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1 Matter 2019
1 Matter 2019
•Matter
• States
• Properties
• Classification
Chemistry
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture – Matter that is uniform
in appearance and with uniform properties all
throughout.
Examples: ice, soda, solid gold, metal alloy
Freezing Condensation
Melting Evaporation
Phases
are homogenous part
-and of a system separated from
Sublimation
other parts by physical boundaries.
Phase Change
10
Phase Changes in Matter
Melting Evaporation
Phases
Sublimation
and
Phase Change
States of Matter
Solid – has a fixed shape and volume
Liquid – has a fixed volume but it takes the shape of its
container
Gas – has neither a fixed volume nor shape
Plasma - phase of matter that can only be observed at
extremely high temperature (present in the sun and
stars, outer space, and in nuclear reactions)
Bose-Einstein Condensate – phase of matter the can only
be observed at extremely low temperature (the
temperature that approaches zero (0) K
Classification of Matter Metals
Elements Non-metals
Metalloids
Pure
substance Acids
Compounds Bases
Matter Salts
Homogeneous Solution
Matter refers to all of the materials
that makeMixture
up the universe. Colloids
Heterogeneous Suspension
Substance and Mixture
• Pure Substances
– A particular kind of matter that has a fixed composition
and distinct properties
Examples : ammonia (NH3), sodium chloride (NaCl)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Mixture
– matter that contains two or more substances in variable
amounts
– Mixtures are variable in composition. They can either be
homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Examples : seawater, metal alloy, air, soil, blood
Heterogeneous System
of One Substance
A pure substance can exist as different phases in
a heterogeneous system.
Example
Ice floating in water consists of two phases and
one substance. Ice is one phase, and water is the
other phase. The substance in both cases is the
same.
16
Classification of Matter
A pure substance is always homogeneous in
composition, whereas a mixture always contains
two or more substances and may be either
homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Comparison Between Compound & Mixture
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures
Not found in
Hydrogen H
nature
Found in
Hydrogen H2
nature
Not found in
Nitrogen N
nature
Found in
Nitrogen N2
nature
Hydrogen gas is found in volcanoes and it can
be prepared in the laboratory.
H2 O2
H2O
Properties of
Substances
Properties of a Substance
• A property is a characteristic of a
substance.
• Each substance has a set of properties
that are characteristic of that substance
and give it a unique identity.
Properties of a Substance
Intensive / Extensive
Intrinsic / Extrinsic
Chemical / Physical
Properties: Intensive / Extensive
– Intensive properties are attributes that do not
depend on the amount of matter.
Examples: density, boiling point, melting point,
color, malleability, solubility,
composition, etc)
– Extensive properties are attributes that depend
on the amount of matter. (volume, mass, size,
length, etc)
Properties
Intrinsic / Extrinsic
– Intrinsic properties do not depend on the
sample of matter. (composition, density,
solubility, etc.)
– Extrinsic properties depend on the sample of
matter. ( mass, size, volume, etc.)
Properties
Chemical / Physical
– Chemical properties are observed when a
material undergoes chemical change.
(nuclear/atomic stability, combustibility, ionization,
relative activity to other substances, etc)
– Physical properties can be observed without
changing the composition of the substance. (mass,
density, malleability, volatility, color, etc.)
Physical Properties
of Chlorine
• 2.4 times heavier than air Chemical Properties
• color is yellowish-green of Chlorine
• odor is disagreeable It does not burn in oxygen.
• melting point –101oC It supports the combustion of
• boiling point –34.6oC certain other substances.
It can be used as a bleaching
agent.
It can be used as a water
disinfectant.
It can combine with sodium
to form sodium chloride.
Changes in Matter
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Endothermic – chemical reaction that involves
absorption of heat by the system from the
surrounding.
Exothermic – chemical reaction which involves
release to heat by the system to the surrounding
Nuclear Change
Signs of Change
All changes of state are called physical changes because the atoms
and molecules within do not change.
All physical changes are easily reversible. The original state can be
achieved by reversing the change.
2. A new substance may be formed that has a different state from the
reactants. For example, a solid may be formed from 2 liquids or a
gas may be released from reacting a solid and a liquid.
48
Formation of Copper(II) Oxide
The black material is a new substance called
Copper(II) oxide.
Copper is 100% copper by mass.
Copper (II) oxide is:
79.94% copper by mass
20.1% oxygen by mass.
49
Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter
Compound I 1.750 g
Compound II 0.8750 g
Compound III 0.4375 g
which yield the following ratio:
The significance of these data?
Compound I N2 O
Compound
Compound I I NO N O
4 2
Compound II NO
Compound IIII
Compound NO2N2O2
Compound III NO2
Compound IIIIII
Compound NO4N2O4
Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter
78.1 g 78.1 g
→
reactant product
mass mass
=
reactants products
Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter
Types of Energy
– Potential Energy
the energy due to position
– Kinetic Energy
the energy in motion
The potential energy of the ball increases
with increasing height.
increasing
potential energy 50 ft
increasing
potential energy
20 ft
62
Gasoline: a source of chemical potential energy
63
Exercise: Classify each of the following
whether element or compound
1. Gold 6. Table salt
Element Compound
2. Ethyl alcohol 7. Iron
Compound Element
3. Dry ice 8. Helium gas
Compound Element
4. Sodium metal 9. Sugar
Element Compound
5. Water 10. Iodine
Compound Element
Exercise:
Classify each of the following whether
homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.
1. Air 6. Concrete wall
Homogeneous Heterogeneous