THE INTERNET AND THE

WEB
PREPARED BY: SIR JAY-LOURD E.
CALLUENG
 WHAT IS
INTERNET?
WHAT IS
WEB?
INTERNET

The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and

servers that allows people to communicate, share information, and
access resources from anywhere in the world.
It was created in the 1960s by the us department of defense as a way
to connect computers and share information between researchers and
scientists.
WEB

The world wide web, or simply the web, is a system of

interconnected documents and resources, linked together by
hyperlinks and urls.

It was created by Tim berners-lee in 1989 as a way for scientists

to share information more easily. The web quickly grew to
become the most popular way to access information on the
internet.
Together, the internet and the web have revolutionized the way we
communicate, do business, and access information.
They have made it possible for people all over the world to connect
with each other instantly and have transformed many industries,
from media and entertainment to education and healthcare.
1. The internet:
• In simplest terms, the internet is a global network comprised of smaller
networks that are interconnected using standardized communication
protocols. The internet standards describe a framework known as the internet
protocol suite. This model divides methods into a layered system of
protocols.
These layers are as follows:
• Application layer (highest) - concerned with the data(url, type, etc.). This is
where http, https, etc., Comes in.
• Transport layer - responsible for end-to-end communication over a network.
• Network layer - provides data route.
The internet provides a variety of information and communication
facilities; contains forums, databases, email, hypertext, etc.
It consists of private, public, academic, business, and government
networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
2. The world wide web:
The web is a major means of access information on the internet. It's a
system of internet servers that support specially formatted
documents.
The documents are formatted in a markup language called html, or
"hypertext markup language", which supports a number of features
including links and multimedia.
These documents are interlinked using hypertext links and are
accessible via the internet.
To link hypertext to the internet, we need:
• The markup language, i.E., Html.
• The transfer protocol, e.G., Http.
• Uniform resource locator (url), the address of the resource.
Uri:
Uri stands for 'uniform resource identifier’.
A uri can be a name, locator, or both for an online resource
whereas a url is just the locator.
Urls are a subset of uris.
A url is a human-readable text that was designed to replace the
numbers (ip addresses) that computers use to communicate with
servers.
• A URL consists of A protocol, domain name, and path (which
includes the specific subfolder structure where A page is located)
like-
Protocol://websitename.Topleveldomain/path
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-science/
• Protocol - HTTP or HTTPS.
• Websitename - geeksforgeeks, google etc.
• Topleveldomain- .Com, .Edu, .In etc.
• Path- specific folders and/or subfolders that are on a given website.
USES OF INTERNET AND WEB

1. Communication: the internet and web have made

communication faster and easier than ever before. We can now
send emails, chat online, make video calls, and use social media
platforms to connect with people all over the world.
2. Information sharing: the web has made it possible to access
vast amounts of information on any topic from anywhere in the
world. We can read news articles, watch videos, listen to podcasts,
and access online libraries and databases.
3. Online shopping: the internet and web have revolutionized
the way we shop. We can now browse and purchase products
online, from clothes and groceries to electronics and furniture.
4. Entertainment: the internet and web provide a wealth of
entertainment options, from streaming movies and TV shows to
playing online games and listening to music.
5. Education: the web has made it possible to access educational
resources from anywhere in the world. We can take online courses,
access e-books and digital libraries, and connect with educators and
other learners through online communities.
6. Business: the internet and web have transformed the way businesses
operate. Companies can now use e-commerce platforms to sell
products and services, collaborate with remote workers, and access
global markets.
7. Research: the internet and web have made it easier for researchers
to access and share information. We can now access scientific journals
and databases, collaborate with other researchers online, and conduct
surveys and experiments through online platforms.
ISSUES IN INTERNET AND THE WEB

1. Privacy and security: the internet and web are vulnerable to various
security threats, such as hacking, identity theft, and phishing attacks. These
threats can compromise our personal information, such as login credentials,
financial information, and personal data.
2. Cyberbullying: the anonymity of the internet and web can lead to
cyberbullying, where individuals are harassed or threatened online.
Cyberbullying can have severe consequences,
including depression, anxiety, and suicide.
3. Online addiction: the internet and web can be addictive, and
individuals can spend hours browsing social media or playing
online games, leading to neglect of other important aspects of
their lives.
4. Disinformation: The internet and web are filled with inaccurate or false
information, which can lead to misinformation, propaganda, and conspiracy
theories.
5. Digital divide: access to the internet and web is not universal,
and many individuals, particularly those in low-income areas or
rural communities, lack access to reliable and high-speed internet.
6. Online censorship: Some governments or organizations may
censor or restrict access to certain websites or information,
limiting freedom of speech and expression.
 HOW DOES A WEBSITE WORK?

Basic components of a website

• Domain name
• A domain name is the address that users type into their web browser to access a website. It is a
unique identifier that makes it easier for people to find and remember websites.
• For example, “www.Newtarget.Com” is a domain name. To have a domain name, one must register
it through a domain registrar, which manages the reservation of domain names.
• Registrars include services like godaddy, namecheap, and google domains.
• Once registered, the domain name needs to be pointed to the hosting server using DNS settings.
 THE DOMAIN NAME IS
STRUCTURED INTO DIFFERENT LEVELS:
• Top-level domain (TLD): this is the last part of the domain name, such as .Com, .Org, or .Net.
There are also country-specific tlds like .Uk for the united kingdom.

• Second-level domain: this is the main part of the domain name, such as “newtarget” in
“newtarget.Com.”

• Subdomain: a subdomain is a prefix added to the domain name to organize and navigate to
different sections of a website, such as “blog.Example.Com.”
 HOSTING SERVER

• A hosting server is a powerful computer that stores all the files, data,
and content of a website. When a user wants to access a website, their
request is sent to the hosting server, which then delivers the requested
web pages to the user’s browser.
 THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOSTING
SERVICES AVAILABLE, INCLUDING:

• Shared hosting: multiple websites share the same server resources, making it a
cost-effective option but with limited performance. Suitable for small websites
and blogs.

• Vps hosting (virtual private server): a virtualized server that mimics a

dedicated server environment within a shared server, offering better performance
and control. Ideal for growing websites with moderate traffic.
• Dedicated hosting: an entire server is dedicated to one website, providing
maximum performance and security but at a higher cost. Best for large websites
with high traffic volumes.

• Cloud hosting: uses a network of virtual servers to host websites, offering

scalability and reliability as resources are distributed across multiple servers.
Suitable for websites with fluctuating traffic.
 WEB BROWSER

• A web browser is a software application that allows users to access and interact
with websites. Popular web browsers include google chrome, mozilla firefox,
safari, and microsoft edge.
• The browser interprets the code from the server and displays the website on the
user’s device. Browsers also handle tasks such as caching data, managing
cookies, and executing javascript code to enable interactive features.
 BROWSERS CONSIST OF SEVERAL KEY
COMPONENTS:

• User interface (UI): includes the address bar, back and forward buttons,
bookmarks, and window controls.
• Rendering engine: interprets html, css, and javascript code to display the
content of web pages.
• Javascript engine: executes javascript code to provide dynamic functionality
and interactivity.
• Networking: manages network calls, such as http requests, and handles data
transfer between the server and the browser.
• Data storage: stores data locally, such as cookies, web storage, and cache, to
improve performance and user experience.
 HOW A WEBSITE BUILT?

• Front-end development
• Front-end development refers to the part of the website that users interact with
directly.
• It involves three main technologies:
 HTML

• HTML (hypertext markup language)

• This is the standard language for creating web pages. HTML provides the basic
structure of a website, using tags to define elements such as headings,
paragraphs, and links. Modern HTML includes features like semantic tags (e.G.,
<Article>, <section>), forms, and multimedia elements.
• Backbone of the website
 CSS

• CSS (cascading style sheets)

• CSS is used to style and layout web pages. It allows developers to control the
appearance of elements, such as colors, fonts, and spacing. CSS frameworks like
bootstrap and tailwind CSS help streamline the design process and ensure
consistency across different devices and browsers. CSS preprocessors like sass
and LESS provide advanced features like variables and nested rules to enhance
CSS capabilities.
 JAVASCRIPT

• Javascript
• Javascript is a programming language that adds interactivity to websites. It can
be used to create dynamic content, such as image sliders, forms that validate user
input, and interactive maps.
• Libraries and frameworks like jquery, react, angular, and vue.Js enhance
javascript’s capabilities and simplify development. Javascript can also interact
with apis to fetch data and update the UI without reloading the page.
ILLUSTRATIONS
 HOW A WEBSITE BUILT?

• Back-end development
• Back-end development focuses on the server side of a website.
• It involves:
• Server-side languages
• These are programming languages used to create the logic of a website. Common
server-side languages include PHP, python, node.Js, ruby, and java.
• They handle tasks such as form submissions, database interactions, and user
authentication. Frameworks like express (node.Js), django (python), ruby on rails
(ruby), and spring (java) provide tools and libraries to streamline back-end
development.
• Databases
• Databases store and manage the data of a website. Examples include mysql,
postgresql, mongodb, and sqlite. They are used to store user information,
content, and other data needed by the website.
• Database management systems (dbms) allow developers to efficiently query,
update, and manage data. SQL (structured query language) is used for relational
databases, while nosql databases like mongodb use different query languages.
• Apis and web services
• Apis (application programming interfaces) allow different software systems to
communicate with each other. They are used to integrate third-party services,
such as payment gateways (stripe, paypal), social media platforms (facebook,
twitter), and other external data sources into a website.
• Restful apis and graphql are common methods for structuring these interactions.
Apis provide endpoints for specific functions, such as retrieving user data or
processing payments.
CODE TIME