UNIT-1,CHANGING TRENDS &
CAREERS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
SYLLABUS
Concept, Aims & Objectives of Physical
Education
Development of Physical Education in India –
Post Independence
Changing Trends in Sports(playing surface,
wearable gears and sports
equipment,technological advancements)
Career Options in Physical Education
TOPIC-1
MEANING, DEFINITION ,AIM &
OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
PHYSICAL EDUCATION?..
The concept of physical education is not new it
simply mean:-
“ Education through the Physical”.
That means whatever a person/child is learning
through involving himself / herself in the physical
activities is physical education , whether it is
playing games , cooking food or climbing tree
Physical education is a never ending
process “Phenomenon”.
Nowadays physical education is not limited
only to physical activities ,it is now integral
part of education and the aim of both is
ALL ROUND DEVELOPMENT .
To make it more clear let’s have a look to
these definitions:-
Oberteuffer’s
“ Physical education is the sum of those
experiences which come to the individual
through movements”.
Central Advisory Board of Physical
Education and Recreation(CABPER)
“Physical education is the education
through physical activities for the
development of the whole personality of
the child to its fullness and perfection in
mind and soul”
AIM
AIM is the ultimate one i.e.
Overall development of human being,
which includes both body and mind, making
physically fit, mentally alert, emotionally
balance, socially well adjusted, morally true
and spiritually uplifted.
OBJECTIVE
“The means and ways we adopt to achieve our
aim”.
Let’s have a look on few important objectives
of physical education.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
The Main objective of Physical education is
Physical development.
Physical Education is related to several physical
activities ,when we do physical activity, it
affects our different body systems like blood
circulation, respiratory system, muscular
system, digestive system etc.
It results in the development of size and shape
of organs.
MENTAL DEVELOPMENT
This objective is related to mental
development.
Nowadays, physical education is not related to
Physical exercises only, but it also includes
rules of games, principles, structure of body,
about healthy diet, anatomy,
Physiology ,personal cleanliness etc.
Physical activities sharpen the brain. Even by
taking part in physical activities ,a person learn
to tackle various situations by his/her own.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
This objective is related to social skills, which
are helpful in daily life.
During the competition, players of different
regions come together on single platform &
learn cooperation , support, respect, good
sportsmanship etc.
Through these skills players can make their
nation healthy and strong.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
One of the most important objective of
physical education is to make an individual
emotionally developed through physical
activities.
A man is endowed with different emotions like
happiness, jealousy, hope, anger, fear etc. If a
person do not have control over these
emotions, then there will be no place for them
in society, which can be harmful for them.
Physical education programme develop these
emotions and teach us to control the emotions
The world of sports is persistently changing
over the years.
The technological changes in the field of
sports has made a significant impact on
different games and sports and caused a
significant improvement in performance over
the past forty years. The research literature
shows how the simple change in running
surface and the use of starting blocks has
revolutionized the times of running events.
Sports scientists have discovered various
ways of using technology to help athletes
enhance various aspects of their
performance.
Some of the technological advancements
in the sports are stated below which are
beneficial in improving the sports
performance.
TOPIC-2
DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
IN INDIA- POST INEPENDANCE
After getting independence in 1947, India
ameliorated in various facets. The Govt. of India
started various schemes and programmes in the
field of physical education. I
In 1948, Govt. of India constituted Tara Chand
Committee. This committee recommends Central
Institute of Physical Education and Recreation and
improvement of standards of sports and games in
India.
In 1948, National Cadet Corps (NCC) and Auxiliary
Credit Corps (ACC) at schools and colleges were
introduced.
The Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and
Recreation (CABPER) was set up in 1950 by Govt. of India
This board advised the Govt on various issues for the
development of physical education in India.
In 1953, a coaching scheme for games and sports was
introduced by the then Health Minister of India. It was
known as the Rajkumari Coaching Scheme. Its object was
to provide good training to athletes and sportspersons.
National Institute of Sports (NIS) was set up in 1961 at Moti
Bagh, Patiala to produce well-qualified coaches for various
games and sports.
In 1954, All India Council of Sports was set up. Its
purpose was to liaison between Govt. and National
Sports Federations in order to assist in financial
matters.
In 1957, Govt. of India established the first college of
physical education as Lakshmibai College of Physical
Education (LCPE) at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Later, in
1973, Lakshmibai College of Physical Education was
renamed to Lakshmibai National College of Physical
Education (LNCPE). Now, it is known as LNIPE.
In 1958, Sports and Youth Welfare Department was
established. It was set to promote physical education in
National Fitness Corps was established in 1965. Its
objective was to make youth physically strong.
In 1970-71, Rural Sports Tournament Scheme was
started. Its purpose was to involve rural youth and to
find out natural talent in different games and sports.
Sports Talent Search Scholarship Scheme was launched
in 1970-71. Its purpose was to promote sportspersons.
In 1975, National Sports Championship was started to
enhance women participation in sports.
A separate Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs was set
up in 1982, prior to the commencement of the Ninth
Asian Games. In the same year Asian Games were held in
Delhi. These games gave huge boost in infrastructure and
sports facilities.
In 1988, National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) developed the curriculum to promote
Health and Physical Education and Sports. In 2000,
NCERT included health and physical education in its
curriculum as one of the core subjects in all levels of
school education.
In 2001, the Central Govt. introduced the National
Sports Policy with the twin objectives of "Broad-basing
of Sports" and "Achieving Excellence in Sports at the
National and International levels."
In 2018, CBSE made physical education a compulsory
subject from IXth to XIIth standard in schools as
Mainstreaming Physical Education (MPE).
In 2017-18, Khelo India Programme was launched
by the Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs to
achieve talent search and development and
upgradation of sports infrastructure, etc.
In 2019, Fit India Movement was launched by
Honourable Prime Minister of India at Indira Gandhi
Stadium in New Delhi to promote fitness and to
encourage indigenous sports, etc.
In 2020, Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) was
introduced by Govt. Its goal is to find, develop and
prepare future medal contenders for the Olympic
and Paralympic Games.
TOPIC-3
CHANGING TRENDS IN SPORTS
(Playing surface, wearable gears and sports
equipment, technological advancements)
PLAYING SURFACE
WEARABLE GEARS AND SPORTS
EQUIPMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
PLAYING SURFACE
It is a well-known fact that all games and
sports are physically challenging for athletes
and any other physical activity.
Injuries are always a concern so, right type of
sports surfaces are the most effective ways to
avoid sports injury.
The modern technology has made a dramatic
change in the area of sports and games
playing surfaces.
There are different types of playing surfaces on
which athletes/ sportspersons take part in
games and sports e.g., natural grass, wooden,
cemented, artificial turf, rubber, PVC, synthetic
sponge and cinder etc. Such type of playing
surface provides safety as well as protection to
the athletes/sportspersons.
The development of new and advanced
materials has made the game efficient and
injury less.
It also improved the performance of athletes.
It also allows them fear-free to play with full
potential.
Playing surface also increases the efficiency as
well as the life of ankles and knees by
providing appropriate shock absorber
between the body and playing surface.
WEARABLE GEARS AND SPORTS
EQUIPMENT
Playing games and sports without wearing
proper gears can be very dangerous in today’s
competitive world.
Wearing proper gears definitely reduces the
chances of getting injured. It also enables
athletes to focus on the game/ sports and not to
worry about accidents that might occur during
the competition or training.
By wearing proper gears, athlete may give
himself a best chance to reach his full
potential in the sports.
The main aim to wear such gears and
equipment is to keep yourself safe during
practice and competitions because injuries
can happen anytime and to anyone in sports.
MOUTH GUARDS
Mouth guards are used to protect mouth,
teeth and tongue. These are mostly used in
contact sports such as volleyball, boxing,
martial arts, hockey, etc.
HELMETS
Helmets are very vital in various sports such
as football, hockey, skiing, baseball, cricket,
etc. Helmets protect our heads from getting
hit. Head injuries are usually most fatal and
most difficult to recover from.
PADS
There are different types of pads for our body parts
such as pads for chin, elbows, knees, wrists,
shoulders, chest, etc.
These pad are also essential to be protected from
getting injured.
EYE SHIELDS
Eyes are the most sensitive part of our body. An
injury to eye can lead to temporary or permanent
blindness, that is why, eye protection should be taken
very seriously. These eye shields are made from
polycarbonate which have high impact resistance.
Eyeshields are mostly used in ice hockey, softball,
baseball, skiing, etc.
WRIST, ELBOW, KNEE AND CHIN GUARDS
Such guards protect our bones from fractures in
such sports where you are at maximum risks of
falling. Wearing such guards is highly advisable as
they reduce the chances of serious injuries. These
guards should be used according to your size.
FOOTWEAR
Footwear is also essential for the safety of
[Link] correct safety shoes keep
athletes from tripping, falling or twisting their
feet. Various sports require different type of
footwear.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
Technological advancements have changed the
very facet of life.
Technological advancements have a deep
impact in the field of games and sports.
It has enabled coaches to improve the quality of
feedback to athletes/sportspersons. It has also
increased the accuracy in time measurements of
sports performance. It has provided help in
improving the design of sports equipment
SENSORS
Sensors can be used for tracking health and
biometrics to deliver the real time results to
scoreboards. There are various types of
sensors which provide beneficial information
to athletes during training. Heart rate
monitors are used to track pulse and
breathing rates.
Some sensors monitor position, rotation,
acceleration and speed of
athletes/sportspersons. Sleep trackers are
used to monitor sleep patterns.
INSTANT REPLAY
With the help of this technological
advancement, sports officials are able to
re-examine what happened during a play
in case of any controversial sports
moments. It is most probably used in
cricket, football, rugby. It is also used in
combative sports and martial arts.
SPORTS EQUIPMENT
The technological advancement in sports
equipment is seen not only in the change of
traditional items like treadmills but also seen
in performance tracking systems. Nowadays,
there are smart workout equipment such as
treadmill and dumb bells.
They enhance efficiency and even help in
avoiding injuries. Some equipment like full-
body swim wear minimizes drag through
water and hence improve performance.
DIGITAL MEDIA
Due to technological advancements in the
field of sports, the coverage in sports has
become more extensive than ever before.
The technological advancement assists
athletes and coaches in viewing the plays
and motion of the game. This technology
can be used to watch how the opposing
team plays too.
VIRTUAL REALITY
Virtual reality is being used to improve sports
performance of players and give fans a better
viewing experience.
TOPIC-4
CAREER OPTIONS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Career Options in Physical Education
TRADITIONAL CAREERS
Teaching
Coaching
HEALTH RELATED CAREERS
Personal fitness instructor
Physiotherapist
Occupational Therapist
PERFORMANCE RELATED CAREER
As Player
As Official
CAREER IN COMMUNICATION MEDIA
Sports Journalism
Book Writing
Sports Photography
Sports Broadcasting
CAREER IN MARKETING OF SPORTS EQUIPMENTS
CAREER SPORTS INDUSTRY
Career Options in Physical Education
Mainly teaching & training were only two types of
career options in the field of physical education till
1990.
These are called traditional careers in physical
education.
Now days there are ample employment opportunities
for the people in the field of physical education.
Now days there are lot of career options in the field of
physical education which is related to health,
management, sports performance & media etc.
TEACHING CAREER SECTOR
The teacher, in field of physical education
commands deeps respect among the
students because he makes a good
contribution to society.
This career provides internal satisfaction.
Teaching opportunities in the field of
physical education at different levels are
described as follows:-
ELEMENTARY/PRIMARY SCHOOL
It has been recognised that physical education is must in
elementary schools. Basic skill and attitudes can be learnt in
this period. The emphasis can be placed on learning the various
activities such as running ,jumping, throwing, climbing etc.
In India there is no career opportunity for physical education
teacher in elementary schools. Generally, the teachers of other
subject ,who are specialised in physical education, teach
physical activities.
This is main drawback in India. The government as well as
society must lay stress on implementing physical education in
elementary level and qualified physical education teachers
should be appointed in these school so that they may help in
making good sportspersons and fit citizens.
MIDDLE SCHOOL
Career opportunities for Physical education
teachers in middle school are ample but only in
schools of big cities and especially the ones
that are affiliated to CBSE.
In these schools, there are different syllabus for
the students of class VI,VII & VIII. Sports
activities like basics of all major games like
football, Basket Ball , Cricket ,Kho-Kho Kabaddi
etc. is taught
HIGH SCHOOL
There are lots of opportunities in the field of
Physical education in Govt. as well as
[Link] at high school level.
The teachers have to make children do theory as
well as practical work.
Apart from this ,teams are prepared for Inter-
school competitions.
For IX class on-wards, Health and Physical
Education(HPE) has become compulsory.
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
At this level, job opportunities in the field of
physical education are galore.
Physical education is an optional subject in Govt.
and senior secondary public schools.
The teachers make students to do theory and
practical work. These teachers are also required
to maintain discipline in schools. They have to
prepare teams for inter school competition.
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY
There are many job opportunities to teach physical
education in colleges and universities.
Physical education is an optional subject in colleges.
There are various professional courses in physical
education in number of colleges ,such as certificate course
in physical education, Diploma course in physical
education ,Certificate course in Yoga, Bpd,Mpd ,[Link]. &
PhD in physical education.
Teaching in non school settings, such as sports
clubs ,teaching in youth and community,
organisations,teaching in centres for elders,teaching in
resorts [Link] applicable in USA,Germany,France,Japan
and Russia.
COACHING CAREER SECTOR
Coaching Career is also traditional career in the
field of physical education. Many physical
educators prefer to opt for coaching career.
Physical education professional can be a coach
of any game and sports considering his/her
interest and specialization. They can design a
coaching program.
They can engage in middle, high ,senior
secondary schools, colleges and universities
HEALTH RELATED CAREERS
Personal fitness instructor
Physiotherapist
Occupational Therapist
INTRODUCTION
In the modern world, people are more aware of their
health related issue.
Each and every person is aware to his health. He wants
to remain to be healthy. He wants to keep away from
blood pressure, heart attack, heart problems, obesity,
diabetes etc. He wants to adopt a healthy lifestyle. So,
there is an increase in job opportunities in health
related careers in the field of physical education.
As there is an increase in awareness related to fitness
and wellness, there are more and more job
opportunities in the field.
PERSONAL FITNESS TRAINER
A Personal trainer’s role is to help his/ her
trainees to achieve their health and fitness
goals.
Personal trainers should be able to motivate
their clients.
PHYSIOTHERAPIST
They help people affected by any of the injury,
illness or disability through movement and
exercises.
They provide manual therapy, educate ,guide
and advice how to prevent and cure.
They help in maintining good health for people
of all ages also provide support in elevating
pain to the affected persons.
Occupational Therapist
Occupational therapist help people of all age,
to improve their ability to perform tasks in
their daily living and working environments.
They support with individuals with mental /
social / emotional disability.
PERFORMANCE RELATED CAREER
AS PLAYERS
Players take part at different level like inter college,
inter school, district level, state level, national,
international level and in Olympics.
The players who become successful in sports
competitions, are able to make their careers as players.
In India, scholarship are also given to good players. For
good players, various govt. and non govt. companies
like defense services, banks, airlines, railways etc. offer
the job opportunities.
AS OFFICALS
Good management of any sports depends upon
efficient and talented officials.
A Player plays and preforms for approximately for 10
years. Afterwards, these players can make their career
as officials because they come to learn about the game
thoroughly during their career as player.
They can opt their career as officials like referee,
umpire, time-keeper, recorder, scorer, etc.
The former players can also make their career by
becoming official because have sound knowledge of
their respective games and sports.
CAREER IN COMMUNICATION MEDIA
The Various means of communication-T.V, Radio,
Newspaper, Magazine etc. have contributed a lot
in converting sports events and promoting them
far and worldwide.
TV channels like Star Sports, Star Cricket, Ten
Sports etc. give sports coverage round the clock.
So, there is an increase in job opportunities in
communication media related careers in physical
education/sports field
SPORTS JOURNALISM
The person who has the ability to write can choose
sports journalism as their career.
Sports correspondents can write articles etc. related to
any sports. Covering of a sports event is the important
part of this career. Apart from this, interviewing
coaches/players is also the duty of sports
correspondents.
No doubt, career opportunities in sports journalism are
ample but this field requires keen interest and talent in
writing, self-confidence, knowledge of the terminology
of sports, the capacity of being neutral, knowledge of
language, knowledge of sports rules, the dare of telling
truth to the players and officials in meetings etc.
BOOK WRITING
Books on physical education are quite less in
India. So, there are more opportunities in the
field of book writing.
If a person has good knowledge of sports
biomechanics, sports sociology, sports medicine,
exercise physiology, research methods, sports
psychology, sports philosophy, sports pedagogy,
sports management, etc. can opt book writing as
career, but he/she should have a flair for writing,
concentration, focus, deep knowledge etc.
SPORTS PHOTOGRAPHY
This career is suitable for those who are keen to click
the photographs of sports events, but they must be
highly skilled in Photography.
They should know the best angle for taking
Photographs.
They should have sound knowledge of projections,
trajectory and other important terms in the field of
Photography.
SPORTS BRODCASTING
Now days,sport’s broadcasting has also become a popular
career. It includes TV, Radio, Cable TV for local , regional
and national levels etc.
A career can be made in this field.
One should not only have a sound knowledge of sports
but also have an excellent appealing voice .He should not
feel shy while speaking in front of a camera or
microphone.
He should have excellent speaking skills. He should have
knowledge of all sports - football, basketball, volleyball,
hockey, cricket etc. and also have a sound knowledge of
the background of each player.
MARKETING OF SPORTS
EQUIPMENTS
With the increase in interest for sports, health and
physical activities, there is also an increase in the sale
of sports equipment.
Now, companies hire people who have knowledge of
physical activities and can endorse sports equipment,
keeping in mind the needs and demand of sports
equipment in today’s changing world.
A consumer expects salesman to be an expert in all
aspects. Salesman should have the knowledge of the
needs of customers and knowledge of sports
equipment. Here, the career opportunities are
galore.
SPORTS INDUSTRY
There are lots of opportunities for making a
career in sports industry.
Sports equipment and clothes are always in
demand so that players can perform better
complications and practice.
A player can establish sports industry at low
level.
It can be related to T-Shirts, Track suits and
shoes or sports equipments.
TOPIC-5
KHELO-INDIA PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION
The importance of sports and fitness in one’s life is invaluable.
Playing sports inculcates team spirit, develops strategic and
analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking.
A fit and healthy individual leads to an equally healthy society
and strong nation.
Sports is an extremely important component for the overall
development of our nation.
India, in the last five years has made steady progress in the field
of sports.
The ministry of Sports & Youth affairs introduced Khelo-India
Program ( Khelo India Youth Games & Khelo India School
Games) in the year 2017 to revive sports culture right from the
grass root level.
On 31st January ,2018 Our prime minister Sh. Narender Modi , Inaugurated
Khelo India School Games, based on Guru -Shishya tradition at Indira Gandhi
Indoor stadium, New Delhi .
It was held across 16 disciplines in Under-17 yrs age category & approximately
5000 children from all States and union territories participated in this event.
The second edition of Khelo India School Games was conducted at Pune,
Maharashtra from 9th to 20th,January,2019 and third time it has been hosted by
Guwahati, Assam from 10th to 22nd January,2020.
Khelo-India Youth Games, held annually in January or February.
These are only National level multi disciplinary grass root games in
India ,held for under-17 & under-21 years students from various college
& universities.
STRUCTURE /COMPONENTS OF KHELO INDIA PROGRAM
Khelo India Program has been divided into following 12 components:-
PLAY FIELD DEVELOPMENT
This includes development of playfields at State and District levels. It also
focus on preparation of National inventory of playfield and Sports
Infrastructure.
COMMUNITY COACHING DEVELOPMENT
This component is aimed at identifying, evolving and training the various PETs
as master trainees.
STATE LEVEL KHELO INDIA CENTRES
The state level Khelo India Centers help in supporting a better utilization of
sports infrastructure in relation to the state and union Territories.
ANNUAL SPORTS COMPETITIONS
This component aims to provide a platform for spotting the talent and
providing development pathways for gifted and talented children to achieve
sports excellence.
Under this scheme, the central Government organizes various National level
competitions.
TALENT SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
A talent identification committee is employed to spot and identify talent with
the help scientific methods.
This committee also selects the prize winners for the Khelo India scheme.
UPGRADATION OF SPORTS INFRASTRUCTURE
This component aims to develop sports infrastructure at various schools and
universities. Special care is take to ensure optimum utilization of these
SUPPORT TO NATIONAL/STATE SPORTS ACADEMIES
This component helps to provide resources under Public Private Partnership
mode for implementing the long term athletic Development program
PHYSICAL FITNESS FOR SCHOOL GOING STUDENTS
This component helps to encourage awareness about the physical fitness
for school going students
SPORTS FOR WOMEN
This component aims to conduct annual national competitions , especially
for women, with an emphasis on the sports which have a limited
participation of women
PROMOTION OF SPORTS AMONG PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
This component aims to provide financial assistance to state and union
Territories as well as the Sports Authority of India for the creation of specialized
sports infrastructure for persons with disabilities.
SPORTS FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
The government of India provides funds of upto 200 crores for enhancement of
sports facilities in the state of J & K under the special package given to the state.
Soft support through Coaches , Equipment and technical support is also
provided.
PROMOTION OF RURAL AND INDIGENOUS/TRIBAL GAMES
Under Khelo India Scheme , annual competitions are organized to show case
India’s rural and tribal games.
TOPIC-6
Fit-India Movement
Fit India Movement was launched on 29
August, 2019 by our Hon’ble Prime Minister of
India Shri Narendera Modi at Indira Gandhi
Stadium in New Delhi, on the occasion of the
birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand,
India’s hockey legend.
Its headquarters is in New Delhi. The mission of
the movement is to bring about behavioral
changes and move towards a more physically
active lifestyle.
Fit India movement’ is a nationwide fitness
program to encourage people to remain
healthy and agile by including physical activity
and sports in our daily lives.
This program includes three age groups, 5 to18
years, 18 to 64 years and 65 years and above.
Its aim is to encourage people to inculcate
physical activity and sports on a regular basis.
OBJECTIVES OF FIT INDIA MOVEMENT
To encourage indigenous sports.
To spread the awareness on fitness and
various activities that promote fitness
through focused campaigns.
To make fitness reach every school, college,
university, village etc.
To create a platform for citizens of India to
share information, drive awareness and
encourage sharing of personal fitness stories.
To create awareness about fitness among
citizens and its importance in daily life
through sports, yoga, cycling, dancing etc.
FITNESS PLEDGE
I promise to “myself” that I will devote time for
“physical activity” and sports every day and I
will encourage “my family members” and
“neighbors” to be physically fit and make India
a fit nation.”
LOGO
It features 4 Asiatic lions
symbolizing power, courage,
confidence and pride, all of
which are qualities that feed
on the fitness of body and mind.
Below the lions features Ashoka Chakra, a bull
which portrays hard work and stead fastness,
and a horse that symbolizes loyalty, speed and
energy.
BENEFITS OF FIT INDIA MOVEMENT
A great number of people will try to keep
themselves healthy and fit.
People will be able to work for extra hours.
They will be able to stay active for a long
time.
It will be able to increase longevity because
physical activities reduce the risks of fatal
diseases.
It boosts physical health. It improves lung
function and cardiovascular health and finally
helps in preventing lifestyle diseases.
It helps in reducing the risk of mental
disorders, depression and anxiety. Indeed, it
helps in enhancing mood and improves sleep
patterns by increasing serotonin, endorphins
and stress hormones in the brain.
It improves bone density and flexibility. It
also reduces the risks of osteoporosis.
SLOGANS ON FIT INDIA
IF THE BODY IS FIT, THE MIND IS HIT
FIT INDIA HIT INDIA
HEALTHY PEOPLE, HEALTHY FAMILIES,
HEALTHY SOCIETY
FITNESS IS NOT A DESTINATION, IT IS A WAY
OF HEALTH
COMMIT YOURSELF TO BE HEALTHY AND FIT