empowerment and emancipatory concerns, forms a basis for emphasising the practice of individuals, groups and organisations, rather than purely focusing on organisational form in social action.We discuss this context of social action, identifying some relevant ICT-related challenges. We identify three themes that highlight factors that differentiate ICT support for social action groups from the setting of conventional business and service organisations: Free / Libre Open-Source Software, techniques and technologies for engagement through storytelling, and learning and evaluation in social action.
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People inherently share spaces with other people. Congenitally, interactive technologies and ubiquitous environments shape our opportunities for enacting social relations. Proxemics and Spatial Sharing have been suggested as foundations... more
People inherently share spaces with other people. Congenitally, interactive technologies and ubiquitous environments shape our opportunities for enacting social relations. Proxemics and Spatial Sharing have been suggested as foundations for our understanding of the socio-spatial aspects of computing. By tandeming these theoretical perspectives in a set of cases in the office domain, we develop a contribution comprised of 3 key sensitizing concepts: Proxemic Malleability, Proxemic Threshold and Proxemic Gravity articulating socio-spatial qualities at the interplay between interactive systems, spaces, interior elements and co-located people. The sensitizing concepts qualify interaction designers in considering proxemic consequences of technology design; they serve both as analytic lenses and as generative instruments in a design process. The proposed sensitizing concepts and the theoretical work of the paper contribute to enhanced Socio-spatial literacy in HCI.
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The field of Shape-Changing Interfaces explores the qualities of physically dynamic artifacts. At furniture-scale, such artifacts have the potential of changing the ways we collaborate and engage with interiors and physical spaces.... more
The field of Shape-Changing Interfaces explores the qualities of physically dynamic artifacts. At furniture-scale, such artifacts have the potential of changing the ways we collaborate and engage with interiors and physical spaces. Informed by theories of proxemics, empirical studies of informal meetings and design work with shape-changing furniture, we develop the notion of proxemic transitions. We present three design aspects of proxemic transitions: transition speed, stepwise reconfiguration, and radical shifts. The design aspects focus on how to balance between physical and digital transformations in designing for proxemic transitions. Our contribution is three-fold: 1) the notion of proxemic transitions, 2) three design aspects to consider in designing for proxemic transitions, and 3) initial exploration of how these design aspects might generate designs of dynamic furniture. These contributions outline important aspects to consider when designing shape-changing furniture for informal workplace meetings.
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This chapter asks how constructive design researchers construe hypotheses. What guides the construal process, is it theory, research program, or design reasoning? We will argue that this question involves two sub-questions: one concerns... more
This chapter asks how constructive design researchers construe hypotheses. What guides the construal process, is it theory, research program, or design reasoning? We will argue that this question involves two sub-questions: one concerns the hypothesis that guides research, another the hypothesis that guides design. We argue that constructive design research has to balance both of these to be effective, and we also point out that many of the controversies we have discussed in the previous chapters are in fact efforts to grapple with the Janus-faced character of the discipline. It is this character that has inspired us to suggest the Knowledge-Relevance model that help the constructive design researcher to balance the core research activities when the process is driven by design.
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The previous chapter mapped some of the most important characteristics in which constructive design research differs from professional practices and conditions for design. Our focus was on the implications of a shift from design practice... more
The previous chapter mapped some of the most important characteristics in which constructive design research differs from professional practices and conditions for design. Our focus was on the implications of a shift from design practice to a knowledge-based discipline. We paid attention specifically to how this shift has been interpreted in constructive design research, and how this shift changes the outcomes of design. We saw a wide variation on perspectives from those focusing on how artifacts carry knowledge to those authors who want to turn design into a science. Although constructive design research focuses on artifacts and cannot exist without them, it differs radically from design practice in one respect, which is the context in which claims are justified. In design practice, the context of justification are the design world and the market. In constructive design research, the context of justification is knowledge and design research community.
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On what grounds do we judge whether a theory for design is useful, valuable or successful? What is validity in constructive design research? What is the role of theory produced from design? Chapter 4 dealt with ways of construing... more
On what grounds do we judge whether a theory for design is useful, valuable or successful? What is validity in constructive design research? What is the role of theory produced from design? Chapter 4 dealt with ways of construing hypotheses and how the K-R model may help map the constituent parts of a research process. Chapter 5 presented the typology of ways of drifting explaining how design experiments inform and urges design researchers to drift. This chapter turns to how design researchers can evaluate and justify their claims about knowledge. And completes our core trilogy of dialectic activities serving the dual ambition of relevance and knowledge production in constructive design research.
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Collective Interaction (CI) is an interaction model coined to explore new opportunities for interactive technology in support close collaboration amongst co-located people. This paper reports on a Research through Design (RtD) based... more
Collective Interaction (CI) is an interaction model coined to explore new opportunities for interactive technology in support close collaboration amongst co-located people. This paper reports on a Research through Design (RtD) based visual analysis of seven CI research prototypes. The analysis includes an annotated portfolio, annotated mappings and redesign sketches. Through comparisons the visual analyses, identifies qualities, similarities and differences of CI, and connect these to properties of the design. Through its capacity to point out and articulate CI qualities, the visual analysis contributes to the repertoire of RtD approaches, by framing discussions relevant for understanding the characteristics of design prototypes extending beyond the written language.
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In this chapter we recap what we have presented so far and point to future directions. As noted in the first lines of Chap. 1, this book is about how constructive design researchers build knowledge through acts of designing. The... more
In this chapter we recap what we have presented so far and point to future directions. As noted in the first lines of Chap. 1, this book is about how constructive design researchers build knowledge through acts of designing. The descriptions and methodologies provided in this book represent our attempt to give legitimacy to a cherished design practice we recognize as intentional drifting. Drifting is typical to design, and it cannot be avoided in it. It is better to know it so that it can be turned into a useful instrument of research. We have argued that drifting is a characteristic of constructive design research just as it is a characteristic of design practice, but that there are significant differences as well. In our view, drifting consists of several ill-understood practices that are, however, crucially important to understand how design researchers create knowledge.
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Research Interests: Computer Science and Coop
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Design is often described as a synthesizing and solution-oriented discipline that deals with ‘wicked problems (Horst Rittel and Webber 1973). However, experiences from practice in design research tells and shows that analysis and... more
Design is often described as a synthesizing and solution-oriented discipline that deals with ‘wicked problems (Horst Rittel and Webber 1973). However, experiences from practice in design research tells and shows that analysis and synthesis are not two distinct separable modes of working. In this chapter we focus on one of the main activities of design, termed variously as ‘the creative leap’ (Verganti 2009), ‘jumping the hermeneutic gap’ (Hallnas and Redstrom 2006), ‘frame creation’ (Dorst 2015), ‘building creative bridges’ (Cross 1997), ‘design is intentional change in an unpredictable world’ (Nelson and Stolterman 2003). They are all different notions and description of the same phenomena: how solutions in design practice escapes deductive reasoning and how design proposals will need to jump, leap, build a bridge and face insecurities that stem from making suggestions for the future we cannot fully predict. We propose drifting by intention. It is not black magic (Tracee Wolf et al. 2006), but basic human skill (Kees Dorst 2015; Nigel Cross 2018) that is exercised and trained in educational systems and brought to high levels of sophistication in research and professional practice.
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The position and workings of interactive interior elements matter greatly on the relations people may enact. This paper reports on the conception and evaluation of an interactive table and its interior effects designed to support... more
The position and workings of interactive interior elements matter greatly on the relations people may enact. This paper reports on the conception and evaluation of an interactive table and its interior effects designed to support sensitive consultations between healthcare personnel, patients and relatives as they happen during treatment of cancer diseases in a hospital department of oncology. The interior design includes the physical shape of artefact, its digital functionality and how the seating around it is to take place. The design of the table is substantiated through observations of current practice, framing of the design challenge, conceptualization, and exploring form giving alternatives. Through a set of evaluations in actual use settings it is argued how the design concept of the table as interactive interior points to how notions in interaction proxemics should be rearticulated. In particular, this paper argues how proxemics thresholds should be regarded as dynamic and relational.
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This article contributes to methodological studies of constructive design research by explicating its underlying epistemological foundations. At the heart of this article is the notion of drifting, defined as those actions that move... more
This article contributes to methodological studies of constructive design research by explicating its underlying epistemological foundations. At the heart of this article is the notion of drifting, defined as those actions that move design from its original objective or question to sometimes unanticipated results. The article explicates four traditions of knowledge production as derived from a corpus based on PhD theses. These traditions relate knowledge production to methods, research programs, design experience, and to a dialectic between researchers and user communities. As a result, they form epistemological traditions.
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Architecture and pervasive computing when buildings and design artifacts become computer interfaces
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In this pictorial, we offer an overview of the design and step-by-step guidance on crafting a leather self-tracking device for pollen allergies. We designed the device to support patients’ daily lives allowing them to track symptoms and... more
In this pictorial, we offer an overview of the design and step-by-step guidance on crafting a leather self-tracking device for pollen allergies. We designed the device to support patients’ daily lives allowing them to track symptoms and their severity and medicine intake while on the go, multiple times per day. The self-tracker sends the data to an accompanying smartphone application to support patients in understanding their illness, be used in doctors’ consultation, and collect data for allergy research. We chose natural leather as a material for this domestic medical device due to its associations with everyday artifacts, so it would be easier to integrate it into allergy patients’ everyday lives.
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BACKGROUND Observational management, such as Active Surveillance and Watchful Waiting, is shown to be feasible for men with low-risk localized prostate cancer and a safe alternative to aggressive treatment. During observational... more
BACKGROUND Observational management, such as Active Surveillance and Watchful Waiting, is shown to be feasible for men with low-risk localized prostate cancer and a safe alternative to aggressive treatment. During observational management, treatment is postponed until the disease progresses, which often never happens. However, approximately 90% of patients with low-risk disease choose aggressive treatment, owing to anxiety. Strategies to address this are needed for optimal management of this population and to improve quality of life in men with low-risk localized prostate cancer. A review highlights that mHealth in combination with health-coaching can benefit from each other in order to enhance patients’ self-management and improve wellbeing. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the patients’ experiences and perspectives of an intervention offering self-management support through different mHealth devices and health-coaching, in order to investigate what supported th...
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It is assumed that to appreciate a knowledge contribution in research-through-design, we all agree on what the act of designing is and should deliver in research. However, just from a glance at contributions in an HCI context, this is far... more
It is assumed that to appreciate a knowledge contribution in research-through-design, we all agree on what the act of designing is and should deliver in research. However, just from a glance at contributions in an HCI context, this is far from the case. The course is based on the book: Drifting by intention – four epistemic traditions in constructive design research authored by the instructors. It unpacks different ways of knowing in practice-based design and provides operational models and hands-on exercises applied on participants cases to help plan and articulate the contribution of design in each participant's individual research project.
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In the previous chapter we outlined the background of this book — constructive design research — and unpacked how constructive design research, being partly based on design practices, needs to pay respect to both professional and academic... more
In the previous chapter we outlined the background of this book — constructive design research — and unpacked how constructive design research, being partly based on design practices, needs to pay respect to both professional and academic worlds of design. We introduced the concept of ‘drifting’ as an ostentatious way of articulating how processes of design change and adopt as new knowledge is build and the need for reframing its concerns emerges. Stated metaphorically: not as driftwood, but as in car rally; intentionally and controlled. The chapter also outlined how constructive design research in increased self-efficacy bridges ideas and ways of working from other disciplines in its particular ways.
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Abstract This book contains the proceedings of the fourth decennial Aarhus conference. The, primarily Nordic, conference in 1975 was a milestone in defining the development of computer-based, socio-technical systems as an area where the... more
Abstract This book contains the proceedings of the fourth decennial Aarhus conference. The, primarily Nordic, conference in 1975 was a milestone in defining the development of computer-based, socio-technical systems as an area where the end-users should have a major say. At the conference in 1985 a lot of concrete experience on how to practically work together with workers were presented along with more theoretical or conceptual contributions on, eg object orientation and software as process. This conference was truly ...
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When design research builds on design practice, it can contribute to both the theory and practice of design in ways richer than research that treats design as a topic. Such research, however, faces several tensions that it must negotiate... more
When design research builds on design practice, it can contribute to both the theory and practice of design in ways richer than research that treats design as a topic. Such research, however, faces several tensions that it must negotiate successfully in order not to lose its character as research. This paper looks at the field of constructive design research, which takes the entanglement of theory and practice as its hallmark, and uses it as a test case in exploring how design researchers can work with theory, methodology, and practice without losing their identity as design researchers. The crux of practice-based design research is that, where classical research is interested in singling out a particular aspect and exploring it in depth, design practice is characterized by balancing numerous concerns in a heterogeneous and occasionally paradoxical product. It is on this basis that the notion of design accountability is introduced and discussed. The purpose of the paper is to enable...