CONTROLLABLE AND FIXED
PITCH PROPRLLER
BY,
AJAY G
623 B
Propeller Principles
Consists of two or more blades and a
central hub to which the blades are
attached.
Propeller blades produce forces that create
thrust to pull or push the airplane through
the air.
TYPES OF PROPELLER
CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER
FIXED PITCH PROPELLER
SCREW PROPELLER
SELF PITCHING PROPELLER
SURFACE PIERCING PROPELLER
SHROUDED OR DUCTED PROPELLER
PUMP JETS
CONTRA-ROTATING PROPELLER
AZIMUTHING PROPELLER
VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER
WATER JET PROPULSION
PADDLE WHEELS
WIND
CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER
A controllable pitch propeller (CPP) or
variable pitch propeller is a special type
of propeller with blades that can be
rotated around their long axis to change
their pitch. If the pitch can be set to
negative values, the reversible propeller
can also create reverse thrust for
braking or going backwards without the
need of changing the direction of shaft
revolutions.
CONTROLLABLE PITCH
PROPELLER
Machinery must develop enough torque
to turn the propeller at the revolutions
appropriate to the power being
developed or the machinery will lock up.
The matching is not possible with fixed
blades and some ships are fitted with
propellers in which the blades can be
rotated about axis normal to drive shaft
its termed as controllable pitch
propellers(CPP’s)
The pitch can be altered to satisfy a
range of operating condition which is
useful in tugs and trawlers
For such ships there is a great difference
in the propeller loading when towing or
trawling and when running free
The machinery can be run at constant
speed so that full power can be developed
over range of operating condition
The pitch of blades is changed by gear
fitted in the hub and controlled by
linkages passing down the shaft. Thus
the CPP has a larger boss than usual
which limits the blade ratio to about 0.8
which affects cavitations performance.
It also mechanically fairly complex
which limits the total power that can be
transmitted.
By reversing the pitch an astern thrust
can be produced thus eliminating the
need for a reversing gear box. variation
in thrust for manoeuvring can be more
rapid as it involves changing blade angle
rather than shaft revolutions but for
maximum acceleration or deceleration
there will be an optimum rate of change
of blade angle.
FIXED PITCH PROPELLER
The Fixed-Pitch Propeller
In this type of propeller the blades are mounted
directly onto the hub in a position determined and
"fixed" by the manufacturer There are two types of
fixed-pitch propellers; the climb propeller and the
cruise propeller.
The Climb Propeller -
This propeller has a lower pitch, therefore less drag.
This results in the capability of higher rpm and more
horsepower being developed by the engine. it
increases performance
The Cruise Propeller -
This propeller features a higher pitch,
therefore more drag than that of the
climb propeller. This results in lower
rpm and less horsepower capability.
This decreases performance but
increases efficiency .
In FPP the power generated by the
engine and the propulsive forces
produced by the propeller cannot be
controlled. This leads to high amount of
power wastage and increased stresses
on the propeller. But in a CPP all these
can be prevented by just changing the
pitch of the propeller. This function of
CPP makes it an integral part of the
propulsion system of a ship.
A striking aspect of a CPP is that the
propeller rotates in only one direction,
unlike FPP. Thus there is no need of a
reverse clutch, which is an integral part
of FPP for producing reverse thrust, in
case the ship needs braking or
reversing.
A FPP consists of fixed
blades. This means that the
position of blades cannot be
changed. On the Contrary,
CPP can move its blade in the
desired position by changing
the pitch of the blades.
Disadvantages of CPP
The main disadvantage of CPP is that it
is a highly complex system
It is vulnerable due to numerous
hydraulic components and sealing rings.
As the sealing rings are outside the ship,
damage of a single sealing ring can
result in oil pollution.
As the system is complex,
repairs and maintenance is difficult.
THANK
YOU….
