M.

Sc NURSING
NURSING RESEARCH
UNIT –I:INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES AND ETHICS IN NURSING
RESEARCH

Dr.Rosaline Rachel

Principal

OBJECTIVES

 Explain Concept of evidence based practices.

 Define evidence based nursing.

 Understand the steps for process of evidence based practices

 Enumerate the purposes of evidence based practices.

 Explain about the barriers in EBP

 Define ethics in nursing research.

 List down the importance of ethics in nursing research.

 Explain Code of ethics in research.

 Enlist the code of ethics for nurses in India.

CONCEPT OF EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES

Roots of evidenced based nursing can be traced in Florence Nightingale's era of nursing
practices. Her concepts of promoting health , prevention of disease, and care of the sick were
central ideas of her system. It involves identifying solid research findings and implementing
them in nursing practices, in order to increase the quality of patient care.

DEFINITION

• Evidence based nursing is a type of evidence based practice in nursing it involves

identifying solid research findings and implementing them in nursing practices, in
order to increase the quality of patient care.

• EBN is the process founded on the collection, interpretation and integration of valid,
important and applicable research. Some define EBN tightly, considering only the
application of the findings of randomized clinical trials, while others also include the
use of case reports and expert opinions.

STEPS FOR PROCESS OF EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES

• Formulating a clear question based on a clinical problem

 1. problem focused triggers

2. Knowledge focused triggers

• Literature review to search best available evidences.

• Analysis of strengths and weakness of evidences

• Use of best evidences in clinical practices

• Evaluating the efficacy of empirical evidences.

PURPOSES

EBP is an approach which tries to specify the way in which professionals or other
decision makers should make decisions.

Its goal is to eliminate unsound or excessively risky practices in favor of those that
have better outcomes.

EBP has contributed a lot towards better patient outcome.

The ultimate goal of EBP is to provide the highest quality and most cost efficient
nursing care possible.

Mainly to improve the quality of nursing care.

BARRIERS IN EBP
ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH

DEFINITION

Ethics in nursing research can be defined as the act of moral principles which the researcher
has to follow while conducting nursing research to ensure the rights and welfare of
individuals, groups or community under study.

IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH

Protect the vulnerable group and other study participants from harmful effects of the
experimental interventions.

Participants are safeguarded from exploitation by researchers.

Establish risk benefit ratio for the study subjects.

Ensures the fullest respect, dignity, privacy, disclose of information, and fair
treatment for study subjects.

Build the capability of subjects to accept or reject participation in study and to have
access to informed or written consent for participation in research study.

CODE OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH

In 1968 the American nurses association developed a set of guidelines for nursing research.
These guidelines, titled human rights for nurses in clinical and other research, were revised in
1975 and 1985. The ANA published another set of guidelines in 1995, ethical guidelines in
the conduct, dissemination and implementation of nursing research.

•
The major ethical principle that should be considered in designing or reviewing the
research studies are beneficence, respect of human dignity and justice.

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
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CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES IN INDIA

INC has published the code of ethics for nurses in India in year 2006. The code of ethics for
nurses is critical for building professionalism and accountability. Ethical considerations are
vital in any area dealing with human beings including nursing research because they
represent values, rights and relationships.

THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES IN INDIA ARE AS FOLLOWS

Conclusion

• Pure research involves developing & testing theories & hypothesis that are
intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have practical
application at the present of time or in the future. The research procedure should meet
the ethical standards laid down for the health research.
M.Sc NURSING
NURSING RESEARCH
UNIT –I: INTRODUCTION
KINDS OF RESEARCH & SCOPE OF NURSING RESEARCH

Dr.Rosaline Rachel

Principal

OBJECTIVES

 Define Research and nursing Research

 List down the need and purposes of nursing research

 Enlist characteristics of good research

 Explain the types of research

 Explain scope and areas of nursing research

 Understand basic and applied research

 Enumerate the research in nursing practices

 Explain research in nursing education

 Explain research in nursing administration

 Enlist the problems in nursing, health and social research

MEANING OF RESEARCH AND NURSING RESEARCH

DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

• Research is defined as a systematic or scientific process to answer to questions about

facts and relationship between facts. It is an activity involved in seeking answer to
unanswered questions.

• Research is systematic method of exploring, describing, explaining, relating or

establishing the existence of phenomenon , that factors that cause change in the
phenomenon and how the phenomenon influences other phenomena.

DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH

• Nursing research refers to the use of Systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical
investigation in attempting to discover or confirm facts that relate to specific problem
or question about the practice.

- Walls & Bauzell, 1981.

 • It is a way of identify new knowledge, improve professional education and practices
and use of resources effectively.

- International Council of Nurses, 1986.

NEED AND PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH

Develop, refine, and extend the scientific base of knowledge, which is required for
quality nursing care, education and administration.

Enhance the body of professional knowledge in nursing.

Provide foundation for evidenced based nursing practices.

Help in expansion of knowledge.

Enhance the professional identity as research is an essential component of any

profession.

Define the parameters of nursing.

Refine and eliminate old knowledge.

Identify nursing care practices that make a differences in health care status of
individuals and are cost effective.

Enhance accuracy

Develop and refine nursing theories and principles.

Solve the problems or answer questions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

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TYPES OF RESEARCH

Quantitative research

Qualitative research

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
It is an inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables
measured with numbers and analyzed using statistical techniques. In this type of research,
data is collected in numerical form and analyzed by using descriptive or inferential statistics.
Quantitative research involves analysis of numerical data

FEATURES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 Concerned with the opinions, experiences, and feelings of individuals producing

subjective data.

 It describes social phenomena as they occur naturally.

 Understanding of a situation is gained gradually through a holistic perspective.

 Data collected through direct interaction.

 Data collection is time consuming

 Criteria used to access reliability and validity differ from those used in quantitative
research.

BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH

Basic Research:
 • Performed without a specific purpose in mind. Used to generate and expand
theories that describe, explain or predict a phenomenon of interest to the discipline
without regard to its immediate use.

Aims:

• Gather and generate information.

• Expand the body of knowledge to improve understanding about a discipline.

Develop or refine theories or principles

APPLIED RESEARCH

The term applied research refers to those studies which have functional purposes and
Practical use or application. It may be conducted to resolve a number of issues, some
of which are as follows,

Solve problems

Make decisions

Evaluate something of interest

Develop something new for immediate use.

SCOPE AND AREAS OF NURSING RESEARCH

S.N SCOPE OF NURSING

O

1 Based on the major areas Nursing education, Nursing administration,

of Nursing Nursing practice, Nursing informatics, Nursing
research.
2 Based on speciality in Medical surgical nursing, Maternity nursing,
nursing mental health nursing, community health
nursing, child health nursing.
3 Based on the Infants Including Newborn, Children Of Various
developmental stages of Age Groups, Adolescents, Adults, Old Age.
human beings
4 Based on the areas of Nursing Research In Preventive Areas,
health Promotive Areas, Curative Areas, Rehabilitative
Areas.
5 Based on the settings Hospital, Community Areas, Schools &
Colleges, Industry Of Various Types, Natural &
Artificial Or Laboratory Settings.
 SCOPE AND AREAS OF NURSING RESEARCH

RESEARCH IN NURSING PRACTICES

 Health promotion, maintenance, and disease prevention.

 Patient safety and quality of health care.

 Promotion and risk reduction interventions.

 Patient centered care and care coordination.

 promotion of the health and well being of older people.

 Palliative and end of life care.

 Development of evidence based practices and translational research.

 Care implication of genetic testing and therapeutics.

 Nurses working environment.

 Treatment compliance and adherence to treatment.

  Description of holistic nursing situations.

RESEARCH IN NURSING EDUCATION

• Testing the affectivity and efficiency of the old teaching methods/ techniques and
generating newer teaching tools and techniques.

• Curriculum taught and learning experiences of nursing students at undergraduate and

post graduate level.

• Extent of strict discipline.

• Promoting clinical and classroom learning.

• Refining and generating evaluation methods.

• Identifying and managing problems of absenteeism and lack of motivation.

• Resolving any issue or phenomenon related to the teaching learning process.

• RESEARCH IN NURSING ADMINISTRATION

• Several main sub areas of nursing administration which require investigation such as,

• Assessing existing organizational structure, span of control, communication, staffing

pattern, wages, benefits, performance evaluation practices, etc.. And their
effectiveness.

• Developing and testing different administrative models to enhance swift

administration, employees, and customer satisfaction.

• Retention and effective use of nursing personnel in providing the quality of nursing
care.

• Furthermore research can be on any phenomenon related to nursing administrative

issues.

• PROBLEMS IN NURSING, HEALTH AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

• Fallibility of disciplined research.

• Handling multiple variables

• Difficulty in control on external variables.

• Minimal possibility of laboratory research.

• Lack of standardized tools.

• Measuring qualitative phenomenon through quantitative means.

• Lack of interest among researchers

 • Ethical constrains.

• lack of qualitative research expertise.

Conclusion

Nursing research is a systematic, controlled and empirical procedure, which attempt to

discover or confirm facts that relate to nursing problems. Research can be categorized
into pure or basic research & applied research based on its application. The scope of
nursing research is as wide & deep as far as the humanity is concerned.

M.Sc NURSING
NURSING RESEARCH
UNIT –I: INTRODUCTION
METHOD OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE IN RESEARCH
PROBLEM SOLVING AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Dr.Rosaline Rachel

Principal

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the class, the students will be able to,

• explain the methods of acquiring knowledge.

• understand the steps for problem solving process

• enumerate the purposes in use of scientific methods

• list down the steps on scientific methods of acquiring knowledge in nursing

research.

• characteristics of scientific method

• Limitations of scientific methods

INTRODUCTION

• Nursing is considered one of the oldest arts , yet finds place among the youngest of
professions. It is an evolving profession, which needs a continuously growing and
expanding body of knowledge, which can be developed only through research.

• Without new knowledge nursing cannot improve techniques for newer and latest
therapies such as infant care, pain management, grief counseling, client education or
many more such interventions.

• Research is systematic inquiry uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve

problems. The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body of
knowledge

METHODS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE

PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
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SCIENTIFIC METHODS

•
It is defined as controlled, systematic investigations, that are rooted in objective
reality and that aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena.

Purposes of scientific Methods

The basic purposes of scientific methods are description, exploration, prediction,

control, explanation, prescription and identification of relationship of the facts.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC PROCESS

• It is based on empirical evidence (based on observation or experience )

It is based on objective observation (bias free, observation).

It utilizes relevant concepts

It follows ethical norms

It is systematic (planned step by step).

It results in predictions (anticipating outcome).

It is based on critical & logical analysis of facts.

It is replicable (test result or conclusion again & again).

 • It formulates base for development of scientific theories.

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Limitations of scientific methods

 Moral or ethical problem

 Human comexity
 Measurement problems
 External variable control problems

Conclusion

The methods adopted by man for acquiring knowledge are authority, tradition, experience,
inductive & deductive reasoning & scientific methods. The research is called scientific
because the results are verifiable that is, if you do it again under the same conditions, you
will get the similar results. The systematic method has an order and follows an
acceptable procedure for doing the research.