ANIMAL

HEALTH AND
SANITATION
GROUP BY:
APRIL ROSE LACUPA
TIFFANY AGUSTINO
BENSON CADOSA
JAY BEDAÑO
LONIE JAY ALMITANTE
JAY-R SUFICIENCIA
 I. ANIMAL HEALTH AND DISEASES
A. Introduction
 Maintaining animal health is vital for ensuring safe
food and high farm productivity.
 Livestock diseases pose major challenges, but proper
care and good husbandry can optimize production. In
tropical countries like the Philippines, the warm climate
promotes the spread of pathogens, making diseases
more common.
 Major economically important livestock diseases
include Foot and Mouth Disease, Hemorrhagic
Foot and
Mouth
Disease

Hemorrhagic
Septicemia
 Newcastle
Disease

Hog Cholera
1.Importance of Healthy Livestock
Healthy livestock are the most productive and
economically viable
Attaining increased in growth rates (body
height, length, girth & weight)
Increased milk yields or egg production
Improved fertility
Longer lifespan
Better-quality carcasses
2.Healthy animals create smaller carbon
footprint
Produce more food from fewer resources
Less greenhouse gases result in
environmentally-responsible protein
production

3.Healthy animals are fundamental for social

acceptability of livestock production systems
Health and welfare is identified as the most
How to Improve Animal Health
1. Using vaccination to protect animals
against future infection
 a. Resist infection from particular disease by
mimicking infection and providing immunity
2. High standards of biosecurity to protect
farms against the entry & spread of pests and
diseases
A. Farm biosecurity provides measures
designed to protect a property from the
3.High standards of stockmanship, housing, health,
hygiene and animal welfare.
a. Important role in prevention of disease
4.Breeding animals which have improved disease
resistance
Animal Diseases
• Animal disease is any condition that disrupts
normal body functions, seen through changes in
behavior, appearance, or production. Sick
animals may become weak, refuse to eat, or
show changes in body structure. The severity
and type of changes depend on the affected
Animal Diseases: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and
Importance
•Observable changes in sick animals are called
symptoms or clinical signs.
•Common signs include loss of appetite, fever
(pyrexia), and dullness; some signs are specific to
certain diseases.
•Diagnosis is the process of identifying the cause
and nature of a disease.
•Animal diseases cause economic losses and may
be transmissible to humans.
•Prevention, control, and eradication of animal
Detection of Sick Animals
 Diseases result in a disturbance in the normal
behavior, activity or performance of the animal or
animals. In most cases you can observe this
change in behavior, activity or performance.
General signs or symptoms of sick animals are:
Anorexia (inappetence):
 The animal goes off feed or refuses to eat.
Fever (pyrexia): This increase in body temperature
of the animal.
Weakness (lethargy) above normal.
 Depression.

These symptoms or clinical signs

may not all be present in all diseases
all the times. For example an animal
suffering from helminthiasis (worm
infestation) may not show fever
unless this condition has another
concurrent infection.
Factors Affecting the Health Status of
Animals Environmental factors
 These factors which are physical in nature
influence the health status of animals to varying
degrees and they cannot be controlled on the field.
They can however, be controlled in an animal
facility depending on the sophistication of the
facility and the species of livestock.

These factors are: Temperature: Animals can

tolerate extreme temperatures, but prolonged
exposure can reduce productivity. Extended heat or
Humidity o High humidity will promote
the growth of certain microorganisms like
fungus whereas too low a humidity will
result in irritation of the mucous
membrane.

Solar Radiation: Sunlight adds to the

heat stress on animals, especially in hot,
humid regions and for non-pigmented or
exotic breeds. Its impact can be reduced
Air movement -The extent of air movement can
help in heat loss through evaporation and
conduction/convention. Air circulation assists in
the supply of fresh air and removal of toxic air.

Rain - Heavy rainfall can result in excessive

cooling for animals and/or marshy conditions
where animals are kept. This can predispose
animals to conditions such as foot rot in
ruminants. Provision of shelter and good flooring
with drainage is the method to guide against this
Climate/Season: The season affects animal health by
influencing the prevalence of parasites and infectious
agents. For instance, helminth infections are more
common in the rainy season, as temperature and
moisture impact parasite survival outside the host.

Management factors
Hygiene: Maintaining good hygiene helps lower
disease risk in herds or flocks. Regular cleaning of
housing and bedding reduces contamination and
parasite survival, while keeping feed and water sources
clean prevents infection.
 Nutrition: Proper feeding is essential for livestock to boost
disease resistance and productivity. Poor nutrition weakens
health, and seasonal feed shortages in Nigeria worsen
susceptibility to infections. Supplemental feeding is important,
especially in the dry season, while high feed costs can result
in nutrient-deficient diets for poultry and other livestock.
 Type of Housing: The type of housing and management
methods affect livestock health and disease risk. Well-
designed housing for ruminants—such as confined areas with
intact flooring and elevated feeding/watering troughs—
reduces gastrointestinal parasite infections. For animals on
pasture, disease risk depends on stocking density, grazing
duration, and climate. Choosing housing and management
systems that limit infection helps maintain animal health.
Ecology/Pest and wildlife -Most
parasites that transmit diseases utilize
intermediate host to complete their life
cycle. This intermediate host can be a
pest or wildlife.
It is therefore essential not to
unnecessarily expose livestock to pest
and wildlife.
This is the problem with ruminant owned
by nomads as close contact between
 Introduction of New Animals / Animal Numbers
 Adding new animals to a herd or flock carries the risk
of introducing new parasites.
 The risk is higher when replacement animals are
sourced from the open market or neighboring farms.
 Quarantine and proper treatment of new animals
should be done before mixing them with the existing
stock.
 Increasing the number of animals in a herd or flock
raises the risk of disease transmission because of:
 More frequent animal-to-animal contact.
 Greater accumulation of feces in confined areas, which
In poultry production:
Houses should be cleaned and disinfected before
introducing new birds.
Allowing the house/pen to remain empty for a
period of time helps break parasite and disease
cycles.
Use of insecticidal ear tags can help reduce
parasite risks in some cases.
 Classification of Livestock Diseases
 Livestock diseases can be classified using different
criteria depending on what best satisfies the situation
under consideration.
 Hence, diseases can be classified based on species of
animals
Avian
Disease
s

Bovine diseases
(Lumpy skin
disease)
Equine diseases
( cave creek
equine disease)

Caprine disease
System of the body affected (Cardiovascular
diseases, respiratory diseases, reproductive
diseases etc.) and the causative organism.
However, the etiology or causative organism is
the most widely used method of classification.
They are classified as:
Bacterial diseases , Mastitis,
Salmonellosis, Fowl typhoid, etc.
Viral diseases foot and Protozoan diseases
mouth disease, rinderpest, Coccidiosis,
African swine fever etc. Trypanosomes,
Babesiosis etc.
Rickettsial diseases Fungal diseases
Anaplasmosis, Aspergillosis,
Cowdriosis,Pinkeye Infectious Ringworm, Epizootic
keratoconjuctivitis lymphangitis
• Endoparasitic diseases (caused by worms)
Fascioliosis, Haemonchosis etc.

• Ectoparasitic diseases (caused by ticks, lice,

fleas) o Mange, fleabite dermatitis, etc
Deficiency diseases
Toxicoses Nitrate
Vitamin deficiencies,
poisoning etc.
pregnancy, tooxaemai,
etc.
Livestock diseases can also be
classified on the basis of disease
prevention into six categories
which are:
• Neonatal diseases that affect
very young animals, mainly
diarrhea in nature

• Vector-borne diseases
transmitted by a living vector
such trypanosomosis
Soil-borne diseases mostly caused by
aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming
bacteria (e.g. botulism)
 Contact diseases o usually responsible
for serious epidemic diseases in
livestock in the tropics such as
Rinderpest, Foot and Mouth disease
etc.
Parasitic diseases similar to contact
diseases examples include
haemonchosis, fascioliosis etc.

Disease Diagnosis
To arrive at a diagnosis, you have to get
some information or facts about the animal.
The information you gather or collect should
be as comprehensive as possible and these
can be regarded as components of
diagnosis. These include:
History taking - This is gathering some
information about the animal such as identity of
the animal (specie, name or tag no. age, sex,
breed, color of the animal etc.), when the animal
was first noticed to have changed in behavior or
Physical examination- This is done by
observing the animal itself for any sign of
abnormality, taking the temperature, pulse rate,
respiratory rate. If this done on a farm, it can
include looking at the housing and environment
where the animal is kept.

Laboratory Examination
Conducted on samples from animals or their
environment.
Common samples: blood, feces, urine, skin
Helps detect disease-causing agents or harmful
substances.
Essential for making a definitive diagnosis.
Purpose of Disease Diagnosis Improve animal
health and productivity.
Protect human health, since some diseases are
zoonotic.
Train students to: Identify common livestock
diseases.
Apply systematic diagnostic methods.
Recommend appropriate treatment or control
 Disease Transmission Infectious microorganisms
(bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) spread through
various routes:
 Direct Transmission Skin-to-skin contact between
animals. Example: mites (scabies), fungi
(ringworm).Contact with body fluids such as saliva,
blood, urine, or discharges.
 Indirect Transmission Contact with contaminated
surfaces or materials.
 Sources: discharge from eyes/nose, saliva, phlegm,
urine, feces, blood.
 Can involve: Fomites – non-living objects (e.g., feeding
troughs, tools, bedding).
Mechanical vectors – living carriers that transfer
pathogens without being infected (e.g., flies, rodents).

Airborne Transmission
Spread of pathogens through the air over short
distances.
Examples: upper respiratory diseases
(parainfluenza, feline rhinotracheitis, kennel cough).
Occurs via sneezing/coughing of infected animals.
Can also happen when cleaning sprays aerosolize urine
or feces
Method to Reduce Disease Transmission
 Avoid most problems through a properly
managed and designed facility.
Use construction materials that are nonporous and
waterproof for any surfaces that the animals
contact.
 Do not use wood because it cannot be properly
sanitized.
Seal cracks and crevices so dirt and
microorganisms will not seep through them after
every washing.
Reduce indirect transmission by proper kennel
design, sunlight and ultraviolet lighting, and a
frequent and thorough sanitation program.
 Adequate ventilation (10 to 15 air exchanges per
hour), distance isolation, and barriers prevent
airborne transmission.
External parasite control program for the
impounded animals and a pest control program for
the shelter and the surrounding area help to
eliminate biological vectors.
 Segregation in Animal Care

 Segregation means keeping different groups of animals

apart to reduce disease risks. Facilities should have separate
holding areas for strays, adoptable animals, those in
quarantine, and those in isolation.
 Within each area, adults should be kept separate from young
animals since adults are more likely to carry disease while
juveniles are more vulnerable to infection. To lessen stress,
dogs and cats should not be housed in the same section.
 Whenever possible, animals should stay in one cage during
their entire holding period, because even with proper
cleaning, moving them to different cages increases the risk
of indirect disease transmission.
 Avoid overcrowding – higher population density
increases stress, disease risk, and sanitation challenges.
Provide care only for the number of animals that can be
managed properly. Overcapacity leads to poor health
conditions and higher disease outbreaks. Housing too
many animals may result in deaths from disease instead
of controlled euthanasia.
 Hand hygiene – wash hands (or rubber gloves)
between cleaning cages when animals are handled. Poor
hygiene cancels sanitation efforts – unprotected contact
spreads disease. Limit public contact – do not allow
visitors to pet animals from cage to cage because: It
increases the risk of bites. It raises the chance of
Anaesthetic- anything (e.g., drugs, gas,
and the like) that makes a part of or the
entire individual to lose partially or totally its
sensibility.
Anthelmintic- a substance used to expel or
destroy parasitic worms especially of the
intestine.
Anthelmintic resistance- a state when
there is greater frequency of individuals
within a population able to tolerate doses of
a compound than in a normal population of
Antibacterial action- similar to bactericidal
action. The process of killing or destroying
bacteria, as opposed to bacteriostatic action
which is inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Antibiotic- a substance produced by molds which
inhibits growth or kills bacteria
 Antibody- any of various globulins normally
present or produced in response to infection or
administration of suitable antigens or haptens.
Antiparasitic compounds- are agents that are
capable of expelling and/or killing either internal or
external parasites or both.
Antiseptic- a substance that prevents or arrests
the growth or action of microorganisms either by
inhibiting their activity or by destroying them.
Antitoxin- antibody formed in the body as a
result of the introduction of a toxin that stimulates
its production.
Attenuated vaccine- is a vaccine preparation
wherein the virulence of its microorganism
contents has been reduced, e.g., by serial passage
in animals other than the normal host species.
Avirulent- incapable of causing disease.
Bacterin- suspension of killed or attenuated
bacteria when injected into a living body stimulates
the development of immunity.
Bivalent vaccine- an immunizing agent
consisting of two strains of the same
microorganism.
 Booster dose- is the subsequent administration of a
vaccine at proper intervals after the first injection to
increase and/or make the protection stronger.
 Broad spectrum antibiotic- an antibiotic that has a
wide range of activity against different types of
parasites.
 Broad spectrum dewormer- a dewormer that has the
capability of destroying or killing different types of
parasites.
 Carcinogenic- producing or tending to produce cancer.
Charred- burned to ashes. Chemoprophylaxis- the
prevention of infectious disease by use of chemical
 Chemotherapeutic compounds- are chemical
substances that are used for treatment of infectious
disease.
 Chemotherapy- the treatment of infectious disease by
use of chemical agents.
 Cold compress- procedure of applying icepacks to a
particular bleeding/swollen area for a definite period of
time with a certain pressure on it.
 Colostrum- the milk produced during the first three to
five days after parturition.
 Cut-and-carry- a method of feeding where the forage
is cut and given fresh to the confined animals.
 Cytotoxic- a substance having a lethal effect on cells.
 Decoction- a liquid preparation made by boiling a
medicinal plant with water.
 Dehydrated- a state of deficiency in total body fluid
volume.
 Diluent- an inert fluid used for reconstituting vaccines
or antibiotic powder preparations.
 Disease agent-capable of causing disease.
 Disinfection- a substance which inhibits or destroys
microorganisms and their spores.
 Electrolytes- a substance (an acid, base or salt) which
when dissolve in a suitable solvent (as water) or when
Frothy bloat- a condition occurring in ruminants which is
characterized by accumulation of gas interspersed with fluid
causing foaming
Gag- something thrust into the mouth to keep it open; a
medical device for keeping the mouth open.
Genetic potential- desired traits that are possessed by an
individual which is acquired from one or both parents.
Hemagglutination- aggregation of clumping of red blood
cells.
Hemolytic enzymes- substances that are capable of
destroying the red blood corpuscles with the concomitant
release of hemoglobin.
 Hiplock- enlargement between the hips of the mother and
that of the offspring that would lead to difficult birth.
 Hygiene- conditions or practices conducive to health.
 Hypersensitivity- abnormal response to an antigen,
drug, or other agents, e.g. allergy.
 Immunoresponsive cells- are cells of the blood and
the reticuloendothelial system capable of responding to
antigenic stimuli.
 Inactivated vaccine- vaccine wherein the disease
inducing ability of its microorganism content has been
destroyed.
 Inflammatory cells- are cells of the body (white blood
cells and RES) that migrate to sites of tissues injury to
destroy the injuries agent and to help in the healing
process.
 Intravenous administration- the introduction of
solution/drugs into the circulation via the veins.
 Jugular furrows- are the grooves along the ventral
region of the neck which correspond to the location of
the jugular veins.
 Livevaccine- a vaccine consisting of live organisms
which multiply in the body cells and tissues and induce
the body to produce antibodies.
 Macrophage- a mononuclear white blood cells or
histiocytes which phagocytize(eat up) particular matter.
 Mixed vaccine- a vaccine consisting of two or more
different organisms Modified vaccine- a vaccine wherein
the live organism content of an antigen that has
 Monovalent vaccine- an agent consisting of a single
strain of an organism. Necrotic Tissues- dead tissues
 Oxytocin- a substance that stimulates the contraction
of uterine muscles and the ejection of milk.
 Paralumbar fossa- hunger hollow, demarcated on
both flanks by the last rib anteriorly, the lumbar
transverse processes dorsally and the point of the hip
posteriorly, making an inverted imaginary triangle.
 Parasite burden- the degree/intensity of parasitism
based on the total parasitic load.
 Paratenic host- organism that harbors the infective
stage of a parasite but no further development takes
place and transmits the infection to the susceptible host.
Parenteral administration- the drugs or compounds in
routes other than the oral route, e.g., I.M and I.V.
Peracute- sudden occurrence
Permeability- the ability to penetrate cell membranes.
Poultice- a soft mass (pounded leaves, clay) usually
heated and spread on cloth for application to sores,
inflamed areas, or other lesions to supply moist, etc.
Reconstitution- the process of adding diluents to
dehydrated preparations, e.g. freeze dried vaccines
Rehydration- the process of restoring body fluids lost in
dehydration
 Rumenotomy- incision into the rumen.
 Sedation- inducing a relaxed easy state by use of
sedatives
 Sporulated oocyst- the infective stage of coccidian
parasites which has undergone division by spore
formation. Subcutaneous injection- the administration
of drugs/compounds just beneath the skin.
 Transmissible disease- a disease that spreads from
one host to another (same or different species).
 Trivalent vaccine- a vaccine containing a mixture of
three different strains/biotypes of the same organism.
 Tympany- the excessive accumulation of gas in the
rumen.
Vaccination- the process of administering
vaccine.
 Vaccine- a preparation of
live/dead/inactivated/modified/attenuated
organisms designed to induce immunity to a
particular disease
Vector- an agent (usually arthropods) capable of
transmitting a pathogen from one organism to
another either mechanically as carrier or
biologically by playing a specific role in the life
cycle of the pathogen.

THANK
YOU!!!