GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1
- AMN
SCIENCE
SCIENCE
• A systematically organized body of knowledge on a
particular subject.
• The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the
systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the
physical and natural world through observation and
experiment
MAJOR BRANCHES
SCIENCE
NATURAL SCIENCE
• Explain the various rules of the nature by using the
scientific method.
• any of the sciences (such as physics, chemistry, or
biology) that deal with matter, energy, and their
interrelations and transformations or with objectively
measurable phenomena. (Merriam Webster)
MAJOR BRANCHES OF
PURE
OR
NATURAL SCIENCE
CHEMISTRY
• The chemistry is the study of matter and its changes
with different conditions. But some one can argue that
physics also say about the matter. But chemistry study
deeply about the matter. The matters that found on
earth can be categorized into organic and inorganic
materials. And also all matters are made up of atoms.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ORGANIC
AND
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
CARBON-
HYDROGEN BOND!
EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OR
MOLECULES
• DNA
• TABLE SUGAR OR SUCROSE, C12H22O11
• BENZENE, C6H6
• METHANE, CH4
• ETHANOL OR GRAIN ALCOHOL, C2H6O
EXAMPLES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OR
MOLECULES
• TABLE SALT OR SODIUM CHLORIDE, NaCl
• CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2
• DIAMOND (PURE CARBON)
• SILVER
• SULFUR
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITHOUT C-H
BONDS
•CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
(CCL4)
•UREA [CO(NH2)2]
BRANCHES OF
CHEMISTRY
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
• Organic chemistry
• Inorganic chemistry
• Physical chemistry
• Analytical chemistry
• Biochemistry
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
•The area that deals with the
mechanism, rate, and energy
transfer that occurs when
matter undergoes change
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
•Study that focuses on the
composition of matter.
BIOCHEMISTRY
•Study of matter and processes
of living organisms
MATTER
LESSON 1
MATTER
“is anything that has mass
and occupies space”
And it is made up of tiny
particles called “atom”
MATTER
Volume
Mass
MASS VS WEIGHT
Mass - a measure of the
matter in an object
Weight - a measure of
gravity’s pull on an object.
POSTULATE
THEORY OF
MATTER
Spaces between the
individual particles are very
large compared to the sizes
of the particles
particle
particle
particle
SPACES
particle
particle
particle
Together close, attract the
most
particle
particle
particle
SPACES
particle
particle
particle
All particles of the same
substance are identical to
each other in every way.
Different substances are
made of different particles
Au Au Au
Au Au Au
Matter is made up of tiny
particles
particle
CELL
Particles of matter are
always moving
particle
particle
particle
SPACES
particle
particle
particle
NOT EVERYTHING
IS MATTER!?
NON-MATTER
• Flame or fire
• Wind
• Electricity
• Sound
FIVE PHASES
OF MATTER
SOLID
• the particles are closely packed together. The
forces between particles are strong so that the
particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate.
As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape,
and a definite volume, high density,
incompressible, and they do diffuse, but very
slowly
SOLID
LIQUID
• has definite volume but no definite shape,
incompressible, diffuses fairly easily and
has surface tension
LIQUID
GAS
• has no definite shape or volume, easily
compressible, has very low density, diffuses
quite easily
• have a great deal of space between them
and have high kinetic energy.
PLASMA
• similar to gas, an ionized gas, a gas into
which sufficient energy is provided to free
electrons from atoms or molecules and to
allow both species, ions and electrons to
coexist, no definite volume or shape and
easily conducts energy
PLASMA
• Plasma consists of highly charged
particles with extremely high kinetic
energy
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES
• In 1995, technology enabled scientists to create a
new state of matter, the Bose-Einstein condensate
(BEC). Using a combination of lasers and magnets,
Eric Cornell and Carl Weiman cooled a sample of
rubidium to within a few degrees of absolute zero. At
this extremely low temperature, molecular motion
comes very close to stopping altogether.
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES
• Since there is almost no kinetic energy being transferred from
one atom to another, the atoms begin to clump together.
There are no longer thousands of separate atoms, just one
“super atom.” A BEC is used to study quantum mechanics on
a macroscopic level. Light appears to slow down as it passes
through a BEC, allowing study of the particle/wave paradox. A
BEC also has many of the properties of a superfluid — flowing
without friction. BECs are also used to simulate conditions
that might apply in black holes.
PHASE CHANGE
• These changes of phase always occur
with a change of heat. Heat, which is an
energy, either comes into the material
during a change of phase or heat comes
out of the material during this change.
Description of Term for Phase
Heat Movement During Phase Change
Phase Change Change
Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts.
Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.
Vaporization, which
Liquid to gas includes boiling and Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.
Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.
Gas to solid Deposition Heat leaves the gas and deposition occurs
Gas to plasma Ionization Heat goes into gas as it ionize
Heat leaves the plasma and deionization
Plasma to Gas Deionization
occurs
SUBLIMATION HEAT
HEAT
HEAT
MELTING VAPORIZATION IONIZATION
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
FREEZING CONDENSATION DEIONIZATION
DEPOSITION
Phase Changes
PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
LESSON 3
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• is any of a material’s properties that becomes evident
during a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that
can be established only by changing a substance’s
chemical identity.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Heat of combustion is the energy released when a
compound undergoes complete combustion (burning) with
oxygen. The symbol for the heat of combustion is ΔHc.
• Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react
with water or air (chemically stable substances will not
react). Hydrolysis and oxidation are two such reactions
and are both chemical changes.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Flammability refers to whether a compound will burn when
exposed to flame. Again, burning is a chemical reaction—
commonly a high-temperature reaction in the presence of
oxygen.
• The preferred oxidation state is the lowest-energy oxidation
state that a metal will undergo reactions in order to achieve
(if another element is present to accept or donate electrons).
CHEMICAL CHANGE
• An unexpected color change or release of odor
also often indicates a chemical change. For example,
the color of the element chromium is determined by its
oxidation state; a single chromium compound will only
change color if it undergoes an oxidation or reduction
reaction.
• The best way to be completely certain whether a
change is physical or chemical is to perform chemical
analyses, such as mass spectroscopy, on the
substance to determine its composition before and
after a reaction.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Characteristics of an individual substance that can be
determined without changing the composition of the
substance.
• Examples of physical properties: Color, Hardness,
Electrical conductivity, Heat conductivity, Melting
point, Boiling point, Length, Odor, Density and
phase changes.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Physical properties can be measured without
changing the chemical's identity. The freezing point
of a substance is physical. When water freezes, it's
still H2O.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
•Extensive Properties
•Intensive Properties
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
• Theseare the properties that do depend on the
amount of matter present.
• Examplesof extensive properties: Weight, Volume,
Length, Width, Mass, Surface area.
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
• Theseare properties that do not depend on the
amount of matter present.
• Examples of intensive properties: Color, Odor, Taste,
Luster, Malleability, Ductility, Conductivity,
Hardness, Melting/ freezing point, Boiling point,
Density.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• color (intensive)
• density (intensive)
• volume (extensive)
• mass (extensive)
• boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance boils
• melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance
melts
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF MATTER
LESSON 4
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
MATTER
PURE
SUBSTANCE
MIXTURE
ELEMENT COMPOUND HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
METAL ORGANIC
SOLUTION SUSPENSION
NON-METAL INORGANIC
COLLOID
METALLOIDS ACID BASE
NEUTRAL
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
MATTER
PURE
SUBSTANCE
MIXTURE
ELEMENT COMPOUND HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
METAL ORGANIC
SOLUTION SUSPENSION
NON-METAL INORGANIC
COLLOID
METALLOIDS ACID BASE
NEUTRAL
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
MATTER
PURE
SUBSTANCE
MIXTURE
ELEMENT COMPOUND HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
METAL ORGANIC
SOLUTION SUSPENSION
NON-METAL INORGANIC
COLLOID
METALLOIDS ACID BASE
NEUTRAL
MEASUREMENT
LESSON 5
MEASUREMENTS
•is finding a number that shows the size or
amount of something.
UNIT
•is the magnitude of a physical quantity
that may vary as a nonstandard unit or
definite as a standard unit. Units can be
grouped into system of measurements
Nonstandard Units of
Measurements
- In the Philippines, an ancient
system is based on the human
body parts to solve practical
problems such as determining
how much a piece of land
should be equally divided
between two sons, how much
Dimension Unit of
measuremen Description
t
distance between
dipa the tip of the
middle finger of
two extended arms
Length
talampakan length of a foot
hakbang a single stride
Dimension Unit of Description
measureme
nt
length of a
timuro forefinger
breadth of a
Length dali finger
dangkal or width of a
Dimension Unit of Description
measurements
a container
Weight kaban ( used to
measure the
amount of rice )
a jar ( used to
gusi masure volume
of liquids such as
Volume tuba and vinegar
)
Standard Units of Measurements
- The use of nonstandard
units produces inconsistent
measurements. To attain
higher accuracy and
precision in measuring,
standardize systems of
measurements such as the
METERS
•Meters measure length or
distance
•One millimeter is about the
thickness of a dime.
GRAM
•Grams are used to
measure mass or the
weight of an object
LITERS
•Liters measure liquids
or capacity.
WHICH UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO
MEASURE THE LENGTH OF THIS BICYCLE?
WHICH UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO
MEASURE THE MASS OF A PENNY?
WHICH UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO MEASURE
THE WATER IN AN AQUARIUM?
WHICH UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO
MEASURE THE MASS OF A FEATHER?
Which unit would you use to
measure the mass of a student
desk?
WHICH UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO MEASURE
THE MASS OF A WHOLE WATERMELON?
WHICH UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO MEASURE
THE MASS OF AN EGG?
Which unit would you use to
measure a can of soup?
WHICH UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO
MEASURE THIS GLASS OF MILK?
Which unit would you use to measure the
distance across Kansas?
Which unit would you use to
measure the height of a tree?
Which unit would you use to
measure the length of a bracelet?
CHANGING METRIC
UNITS
•To change from one unit to another in the
metric system you simply multiply or divide
by a power of 10.
METRIC PREFIXES
• Metric Units - The metric system has prefix
modifiers that are multiples of 10.
Prefix Symbol Factor Number Factor Word
Kilo- k 1000 Thousand
Hecto- h 100 Hundred
Deca- da or dk 10 Ten
Unit m, l, or g 1 One
Deci- d .1 Tenth
Centi- c .01 Hundredth
Milli- m .001 thousandth
PLACE VALUES OF METRIC PREFIXES
Thous Hundr Hundr Thous
and ed Ten One Tenth edth andth
km hm dkm m dm cm mm
kg hg dkg g dg cg mg
kL hL dkL L dL cL mL
TO CHANGE FROM A LARGER UNIT
TO A SMALLER UNIT, YOU NEED
TO MULTIPLY.
1 Km X 1000 = 1000 m
1 m X 100 = 100 cm
1 cm X 10 = 10 mm
PLACE VALUES OF METRIC PREFIXES
Move the decimal point
to the right to multiply.
Thous Hundr Hundr Thous
and ed Ten One Tenth edth andth
km hm dkm m dm cm mm
kL hL dkL L dL cL mL
kg hg dkg g dg cg mg
TO CHANGE FROM
SMALLER UNITS TO
LARGER UNITS YOU DIVIDE
BY A POWER OF TEN.
1000 mm ÷ 10 = 100 cm
100 cm ÷ 10 = 10 dm
10 dm ÷ 10 = 1 m
1. 1000 mm ÷ 10 = 100 cm
2. 2564 cm __ __ = __ mm
3. 77 hm __ __ = __ m
4. 45 kg ___ ___ = ___g
5. 200 cl __ __ = ___ ml
6. 6770 __ x 10 = ___ hg
7. 9000 kl __ __ = __l
8. 6597 mg ___ __ = ___g
9. 7588 mm ___ __= __ dm
10.5647 kg __ __ = __dkg
Activity
Fill the column
below.
Dimension Unit of Description And
measurements Example
Length
