Chemistry

•Matter
• States
• Properties
• Classification
 Chemistry

 is the study of the composition, properties and

structure of matter

 it is considered “the central science”; blending

at one extreme into physics, mathematics,
engineering and sometimes into earth and life
sciences.
Chemistry

the study of the matter, its classification,

composition, properties and structure;
the changes it undergoes, the energy
transformation that goes with the
change, and the laws and principles
governing such changes.
 Matter

- is anything that occupies space and has mass

- can be invisible (can not be seen by the naked
eye
- may appear to be continuous and unbroken (but
actually discontinuous; since it is made up of
tiny particles)
- can be classified based on the physical state, or
based on the chemical state or composition
Matter

An apparently empty test tube is submerged,

mouth downward in water.
Only a small volume of water rises into the
tube, which is actually filled with invisible
matter, that is air.
Metal Alloy

 is a combination of metals or a combination of one or more

metals with non-metallic elements
 Examples
gold + copper = red gold
gold + silver = white gold
silver + copper = sterling silver
iron + carbon = steel
copper + tin = bronze
copper + zinc = brass
 Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
 Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture – Matter that is uniform
in appearance and with uniform properties all
throughout.
Examples: ice, soda, solid gold, metal alloy

Heterogeneous Mixture – Matter with two or

more physically distinct phases present.
Examples: iced water, wood, concrete, blood
 Deposition

Freezing Condensation

Melting Evaporation
Phases
are homogenous part
-and of a system separated from
Sublimation
other parts by physical boundaries.
Phase Change
10
Phase Changes in Matter

 Solid to liquid - Melting

 Solid to gas - Sublimation
 Liquid to solid - Freezing
 Liquid to gas - Evaporation
 Gas to liquid - Condensation
 Gas to solid - Deposition
 ? ?
Deposition
Freezing Condensation

Melting Evaporation
Phases
Sublimation
and
Phase Change
 States of Matter
 Solid – has a fixed shape and volume
 Liquid – has a fixed volume but it takes the shape of its
container
 Gas – has neither a fixed volume nor shape
 Plasma - phase of matter that can only be observed at
extremely high temperature (present in the sun and
stars, outer space, and in nuclear reactions)
 Bose-Einstein Condensate – phase of matter the can only
be observed at extremely low temperature (the
temperature that approaches zero (0) K
Classification of Matter Metals
Elements Non-metals
Metalloids
Pure
substance Acids
Compounds Bases
Matter Salts

Homogeneous Solution
Matter refers to all of the materials
that makeMixture
up the universe. Colloids
Heterogeneous Suspension
 Substance and Mixture

• Pure Substances
– A particular kind of matter that has a fixed composition
and distinct properties
Examples : ammonia (NH3), sodium chloride (NaCl)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Mixture
– matter that contains two or more substances in variable
amounts
– Mixtures are variable in composition. They can either be
homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Examples : seawater, metal alloy, air, soil, blood
 Heterogeneous System
of One Substance
A pure substance can exist as different phases in
a heterogeneous system.

Example
Ice floating in water consists of two phases and
one substance. Ice is one phase, and water is the
other phase. The substance in both cases is the
same.
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 Classification of Matter
A pure substance is always homogeneous in
composition, whereas a mixture always contains
two or more substances and may be either
homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Comparison Between Compound & Mixture
 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures

 Homogeneous Mixture – a mixture of two or

more substances, but has one phase
Examples : sugar and water, vinegar and water,
seawater, wine, air, oil, steel

 Heterogeneous Mixture – is a mixture that consists

of two or more phases
Examples : sugar and sand, pulpy orange juice,
soil, blood, halo-halo, cereal in milk
 Element and Compound

• Element– is a fundamental or elementary substance

that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
by chemical means.
Examples : hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, aluminum

• Compound – is a distinct substance that contains two

or more elements combined in a definite proportion
by weight.
Examples: carbon dioxide, water, sugar, salt
Nonmetals are found to the right of the metalloids.
 A water molecule consists of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom.

If it is subdivided the water molecule will

be destroyed and hydrogen and oxygen
will be formed.
Compounds can be classified as molecular or ionic.
• Ionic compounds are held together by attractive
forces between their positive and negative charges.
• Molecular compounds are held together by covalent
bonds.
Occurrence of Diatomic Molecules

Not found in
Hydrogen H
nature
Found in
Hydrogen H2
nature
Not found in
Nitrogen N
nature
Found in
Nitrogen N2
nature
 Hydrogen gas is found in volcanoes and it can
be prepared in the laboratory.

• In both cases it is diatomic hydrogen H2

• Air is about 21% oxygen by volume

• Oxygen can also be prepared in the laboratory

• In both cases it is diatomic oxygen O2

 Water has the formula H2O
• It does not contain free hydrogen (H2) or free
oxygen (O2).
• The H2 part of H2O means that 2 atoms of
hydrogen are combined with one atom of oxygen
in the water molecule.

H2 O2
H2O
Properties of
Substances
 Properties of a Substance

• A property is a characteristic of a
substance.
• Each substance has a set of properties
that are characteristic of that substance
and give it a unique identity.
Properties of a Substance
 Intensive / Extensive
 Intrinsic / Extrinsic
 Chemical / Physical
Properties: Intensive / Extensive
– Intensive properties are attributes that do not
depend on the amount of matter.
Examples: density, boiling point, melting point,
color, malleability, solubility,
composition, etc)
– Extensive properties are attributes that depend
on the amount of matter. (volume, mass, size,
length, etc)
Properties

 Intrinsic / Extrinsic
– Intrinsic properties do not depend on the
sample of matter. (composition, density,
solubility, etc.)
– Extrinsic properties depend on the sample of
matter. ( mass, size, volume, etc.)
Properties
 Chemical / Physical
– Chemical properties are observed when a
material undergoes chemical change.
(nuclear/atomic stability, combustibility, ionization,
relative activity to other substances, etc)
– Physical properties can be observed without
changing the composition of the substance. (mass,
density, malleability, volatility, color, etc.)
 Physical Properties
of Chlorine
• 2.4 times heavier than air Chemical Properties
• color is yellowish-green of Chlorine
• odor is disagreeable  It does not burn in oxygen.
• melting point –101oC  It supports the combustion of
• boiling point –34.6oC certain other substances.
 It can be used as a bleaching
agent.
 It can be used as a water
disinfectant.
 It can combine with sodium
to form sodium chloride.
Changes in Matter

 Physical Change
 Chemical Change
Endothermic – chemical reaction that involves
absorption of heat by the system from the
surrounding.
Exothermic – chemical reaction which involves
release to heat by the system to the surrounding
 Nuclear Change
 Signs of Change
 All changes of state are called physical changes because the atoms
and molecules within do not change.

 All physical changes are easily reversible. The original state can be
achieved by reversing the change.

 The nature of the atoms and molecules involved in a physical

change is not altered – chemically they are the same.

 A few physical changes, like dissolving certain solutes, result in a

temperature change, but most physical changes do not have an
energy change associated with them.

 All chemical changes are difficult to reverse. They occur as a result

of a reaction between reactant chemicals to make new products –
they can be summarized by an equation.
Observations that a chemical change has occurred include:
1. There may be a color change.
When colorless acid and alkali are mixed, a colorless solution remains.
If indicator is added, there is a color change. Is this a physical or
chemical change? chemical; there is a color change

2. A new substance may be formed that has a different state from the
reactants. For example, a solid may be formed from 2 liquids or a
gas may be released from reacting a solid and a liquid.

3. There may be an energy change.

 Energy may be given out – this is an exothermic process, and there

is an increase in temperature.
 Energy may be taken in – this is an endothermic process, and the
temperature decreases.
 Ambiguous Change

• Some changes cannot easily be identified as a physical

change or a chemical change – they show signs of both.

• Adding ammonium nitrate to water gives a marked

temperature decrease – it is an endothermic process.
But the ammonium nitrate is just dissolving.

• If the mixture is heated, the salt can be recovered – it

has not changed chemically.
• An alloy has different physical properties from both of its
component metals.

• This might lead you to believe that making an alloy is a

chemical change.

• However, the particles within the alloy have not been

changed.

• Brass is made from 60 per cent copper and 40 per cent

zinc.

• There is no such thing as a brass molecule, and the copper

and zinc atoms have not formed chemical bonds.
Heating rubber causes changes in its physical properties,
making it harder and more rigid. The mass of the rubber
does not increase or decrease on heating. Is the change
physical or chemical?
physical; the rubber is still rubber; there is no change in the atoms and
molecules

When sodium chloride is added to water, the solution is able

to conduct electricity. Solid sodium chloride cannot conduct.
Explain why adding sodium chloride to water is still
considered to be a physical change.
the sodium chloride can be ‘brought back’ by evaporating the water
Did you know?...
• Some chemical changes are reversible.

• The production of ammonia from hydrogen and

nitrogen is an example.

• Under the right conditions, ammonia is made.

Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter

 Law of Definite Composition

 Law of Multiple Proportion
 Law of Conservation of Mass
 Law of Conservation of Energy
Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter

 Law of Definite Composition

 Law of Multiple Proportion
 Law of Conservation of Mass
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 Law of Definite Composition

A given compound always contain exactly the

same proportion of elements by weight.
When atoms combined to form compounds, it
always have a fixed proportion
 Formation of Copper(II) Oxide

Heating a copper wire in a Bunsen burner

causes the copper to lose its original
appearance and become a black material.
 Formation of Copper(II) Oxide

The formation of Copper(II) oxide from copper

and oxygen is a chemical change.
The Copper (II) oxide is a new substance with
properties that are different from copper.

48
 Formation of Copper(II) Oxide
The black material is a new substance called
Copper(II) oxide.
Copper is 100% copper by mass.
Copper (II) oxide is:
79.94% copper by mass
20.1% oxygen by mass.

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Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter

 Law of Definite Composition

 Law of Multiple Proportion
 Law of Conservation of Mass
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 Law of Multiple Proportion

When two elements form a series of compounds,

the rations of the masses of the second element
that combined with one gram of the first element
can always be reduced to small whole numbers.
 LMP can be illustrated by the
compounds of nitrogen and oxygen

Mass of Nitrogen that

combines with 1 g of
Oxygen

Compound I 1.750 g
Compound II 0.8750 g
Compound III 0.4375 g
which yield the following ratio:
The significance of these data?

• Compound I contains twice as much

nitrogen (N) per gram oxygen (O) as
does Compound II.
• Compound II contain twice as much
nitrogen per gram oxygen as does
compound III.
 In terms of numbers of atoms
combining, THERE ARE MANY
POSSIBILITIES

Compound I N2 O
Compound
Compound I I NO N O
4 2
Compound II NO
Compound IIII
Compound NO2N2O2
Compound III NO2
Compound IIIIII
Compound NO4N2O4
 Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter

 Law of Definite Composition

 Law of Multiple Proportion
 Law of Conservation of Mass
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 Law of Conservation of Mass

No change is observed in the total mass of the

substances involved in a chemical change.

In a chemical reaction the total mass of the product

is equal to the total mass of the reactant.
sodium + sulfur  sodium sulfide
46.0 g 32.1 g 78.1 g

78.1 g 78.1 g
→
reactant product

mass mass
=
reactants products
Laws and Principles Regarding
Changes of Matter

 Law of Definite Composition

 Law of Multiple Proportion
 Law of Conservation of Mass
 Law of Conservation of Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, though it

can be transformed from one form of energy to another
form of energy.
 Forms of Energy
– Chemical energy
– Radiant energy
 Thermal energy
 Light
– Mechanical energy
– Electrical energy
60
Energy Transformation

Types of Energy
– Potential Energy
the energy due to position
– Kinetic Energy
the energy in motion
 The potential energy of the ball increases
with increasing height.

increasing
potential energy 50 ft

increasing
potential energy
20 ft

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 Gasoline: a source of chemical potential energy

 The heat released when gasoline burns is

associated with a decrease in its chemical
potential energy.
 The new substances formed by burning
have less chemical potential energy than
the gasoline and oxygen

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 Exercise: Classify each of the following
whether element or compound
1. Gold 6. Table salt
Element Compound
2. Ethyl alcohol 7. Iron
Compound Element
3. Dry ice 8. Helium gas
Compound Element
4. Sodium metal 9. Sugar
Element Compound
5. Water 10. Iodine
Compound Element
 Exercise:
Classify each of the following whether
homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.
1. Air 6. Concrete wall
Homogeneous Heterogeneous

2. Salt and pepper 7. Seawater

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

3. Vinegar 8. Chop suey

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

4. Sugar solution 9. Fruit salad

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

5. Wine 10. Corn syrup

Homogeneous Homogeneous
 Exercise: Classify each of the following
whether physical or chemical change

1. Ripening of mango Chemical Change

2. Combustion of gasoline Chemical Change
3. Melting of ice Physical Change
4. Cutting of wood Physical Change
5. Decaying of leaves Chemical Change
 Exercise: Classify each of the following
whether physical or chemical change

6. Hydrogen burning in air Chemical Change

7. Boiling water Physical Change
8. Burning candle Chemical Change
9. Freezing naphthalene Physical Change
10. Corroding nail Chemical Change