Analog Electronics
Ideal opamp, open loop and closed operation of
opamp
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
Opamp-internal structure
Output + dc offset which due to circuit imperfections
Amplified output which is
Inverting input Vo1 able to drive load
V1 - Differential Differential Level Vo
amplifier amplifier shifter and Power
dual input dual input buffer amplifier
V2 dual output single output
+
Non-Inverting Vo2
input
dc offset reduced output
Applications : IR Sensor designing
(1) one Opamp to be considered and (2) Opamp acts as a
comparator
TL084 Quad opamp IC
Applications
•Circuit requiring high input impedance
•Amplifier Circuits
•Buffer application
•Audio pre-amplification
•Multi-stage Voltage generators
•Audio/noise filter circuits
Ideal Opamp
Vo = AOLVid = AOL(V1 - V2)
AOL is the open loop gain of the opamp
Equivalent circuit of opamp
Express Vo in terms of Vs
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Equivalent circuit of opamp
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Infinite input resistance Rid
𝑅 𝑖𝑑 1
𝑉 𝑖𝑑 =𝑉 𝑠 =𝑉 𝑠
𝑅 𝑠 + 𝑅 𝑖𝑑 𝑅𝑠
1+
𝑅𝑖𝑑
If Rid is very large (infinite), Vid = Vs, i.e. all the applied input
signal will be available for opamp amplification
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Zero output resistance Ro
𝑅𝐿
𝑉 𝑜= 𝐴𝑂𝐿 𝑉 𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴 𝑂𝐿 𝑉 𝑖𝑑
𝑅𝑜 + 𝑅 𝐿
If Ro is zero, Vo = AoLVid i.e. all the applied input signal will be
available for opamp amplification
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Virtual Short & Virtual Ground
Vo = AOLVid = AOL(V1 - V2)
AOL= Infinite (open loop)
VO = Infinite (Not Correct)
but VO should be finite
(Vo / AOL) = V1 – V2 = 0
V1 = V2
Virtual Short
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Virtual Ground
V1 = V2 = 0
Virtual Ground
The currents I1 & I2 flowing through the input terminals = zero
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Open Loop OP-AMP Configuration
Three Open loop Configuration Namely :
1. Differential OP-AMP
2. Inverting OP-AMP
3. Non-inverting OP-AMP
Vo Differential OP-AMP
V1 = Vin1 and V2 = Vin2.
Vo = AOL(Vin1 – Vin2 )
Open Loop OP-AMP Configuration
Three Open loop Configuration Namely:
1. Differential OP-AMP
2. Inverting OP-AMP
3. Non-inverting OP-AMP
Inverting OP-AMP
Vo
V1 = 0, V2 = Vin.
Vo = -AOL Vin
Open Loop OP-AMP Configuration
Three Open loop Configuration Namely:
1. Differential OP-AMP
2. Inverting OP-AMP
3. Non-inverting OP-AMP
Non-Inverting OP-AMP
Vo
V1 = +Vin , V2 = 0
vo = AOL Vin
Transfer characteristics
A practical limitation of the
op-amp is that the
magnitude of its output
voltage cannot exceed supply
voltages |VCC| or |VEE|
Linear region : Vo A(V1 V2 )
Vo VCC
V1 V2 V1 V2
A A
For VCC 15 V, A 105
V1 V2 150 μV
If V1 V2 by 150 μV, Vo VSAT
If V1 V2 by 150 μV, Vo VSAT
In open loop, Range of operation is very small i.e. ± 150 μV
Note : -ve Feedback increases the range of operation
Open loop frequency response of opamp
The bandwidth of an amplifier is defined as the band of frequencies for which the gain remains
constant. It is the maximum frequency, the OPAMP can be used for.
• Although open loop opamps have a very high gain, the gain starts to fall at a very low frequency.
• The open loop breakpoint, i.e. the frequency at which the gain has fallen by 3 dB is often only a few Hz.
For IC 741 it is around 6 Hz.
• Beyond this the response gain falls at a rate of -6dB/octave or -20dB/decade.
Open loop gain Vs frequency curve of
741C
Open loop frequency response of opamp
• The frequency at which gain equals 1 is known as the unity gain bandwidth.
• It is the maximum frequency the OPAMP can be used for.
Open loop gain Vs frequency curve of 741C
Hence the closed loop operation of opamp is needed to improve the bandwidth.
Thank You
Draw backs of open loop operation
Limited input range
Open loop voltage gain is not constant it varies with changes in temperature and power
supply
Not suitable for linear applications as the linear region of operation is very small.
Bandwidth is negligibly small.
Gain can be controlled by modifying the open loop opamp.
Modification involves feedback, output is feedback either directly or through another
network.
Closed loop operation of Opamp
Why Negative Feedback?
When device's gain is simply too large (unknown) and its bandwidth too narrow, negative
feedback is used to set the gain to a specific precise value (irrespective of internal gain) and
increase the bandwidth of operation.
Open loop gain =
Closed loop gain = =
When operating in closed loop, open loop gain is suppressed by a factor of
If is very high, then = = ~
Where is the feed back factor
Effects of negative feedback
• Increases the input resistance, decreases the output resistance
• Does all this at the expense of gain
Relationship between closed loop and open loop parameters
Input resistance with feedback , =
Output resistance with feedback , =
Bandwidth with feedback or closed loop bandwidth, =
Gain bandwidth (GBW) product of the opamp is constant hence =
from which closed loop frequency, = =
