Chemistry
➢ Chemistry is present in everything humans do and,
in its body,
➢ growing and cooking food to cleaning homes
and reaching space
➢chemistry helps humans understand what is going on
around them in the world
Chemistry is the science that is concerned with
the detailed study of the element and chemical
substance and deals with its properties, behavior,
interactions that occur to it, its structure and
composition, and all changes related to it.
Chemistry: can be defined as the study of the composition, properties, and
transformations of matter.
In these lectures, we will examine some basic concepts in chemistry
through which we can understand the language spoken by chemists, then
we will examine the importance of chemistry for humanity and the extent
of its interference in our lives.
Main Branches of Chemistry
Branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry This branch deals with study of carbon
compounds especially hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Inorganic Chemistry This branch deals with the study of
compounds of all other elements except carbon. It largely
concerns itself with the study of minerals found in the
Earth's crust.
➢ Physical Chemistry: study of the physical and fundamental basis of
chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and
dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical
chemists. Important areas of study include chemical
thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical
mechanics and spectroscopy,
➢ Analytical Chemistry: This branch deals with the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of various substances.
➢ Biochemistry: This branch deals with the chemical changes going on
in the bodies of living organisms; plants and animals.
➢The chemistry is the study of matter and
the changes it undergoes.
WHAT IS THE MATTER?
Matter is defined as anything that occupies
space and has mass.
Matter
Classification of matter:
All matter, at least in principle, can exist in three
states: solid, liquid, and gas. Solids are rigid objects
with definite shapes. Liquids are less rigid than solids
and are fluid they can flow and assume the shape of
their containers. Like liquids, gases are fluid, but
unlike liquids, they can expand indefinitely.
Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or
gas based on what properties it exhibits.
State Shape Volume Compress Flow
Solid Fixed Fixed No No
Liquid Indef. Fixed No Yes
Gas Indef. Indef. Yes Yes
•Fixed = Keeps shape when placed in a
container.
•Indefinite = Takes the shape of the
container.
Low densities compared to solids and
liquids.
Fluid.
Take the shape of their container(s).
Expand to fill their container(s).
Can be compressed into a smaller volume.
High densities compared to gases.
Fluid.
Take the shape of their container(s).
Keep their volume, do not expand to fill
their container(s).
Cannot be compressed into a smaller
volume.
High densities compared to gases.
Nonfluid.
Keep their own shape, do not take the
shape of their container(s).
Keep their own volume, do not expand to
fill their container(s).
Cannot be compressed into a smaller
volume.
Relative
strength of
attractive
Phase Density Shape Volume forces
Gas Low Indefinite Indefinite Weakest
Liquid High Indefinite Definite Moderate
Solid High Definite Definite Strongest
Conversion between three states
The three states of matter can be inter converted without changing
the composition of the substance. Upon heating, a solid (for example,
ice) will melt to form a liquid (water). (The temperature at which this
transition occurs is called the melting point.) Further heating will
convert the liquid into a gas. (This conversion takes place at the boiling
point of the liquid.) On the other hand, cooling a gas will cause it to
condense into a liquid. When the liquid is cooled further, it will freeze
into the solid form. Sublimation : conversion of a substance from the
solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
❖Substances are identified by their properties as well as by their
composition. Color, melting point, boiling point, and density are physical
properties. A physical property can be measured and observed without
changing the composition or identity of a substance.
❖On the other hand, the statement “Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas
to form water” describes a chemical property of hydrogen because to
observe this property we must carry out a chemical change, in this
case burning. After the change, the original substances, hydrogen and
oxygen gas, will have vanished and a chemically different substance—
water—will have taken their place.
