Ferda Ozkan
Yeditepe University, Pathology, Faculty Member
- Pathologist MDedit
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men and the leading cause of death after lung cancer. Development of hormone-refractory disease is a crucial step for prostate cancer progression for which an effective treatment... more
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men and the leading cause of death after lung cancer. Development of hormone-refractory disease is a crucial step for prostate cancer progression for which an effective treatment option is currently unavailable. Therefore, there is a need for new agents that can efficiently target cancer cells, decrease tumor growth, and thereby extend the survival of patients in late-stage castration-resistant prostate cancer. In the current study, a novel heterodinuclear copper(II)Mn(II) Schiff base complex combined with P85 was used to evaluate anticancer activity against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were evaluated by cell viability, gene, and protein expression assays in vitro. Results showed that the heterodinuclear copper(II)Mn(II) complex-P85 combination decreased cell proliferation by upregulating the apoptotic gene expressions and blocking the cell proliferation-related pathways. Tramp-C1-inj...
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Treatment Outcome, Dermatology, Medicine, Humans, Child, and 7 moreFemale, Pubmed, Male, Calcitriol, Clinical Sciences, Adult, and Dermatologic agents
Research Interests:
ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the probable tissue damage after the application of static ultrasound in the intensities, durations, and session numbers identical to the originally defined high-power pain threshold ultrasound... more
ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the probable tissue damage after the application of static ultrasound in the intensities, durations, and session numbers identical to the originally defined high-power pain threshold ultrasound technique that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of myofascial trigger points. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar-albino rats were used in a controlled single-blinded experimental model. The animals were assigned into three groups and underwent the static ultrasound applications in intensities ranging from 0.5 watt/cm2 to 1.5 watt/cm2. Muscle, peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and bone tissue were pathologically assessed for the signs of any possible damage. Blood samples were analyzed for abnormal creatine kinase level. Results: Creatine kinase levels were normal in all the cases. Pathological analyses of the tissue samples taken from the nerve, muscle, spinal cord, and bone tissues revealed no abnormal findings. Conclusion: The static ultrasound technique applied in identical intensities and durations to the high-power pain threshold ultrasound technique used in the treatment of myofascial trigger points in an original experimental model did not lead to tissue damage.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Algorithms, Obstetrics, Medicine, Melatonin, Antioxidants, and 15 moreModels, Nitriles, Fertility and Sterility, Female, Animals, Clinical Sciences, Gynecology, Public health systems and services research, Endometriosis, Pilot Projects, Aromatase Inhibitor, Antineoplastic Agents, Letrozole, Random Allocation, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
Research Interests:
Pigmented Bowen's disease is a rare subtype of in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and mucosa, with a potential risk of invasion and metastasis. It is universally accepted that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of genital... more
Pigmented Bowen's disease is a rare subtype of in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and mucosa, with a potential risk of invasion and metastasis. It is universally accepted that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of genital Bowen's disease. Herein we report an unusual case of pigmented Bowen's disease of the genital area that clinically simulated malignant melanoma. Accurate diagnosis could only be established after histological examination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the lesion harbored HPV 16 DNA. Although pigmented Bowen's disease is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all pigmented lesions of the genitalia. This case report highlights the necessity of biopsy and histopathological examination for every suspicious cutaneous lesion.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
To determine the cytologic features that are most helpful in characterizing significant glandular lesions of the cervix observed on the ThinPrep (TP) Pap test (Cytyc Corp., Boxborough, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and to compare these features... more
To determine the cytologic features that are most helpful in characterizing significant glandular lesions of the cervix observed on the ThinPrep (TP) Pap test (Cytyc Corp., Boxborough, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and to compare these features with those published for conventional smears. Thirty-nine TP preparations with cytologic evidence of glandular lesions of the cervix and histologic and/or clinical correlation were studied. These lesions included (1) 11 cases of benign/reactive conditions; (2) 10 cases of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), of which 1 had both AIS and carcinoma in situ; (3) 1 case of invasive adenocarcinoma; (4) 15 cases of squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinoma, including 4 with glandular involvement, and (5) 2 cases of adenosquamous cell carcinoma. These cases were reviewed by the first author without knowledge of the histologic diagnosis. Twenty-five previously published cytologic criteria were used to evaluate glandular cells on TP slides. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test to determine the significance of the features studied. All glandular lesions had cytologic features on TP similar to those previously described on conventional smears. However, TP slides demonstrated enhanced nuclear features but less-preserved architectural patterns. Reactive lesions showed minimal overlapping without hyperchromasia or mitotic figures and with normal nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios. AIS and invasive adenocarcinoma cases had similar features. Increased cellularity and overcrowding were prominent, whereas feathering, rosettes and cell strips were present but subtle. Glandular lesions of the cervix on TP slides shared many of the characteristic features reported for conventional smears. However, nuclear details were more pronounced in TP slides, while architectural patterns, although present, were relatively subtle.
Research Interests:
Objective: The objective of this study is to analyse the patients with eye mass who were admitted to our clinic in a period of 20 years to classify both benign and malignant orbital or ocular tumors and to inform the pediatricians about... more
Objective: The objective of this study is to analyse the patients with eye mass who were admitted to our clinic in a period of 20 years to classify both benign and malignant orbital or ocular tumors and to inform the pediatricians about the outcome of our analysis Material and Method: The records of 315 patients applied or referred to our pediatric hematology oncology department with eye mass between January1985 and December 2004 were reviewed The sex distribution the involvement site and the age at dignosis were analysed Results: 156 49 5 patients were males while 159 50 5 were females 151 of the masses involved the left eye 47 9 while 147 of them 46 7 were at the right side and 17 5 4 involved both eyes The age at diagnosis range ed between 1 and 192 months The median age at diagnosis was 25 months 282 89 6 of the cases had orbital tumors 22 6 9 cases had ocular surface tumors and 11 3 5 had intraocular tumors Conclusions: Pediatricians should notice the signs and symptoms of pediatric ocular and orbital tumors while examining their patients We would like to emphasize the importance of noticing the signs and symptoms of pediatric ocular and orbital tumors and vitality of referring patients to ophtalmologist in time Key words: child eye mass orbital
Research Interests: Pediatrics and Medicine
Amaç: Bu çalışmada klinigimizde tek bir merkezde tedavi görmüş osteosarkom olguları geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kasım 1990-2004 yılları arasında COSS protokolüne göre tedavi gören 27 osteosarkomlu hastamızın... more
Amaç: Bu çalışmada klinigimizde tek bir merkezde tedavi görmüş osteosarkom olguları geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kasım 1990-2004 yılları arasında COSS protokolüne göre tedavi gören 27 osteosarkomlu hastamızın sonuçları verilmiştir. Hastalarımızın ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate prognostic implications of clinical, histopathological features and immuhistochemical expressions of p53, ERBB2, c-Kit and Bcl-2 in pediatric medulloblastoma. Materials and Methods: A... more
Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate prognostic implications of clinical, histopathological features and immuhistochemical expressions of p53, ERBB2, c-Kit and Bcl-2 in pediatric medulloblastoma. Materials and Methods: A total of 29 pediatric medulloblastoma cases were evaluated for prognostic association of demographic, clinical, histopathological features and immunohistochemical expressions of p53, ERBB2, c-Kit and Bcl-2. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 69 months (21-122 months). Median duration of follow-up was 54 months (2-209 months). Fourteen of samples were diagnosed as classical (48%), thirteen cases as nodular/desmoplastic (45%) and two cases as anaplastic (7%) subtype. Staining for c-Kit, Bcl-2, p53 and ERBB2 was positive in 28, 10, 9 and 2 samples, respectively. Overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 62 % and 52%, respectively. Bcl-2 expression was found to be significantly increased in nodular/desmoplastic subtype. None of the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features were related to survival. Conclusion: This study reflects the earliest periods of current multimodal treatment protocols of medulloblastoma with similar survival rates in literature. Although none of the proposed factors have been associated with survival, future studies combining molecular and immunohistochemical methods would be more convenient for detecting new prognostic criteria in pediatric medulloblastoma.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have important roles in the pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R) of skeletal muscles Melatonin was proved to be an antioxidant agent and many experimental models showed that it... more
Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have important roles in the pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R) of skeletal muscles Melatonin was proved to be an antioxidant agent and many experimental models showed that it reduces I/R injury in many tissues. The objective of present study was to detect protective antioxidant effect of melatonin on I/R injury of skeletal muscles. Material and Methods: Albimino wistar rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups. There were 8, 10, 10 rats in sham, I/R and I/R + melatonin (Mel) groups respectively. Right hind limb ischemia was achieved by clamping femoral arteries in all groups except for control group. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in I/R + Mel group 48, 24, 1 hour before reperfusion. After a period of 2 hour ischemia followed by 1.5 hour reperfusion, muscles and venous blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathological examination. Plasma antioksidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), and levels of MDA and NO. were investigated. Enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), protein carbonyl (PC), SOD, GSH-Px and levels of MDA and NO. were analysed in muscle tissues. Results: Antioxidant enzyme activities and levels of MDA and NO. in plasma were significantly higher in I/R group compared to control group (p<0,001). Muscle tissues of I/R groups revealed significant higher antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA, NO. levels with respect to control group (p<0,001). Levels of these parameters in muscle and plasma revealed significant reduction in I/R + Mel group with respect to I/R group (p<0.001). Histopathological examination of ischemic muscles in I/R group showed significant degeneration and inflammation compared to control group whereas melatonin administered ischemic muscles showed significant reduction of degeneration and inflammation with respect to I/R group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Levels of NO. and MDA and antioxidant enzyme activity were significantly higher and also revealed significant degeneration and inflammation in I/R group. These results support the opinion that ROS is an important factor in the pathogenesis of I/R injury in skeletal muscles. We attribute the increasing enzyme activities in I/R group to a compensatory mechanism against ROS. Levels of NO. and MDA and antioxidant enzyme activity in tissue and plasma of I/R + Mel group were significantly lower and additionally revealed significant improvement in inflammation and degenaration. This proves the potential ROS scavenging effect of melatonin in reduction of I/R injury. In conclusion we suggest that melatonin may be used in the treatment of I/R injury due extremity injuries with vascular compromise, extremity surgery with prolonged tourniquet time and compartment syndrome.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
e13058 Background: Both 06- methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene mutation are known to affect prognosis in gliomas. The aim...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
2035 Background: PD-L1 expression status is the main predictive factor for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. PD-L1 status may change over time with the impact of therapies. The aim of this study is to determine if PD-L1 expression... more
2035 Background: PD-L1 expression status is the main predictive factor for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. PD-L1 status may change over time with the impact of therapies. The aim of this study is to determine if PD-L1 expression status changes in recurrent gliomas after chemoradiotherapy. Methods: Thirty eight patients with recurrent high grade gliomas who had surgical excision at least two times were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Nine patients were excluded because of the lack of appropriate pathology slides for pathologic evaluation. PD-L1 expression of 29 patients was evaluated by an expert pathologist with immunohistochemical methods. PD-L1 positivity was defined as expression in ≥1% of tumor cells. Change in PD-L1 expression status was defined as an absolute 5% difference between two resections. Results: Of the 29 patients, 15 patients (51.7%) had PD-L1 expression in ≥1% of tumor cells and 7 patients (24.1%) had PD-L1 expression in ≥10% of tumo...
Research Interests:
... Halil Ibrahim BEKLER2, Fatih PARMAKSIZOGLU2, Neslihan KABAKÇI3, Sedat ÇÖLOGLU 1 , Selçuk BILGI 1 ... 5 genitoüriner sistem ve deri gibi diger dokularda da görülebilir (2-7). Kalp disi yumusak dokulardan köken alan miksoma-lardan olan... more
... Halil Ibrahim BEKLER2, Fatih PARMAKSIZOGLU2, Neslihan KABAKÇI3, Sedat ÇÖLOGLU 1 , Selçuk BILGI 1 ... 5 genitoüriner sistem ve deri gibi diger dokularda da görülebilir (2-7). Kalp disi yumusak dokulardan köken alan miksoma-lardan olan çizgili kaslarin miksomasi daha ...
Research Interests: Medicine and Gynecology
Background. YKL-40 association with human disease has been the object of many years of investigation.β-thalassemia patients are affected by hepatic siderosis, which determines a fibrotic process and tissue remodelling. Chitotriosidase has... more
Background. YKL-40 association with human disease has been the object of many years of investigation.β-thalassemia patients are affected by hepatic siderosis, which determines a fibrotic process and tissue remodelling. Chitotriosidase has been found to be increased in thalassemic patients returning to normal in patients submitted to bone marrow transplantation. YKL-40 is associated with macrophage activation in liver and in other tissues. The aim of the study was to analyse the level of serum YKL-40 and plasma chitotriosidase activity of patients with beta-thalassemia to assess whether their expression correlates with liver disease and degree of liver siderosis.Methods. Expression of YKL-40 and chitotriosidase as a marker of inflammation in 69 thalassemic patients were evaluated. We sought to investigate whether these two chitinases could be considered as a significant biomarker to evaluate therapy effectiveness.Results. Surprisingly we found normal value of YKL-40. We, also, analys...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) has been extensively used for the treatment of skin damage and subcutaneous tissue abscess for many years in Turkish folk medicine. In this study, we aimed to investigate the wound healing... more
Okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) has been extensively used for the treatment of skin damage and subcutaneous tissue abscess for many years in Turkish folk medicine. In this study, we aimed to investigate the wound healing potential of okra fruit by in vitro and in vivo experimental models in detail. Furthermore, based on the results of experiments, a wound healing formulation was developed and its activity profile was studied. For this purpose, the phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents and chemical profile of aqueous and ethanolic extracts prepared from okra fruits cultivated in two different locations of Turkey, i.e. Aegean and Kilis regions, were comparatively determined and the tryptophan levels, which is known to be an influential factor in wound healing, were measured. Antioxidant activity of the okra fruit extracts was determined by DPPH test, ABTS radical scavenger activity, iron-binding capacity, total antioxidant capacity and copper reduction capacity assays. Moreover, antibacterial activity potentials of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of okra fruits were determined. The protective effect of the extracts against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed in HDF (human dermal fibroblast) cells and in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, respectively. The biocompatibility of the gel formulations prepared with the best performing extract were evaluated by human Epiderm™ reconstituted skin irritation test model. Wound-healing activity was investigated in rats by in vivo excision model and, histopathological examination of tissues and gene expression levels of inflammation markers were also determined. According to our findings, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of okra fruits were found to possess a rich in phenolic content. Besides, isoquercitrin was found to be a marker component in ethanolic extracts of okra fruits. Both extracts exhibited antioxidant activity with significant protective effect against H2O2-induced damage in HDF cells by diminishing the MDA level. Also, the highest dose of ethanolic extracts has displayed a potent anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Besides, both water and ethanolic extracts were shown to possess antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, the formulations prepared from the extracts were found non-irritant on in vitro Epiderm™ -SIT. In vivo excision assay showed that tissue TGF-β and IL-1β levels were significantly decreased by the 5% okra ethanolic gel formulation. The histopathological analysis also demonstrated that collagenisation and granulation tissue maturation were found higher in 5% (w/v) okra ethanolic extract-treated group. 5% of okra ethanolic extract might be suggested as a potent wound healing agent based on the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory tests. The proposed activity was also confirmed by the histopathological findings and gene expression analysis.
Research Interests:
e15667Background: Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is a rare alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) producing carcinoma arising in extrahepatic organs, morphologically resembling hepatocellular carcinoma. HAC arises mostly in gastrointestinal tract. HAC... more
e15667Background: Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is a rare alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) producing carcinoma arising in extrahepatic organs, morphologically resembling hepatocellular carcinoma. HAC arises mostly in gastrointestinal tract. HAC originating from peritoneum is extremely rare and there is no standard treatment. Methods: We report a 54-year-old man with HAC originating from peritoneal cavity who presented with massive ascites. CT scan of thorax and abdomen revealed massive ascites, multiple mass lesions of peritoneum and omentum, with the largest diameter of 71x51 mm. There was no obvious sign of tumor mass in other organs and liver. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy showed no abnormal findings. Serum AFP level was 161.230 ng/ml. Biopsy from the peritoneal tumor mass was done. The tumor was morphologically similar to hepatocellular carcinoma. Staining with AFP proved positive; staining with cytokeratin (CK)7, CK20, CK19, Beta-HCG, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), calretinin, mesot...
Research Interests:
Warthin tumor (WT) is the second most common benign tumor of the parotid gland with male predominance and is seen in the elderly population in the left mandibular and cervical regions. Extraparotid WT rarely presents as a mass in the... more
Warthin tumor (WT) is the second most common benign tumor of the parotid gland with male predominance and is seen in the elderly population in the left mandibular and cervical regions. Extraparotid WT rarely presents as a mass in the right cervical region in middle-aged adults. Here, we present two extraordinary cases of WT seen in middle age, both in the right cervical region. The first is a 50-year-old man with an asymptomatic neck mass, and the second is a 60-year-old woman with a fast-growing mass with enhancement in positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) with suspicions of malignancy.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Chordomas are rare tumors of the spine and skull base that are locally destructive and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Chordoma patients have a long life expectancy... more
Chordomas are rare tumors of the spine and skull base that are locally destructive and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Chordoma patients have a long life expectancy with high mortality from the disease. Cancer stem cells, which are known to exist in chordomas, have extensive proliferative and self-renewal potential and are responsible for maintaining tumor heterogeneity along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has multiple functions in stem cell biology, the immune response, and cancer, and is potentially a key molecule that allows cancer stem cells to self-renew. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LIF increases the aggressive traits of chordoma cells and leads to a poor prognosis in patients. Chordoma cell lines were treated with LIF, and functional tests were done. Twenty skull base chordoma samples were checked for levels of LIF and a correlation wi...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Spindle cell lipomas are a group of benign lipogenic soft tissue tumors. Typically they occur in posterior back and shoulder of elderly male patients. Differential diagnosis of this tumor became more important because the number of... more
Spindle cell lipomas are a group of benign lipogenic soft tissue tumors. Typically they occur in posterior back and shoulder of elderly male patients. Differential diagnosis of this tumor became more important because the number of reports about some other tumors of similar morphology such as mammary type myofibroblastoma and solitary fibrous tumor, are increasing. All these tumors compose of bland spindle cells, mature adipocytes and collagen bundles. In this retrospective study we evaluated clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 18 cases of spindle cell lipomas. 15 cases of classical spindle cell lipomas and 3 pleomorphic lipoma variant were all histologically characteristic. Immuohistochemically they were all CD34 positive. Ten cases, whose paraffin blocks available, were desmin negative. We think that spindle cell lipomas are desmin negative tumors and this feature helps us to differentiate them especially from mammary type myofibroblastomas of extramammarian so...
Research Interests:
A case of a 45 year-old woman who presented with a perianal fistula was reported. Histologically, the excised lesion showed features of apocrine fibroadenoma. In addition, the lesion had both glandular and stromal growth patterns and... more
A case of a 45 year-old woman who presented with a perianal fistula was reported. Histologically, the excised lesion showed features of apocrine fibroadenoma. In addition, the lesion had both glandular and stromal growth patterns and active chronic inflammation in ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
PurposeChordomas are highly therapy-resistant primary bone tumors that exhibit high relapse rates and may induce local destruction. Here, we evaluated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on chordoma progression and clinical... more
PurposeChordomas are highly therapy-resistant primary bone tumors that exhibit high relapse rates and may induce local destruction. Here, we evaluated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on chordoma progression and clinical outcome.MethodsChordoma cells were treated with TNF-α after which its short- and long-term effects were evaluated. Functional assays, qRT-PCR and microarray-based expression analyses were carried out to assess the effect of TNF-α on chemo-resistance, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion and cancer stem cell-like properties. Finally, relationships between TNF-α expression and clinicopathological features were assessed in a chordoma patient cohort.ResultsWe found that TNF-α treatment increased the migration and invasion of chordoma cells. Also, NF-κB activation was observed along with increased EMT marker expression. In addition, enhanced tumor sphere formation and soft agar colony formation were observed, concomitantly with increased chemo-resistance and CD338 marker expression. The TNF-α and TNFR1 expression levels were found to be significantly correlated with LIF, PD-L1 and Ki67 expression levels, tumor volume and a short survival time in patients. In addition, a high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was found to be associated with recurrence and a decreased overall survival.ConclusionsFrom our data we conclude that TNF-α may serve as a prognostic marker for chordoma progression and that tumor-promoting inflammation may be a major factor in chordoma tumor progression.
Research Interests:
Amaç: Kliniğimizde 13 yıllık süredeki fetal otopsilerimizin geriye dönük olarak irdelenmesi Gereç ve yöntem: Kliniğimizde 13 yıllık dönemde 362 fetal otopsi olgusu geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir. Olguların cinsiyet dağılımları, fetal... more
Amaç: Kliniğimizde 13 yıllık süredeki fetal otopsilerimizin geriye dönük olarak irdelenmesi Gereç ve yöntem: Kliniğimizde 13 yıllık dönemde 362 fetal otopsi olgusu geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir. Olguların cinsiyet dağılımları, fetal otopsi tanıları ve olgularda saptanan doğumsal anomalilerin dökümü yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Kliniğimizde yıllık fetal otopsi ortancamız 25'dir. Yıllık otopsi/ölüm oranı %7,1'dir. Fetal otopsi tanılarının dağılımı: İlk sırada %45 oranında doğumsal anomali saptanmıştır. İkinci sırada %27 oranı ile anoksi saptanmış olup, enfeksiyon tanısı %10 oranı ile 3. sırada yer almıştır. %19 olguda ise otoliz nedeni ile sağlıklı değerlendirme yapılamamıştır. En sık oranda (%19,3) nöral tüp/merkezi sinir sistemi anomalisi saptanmıştır. Bunu %11,8 ile iskelet ve %10,2 ile böbrek anomalileri izlemektedir. Çıkarımlar: Perinatal otopsi ölü doğum, neonatal ölüm veya doğum komplikasyonu sonucu görülen ölümlerin sebebini ve hastalığın tekrarlama riskini belirlemede v...