NURSING
RESEARCH
NELIA B PEREZ, RN, PhD, DNS
OBJECTIVES
B y the end of this lecture Students will be able;
o Define nursing research and explain its significance in evidence-based
nursing practice.
o List the various roles nurses can assume in the research process (e.g., principal
investigator, data collector, research consumer).
o Identify the core competencies required for nurses to engage in research
activities.
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• having the capacity for critical thought
• possessing analytical skills
• having the skills to gain access to relevant research and evidence
• having a critical understanding of research processes
• being able to read and critically appraise research and other types
of evidence
• having an awareness of ethical issues related to research.
NURSING RESEARCH -
INTRODUCTION
o Nurses a r e expected to understand and conduct research.
o Base their professional practice on evidence.
o Evidence Based Practice defined as the use of the best clinical
evidence in making patient care decisions, and such
evidence typically comes from research conducted by the nurses
and other health care professionals.
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RESEARCH
o Research means
● To Search Again.
● To examine carefully.
o Research seeks answers to questions in an orderly and systematic
way.
o It is a method of problem solving.
DEFINITION OF
It is diligent (careful), systematic inquiry or study
RESEARCH
o
that Validates and refines existing knowledge and
develops new knowledge.
o A
scientific process that validates and refines
existing knowledge and generates new knowledge
that directly and indirectly influences clinical
nursing practice.
Polit and Beck (2022) - systematic inquiry designed to
develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing
profession, including nursing practice, education,
administration and informatics.
Burns and Grove (2022) - defined nursing research as a
“scientific process that validates and refines existing
knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and
indirectly influences clinical nursing practice.
Characteristics of nursing research
1.Reliability / Generalization : Finding can
be applied to situation or population larger
than the one studied.
2.Control : Minimize Bias and maximize the
precision and validity of data gathered.
3.Empirical : Objective method of seeking
information.
4.Systematic : Systematic fashion from
identifying a problem to conclusion and
Customs and tradition - “we’ve always done it that way”.
Assembled information (e.g., quality improvement data)
Scientific research – the most objective and the source of nursing
knowledge.
Trial and error – “if it works, we’ll use it”.
Logical reasoning (inductive & deductive)
Experts or authorities
Reliability/Generalizations - findings can be applied to situation or
population larger than the one studied.
Order / Control- minimize bias and maximize the precision and validity
of data gathered.
Empiricism-objective methods of seeking information
Systematic- systematic fashion from identifying a problem to
conclusions and recommendations
WHAT DOES RESEARCH
DO?
Research enables nurses to:
❖ Describe the characteristics of a particular nursing
situation about which little is known.
❖ Eg. Nurses work stress
❖ Explain phenomenon that must be considered in
planning nursing care.
❖ Eg. Nurses working concept, NPR, Team work, nursing
care / concepts of Psychiatric , Pediatric and O B G clients,
Water birth.
WHAT DOES RESEARCH
DO?
Research enables nurses to:
❖ Predict the probable outcome of certain nursing decisions
made in relation to client care.
❖ Eg. Oral Care – Lemon, Salt, Chlorhexidine
❖ Control the occurrence of undesired client outcomes.
❖ Eg. Muscle dystrophy prevented / controlled by active, passive
exercise
❖ Initiate, with a fair degree of confidence, activities that will
achieve desired client behavior.
❖ Eg. Good or better IPR makes Good or better client behaviour 8
WHY D O N U R S E S NEED
RESEARCH?
For the continuous growth of nursing profession.
o
o Helps nursing to achieve its own professional identity.
o Helps to identify the boundaries of nursing.
o To define the parameters of nursing.
o For cost containment practices.
R O L E O F N U R S E IN R E S E A R C H
PARTICIPATION AT VARIOUS L E V E L S O F
EDUCATION PREPARATION
B S N Degree
1. Critiquing & synthesizing research findings from
nursing profession and other discipline for use
in practice.
2. Provide valuable assistance in identifying research
problems and collecting data for studies.
R O L E O F N U R S E IN R E S E A R C H
PARTICIPATION AT VARIOUS L E V E L S O F
EDUCATION PREPARATION (ANA-1989)
Master's degree
1. To lead health care teams
● Making essential changes in nursing practice
● Health care system based on research
2. Conduct investigations
3. Initial studies in collaboration with other
investigators
4. Facilitate research and Provide consultation 11
RO L E O F N U R S E IN R E S E A RC H
PARTICIPATION AT VARIOUS L E V E LS O F
EDUCATION PREPARATION (ANA-1989)
Doctoral Degree
1. Assume a major role in the conduct of research.
2. Generation of nursing knowledge in a selected area
of interest.
● Extend scientific basis
● Develop methods to measure nursing phenomena
RO L E O F N U R S E IN R E S E A RC H
PARTICIPATION AT VARIOUS L E V E LS O F
EDUCATION PREPARATION (ANA-1989)
Post doctoral degree
1. Assumed a full researcher role and has a funded
program of research
2. Develop and coordinate funded research programs
What are the roles of nurses
in research?
1.Participant Recruitment and
Data Collection
2.Clinical Expertise
3.Data Analysis and
Interpretation
4.Ethical Considerations
5.Patient Advocacy
7. Collaboration with
Interdisciplinary Teams
8. Quality Improvement
Initiatives
9. Educational Roles
10. Contribution to Nursing
Knowledge
11. Clinical Trials and New
Interventions
1. Intellectual curiosity
2. Creative thinking
3. Critical thinking
4. Ability to relate study to a known theory
5. Patience and discipline to push the study through
6. Intellectual honesty
7. Sense of humor
NURSING RESEARCH
PRIORITIES
To Improve:
o Nursing as a profession
o Nursing practice
o Patient outcomes
IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH IN
o EB P
NURSING
increases the need or importance for nursing research.
o EB P demands high quality / rigorous nursing research
o EB P indicates clinically appropriate, cost-effective and result in
positive outcomes for clients.
Why is research important in
Nursing?
o Knowledge generated through research is essential to
provide a scientific basis for:-
o Description
● What exists in Nursing/practice and discover a new knowledge.
o Explanation
● Explains the existing knowledge in relation to the effect and the
outcome
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WHY IS
R E S E A RC H IMPORTANT
IN NURSING?
o Like bed sore occur in the old people due to lack
of mobility
o Prediction
●A nurse could predict the out come on
the bases of interventions
o Control
● Ability to write a prescription to
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produce the desire result.
The NURSING PROCESS is an orderly
and systematic manner of
determining the client’s problems,
making plans to solve them,
initiating plans or assigning others
to implement them, and evaluating
the effectiveness of those plans.
NURSING RESEARCH NURSING PROCESS
1. Problem Identification 1. Assessment Phase
• Conceptualize topic • Collect data from various sources
• Curiosity about the topic
using appropriate techniques
• Brainstorm with peers
• Review related literature 2. Diagnosis Phase
• Develop conceptual framework • Validate/organize data
• State specific problem • Analyze and interpret actual and
2. Methodological Development potential health problems
• Formulate nursing diagnosis
• Identify variables
• Formulate hypothesis
• Develop sampling size
• Develop instruments needed and
validate
• Balance validity with reliability
NURSING
RESEARCH NURSING PROCESS
3. Data Management 3. Planning Phase
• Collect and organize data • Prioritize health problems
• Analyze data • Identify components of
• Interpret results of study care/resources needed
• Set goals, formulate plan of care
4. Disseminate Findings
• Select nursing actions
• Publish findings • Set evaluation parameters
• Review findings • Update/modify as needed
• Critique findings
4. Implementation Phase
• Implement plan of care
• Collaborate with other members
• Modify plan as needed
YEAR EVENT
1859 Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing is published
1900 American Journal of Nursing begins publication
1923 Columbia University establishes first doctoral program for nurses
Goldmark Report with recommendations for nursing
education is published
1936 Sigma Theta Tau awards first nursing research grant in the United
States
1948 Brown publishes report on inadequacies of nursing education
1952 The journal Nursing Research begins publication
YEAR EVE
NT
1955 Inception of the American Nurses’ Foundation to sponsor nursing
research
1957 Establishment of nursing research center at Walter Reed Army Institute
of Research
1963 International Journal of Nursing Studies begins
publication
1965 American Nurses’ Association (ANA) sponsors nursing research
conferences
1969 Canadian Journal of Nursing Research begins publication
1972 ANA establishes a Commission on Research and Council
of Nurse Researchers
YEAR EVE
NT
1976 Stetler and Marram publish guidelines on assessing research for use in
practice Journal of Advanced Nursing begins publication
1978 Research in Nursing & Health and Advances in Nursing Science begin
publication
1979 Western Journal of Nursing Research begins publication
1982 Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project publishes report
1983 Annual Review of Nursing Research begins publication
1985 ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research establishes research priorities
YEAR EVE
NT
1988 Applied Nursing Research and Nursing Science Quarterly
begin publication;
Conference on Research Priorities is convened by NCNR
1989 U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
(AHCPR) is established
1993 NCNR becomes a full institute, the National Institute of Nursing
Research (NINR)
The Cochrane Collaboration is established
Magnet Recognition Program® makes first awards
1994 Qualitative Health Research begins publication
YEAR EVE
NT
1995 Joanna Briggs Institute, an international EBP
collaborative, is established in Australia
1997 Canadian Health Services Research Foundation is
established with federal funding
1999 AHCPR is renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
(AHRQ)
2000 NINR’s annual funding exceeds $100 million
The Canadian Institute of Health Research is launched Council for the
Advancement of Nursing Science (CANS)
is established
YEAR EVE
NT
2004 Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
begins publication
2006 NINR issues strategic plan for 2006–2010
2010 NINR budget exceeds $140 million
2004 Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
begins publication
Teaching of research was integrated in the
nursing curriculum in the mid-
sixties.
Current Situation of Nursing Research in the Philippines
Nursing research in the Philippines is witnessing significant
growth and increasing recognition, with the Philippine Journal of
Nursing prominently serving as a publication platform for original
research relevant to Filipino nurses. Recent studies highlight a
focus on enhancing nursing competencies and improving
research methodologies, which are vital for advancing nursing
practice within the healthcare system
R E S E A RC H
1. The faces and places of research
2. The building blocks of research
a. Phenomena, Concepts and Constructs
b. Theories and conceptual models
c. Variables
d. Conceptual and operational definition
e. Data
3. Relationships
1. THE FA C E S AND P L AC E S
O F R E S E A RC H
Studies with human involves two sets of people
I. Those who provide the II. Those who do research
information
I. T H O S E WHO PROVIDE THE
INFORMATION
In a quantitative study In a qualitative study
Subjects or Informants or key
Study Participants - Informants or Study
Respondents Sample participants
II. T H O S E WHO D O THE
R E S E A RC H
o Researcher or investigator
o Collaborative research
o Project director or principal Investigator
o Co-investigators
o Reviewers
o Peer reviewers
o Funder or sponsor
R E S E A RC H SETTINGS
o Naturalistic Settings:-
o Laboratory Settings:-
o Multisite studies:-
ST E P S IN R E S E A RC H
o From beginning point to end point
o Sequence of steps
o General flow of activities are typical in quantitative
studies
o 5 phases and each phase has certain steps
● Conceptual phase
● Designing and planning phase
● Empirical phase
● Analytic phase 57
● Dissemination phase
A R EAS O F H I GH PRIORITY FO R
N U RS E R E S E A RC H E R
o Patient focused research
o The management processes within health care
services
o Cultural issues for nurses and patients
o The history of nursing
o Ethical decision making
o Nursing and professional regulation
o Education of nurses 99
o Nursing workforce skills mix
Competencies, goals, and purposes of
nursing Research
Competencies of Nursing Research:
1.Research Design
2.Data Collection and Analysis
3.Ethical Considerations
4. Literature Review
5. Critical Thinking
6. Communication
Goals of Nursing Research
1.Advancing Knowledge
2.Evidence-Based Practice
3.Improving Patient Outcomes
4.Innovation
5.Enhancing Nursing Education
Purposes of Nursing Research
1.Descriptive Research. This type of research
seeks to describe and document phenomena,
behaviors, and situations. It helps provide a
foundation for further exploration.
2.Exploratory Research. Exploratory research
aims to investigate a topic where little is known,
helping to generate hypotheses and ideas for
future studies.
Purposes of Nursing Research (Cont)
3.Explanatory Research. Explanatory
research delves into cause-and-effect
relationships, helping to explain why
certain outcomes occur.
4.Predictive Research. Predictive
research focuses on identifying factors
that can predict specific outcomes,
aiding in the development of
interventions to prevent negative
outcomes.
5. Interventional Research. This type of
research involves testing interventions (such as new
treatments or strategies) to determine their
effectiveness and impact on patient care.
6. Evaluation Research. Evaluation research
assesses the outcomes and effectiveness of
healthcare interventions, policies, or programs.
7. Translational Research. Translational research
aims to bridge the gap between research and
practice, ensuring that research findings are applied
in real-world healthcare settings.
End of Part 1
