Ship Hydrodynamics2

Theory of propeller action

Dr. Adel Banawan

 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University
Assumptions:

Incompressible
Steady

Inviscid

No flow rotation
Ignore propeller geometrical details
1-D

2/13/2012 2
 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University

Basic Flow Equations (Tools)

d
Continuity 0  dV   V . A
dt CV CS

d
Momentum
F  
dt CV
V dV  V V . A
CS

d
Energy  
Q W   edV   eV . A
dt CV CS

2/13/2012 3
 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University

Simplified forms of Basic Flow Equations

Continuity   VA  const

m

Momentum Fx  m V2 x  V1x 

p V2 
  z    h p 
Energy  2 g  inlet
p V2 
  z    ht  hL
 2 g  exit
2/13/2012 4
 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University

Flow Around Propellers

Downstream Upstream
S/L

2/13/2012 5
 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University

Flow Around Propellers

Downstream Upstream
S/L

Streamlines Contraction (Curved towards the center)

2/13/2012 6
 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University

Flow Around Propellers

Downstream Upstream
S/L

Upstream suction (Lower pressure before the propeller plane)

2/13/2012 7
 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University

Flow Around Propellers

Downstream Upstream
S/L

Downstream delivery (Higher after the propeller plane)

2/13/2012 8
 Ship Hydrodynamics2

Alexandria University
Flow Around Propellers

Downstream Upstream
S/L

Pressure is recovered far downstream

2/13/2012 9
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Control Volume Construct a control volume such that

Includes the propeller
Inlet control surface far upstream
Exit control surface far downstream
Inlet control surface normal to ship speed
Exit control surface normal to slipstream speed
Streamlines are straight far upstream
Streamlines are straight far downstream
Aligned with the streamlines except at cross surfaces
Uniform flow at upstream station
Uniform flow at downstream station

2/13/2012 10
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Control Volume

Propeller Control Volume Ship Control Volume

2/13/2012 11
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Control Volume
Propeller Control Volume

Downstream Station Upstream Station

2/13/2012 12
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Control Volume
Propeller Control Volume

4 3 2 1

Downstream Station Propeller plane Upstream Station

2/13/2012 13
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Continuity Equation

V4 V1

A4 A1
V2 = V3

4 3 2 1

V4  V3  V2  V1

2/13/2012 14
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Define

a
V2  V1   Velocity Increase ratio at the propelller Plane
V1

b
V4  V1   Velocity Increase Ratio Far Downstream
V1

Hence
V2  V1 1  a 
V4  V1 1  b 

2/13/2012 15
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Mass Flow rate through the propeller Plane

  VA  1V1 A1   2V2 A2  3V3 A3   4V4 A4

m
  constant
A2  A3  A  DiskArea
V2  V1 1  a 
m  V1 1  a  A

2/13/2012 16
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation for the control Volume

 F  dt V dV  V V .A
d
CV CS

In x- direction:

   uV .A
d
Fx  udV 
dt CV CS

2/13/2012
17
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

For steady flow:

 F   uV .A
x
CS

In a simpler form:

Fx  m V2 x  V1x 

Force in x direction = change of momentum in x-direction

2/13/2012 18
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

T x

4 3 2 1

Fx  m Vexit ( x )  Vinlet ( x ) 

2/13/2012 19
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

For our control volume, we have:

Fx  T
  V2 A  V1 1  a  A
m
Vexit ( x )  V4  V1 (1  b)
Vinlet ( x )  V1

Substitute:

T  AV12 1  a b

2/13/2012 20
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Energy Equation

p V2  p V 2

 z   hp    z    ht  hL
 
 2 g inlet  2 g exit

where:
hp = Pump (Propeller) head =propeller power per unit weight flow rate
ht = Turbine head =turbine power per unit weight flow rate
hL = head loss
W p
hp 
m g
W
ht  t
m g

2/13/2012 21
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Here we have no turbine and no losses

Exit Inlet

Datum

hp

4 3 2 1

2/13/2012 22
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Hydraulic gradient Line (HGL)
HGL

HGL

p3
p4 p2 p1

  

z4  0
z1  0 Datum
V4 V2 V1

4
3 2 1

2/13/2012 23
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Energy gradient Line (EGL)
EGL
V42 hp
2g EGL
V12
HGL 2g

HGL

p3
p4 p2 p1

  

z4  0
z1  0 Datum
V4 V2 V1

2/13/2012 24
4
3 2 1
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Write the Energy Equations between stations (1) and (4)
Exit Inlet

hp Datum

4 3 2 1

2/13/2012 25
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

p1 V12 p4 V42
 z1   hp   z4 
 2g  2g
 p4 V42   p1 V12 
hp    z4      z1  
 2g    2g 

2/13/2012 26
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Substitute
z1  z4
p1  p4
Substitute
 V42 V12 
hp    
 2g 2g 
But
W p
hp  
 g 2g
1
V42  V12 
m

W p  V4  V12 
 m 2
2
2/13/2012 27
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Also
  V2 A
m
V2  1  a V1
V4  1  b V1
Then

1
W p  V13 1  a  Ab 2  b 
2

2/13/2012 28
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Write the Energy Equations between stations (1) and (2)

Exit Inlet

hp Datum

4 3 2 1

2/13/2012 29
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
 2g  2g
z1  z2
p2  V12 V22 
p1
    
   2g 2g 

2/13/2012 30
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University
Write the Energy Equations between stations (3) and (4)

p3 V32 p4 V42
 z3    z4 
 2g  2g
p3  V42 V32 
p4
    
   2g 2g 

2/13/2012 31
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Pressure difference across the propeller plane is:

Higher pressure Lower Pressure

3 2

2/13/2012 32
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

p p3  p2 p4  V42 V32  p1  V12 V22 

          
    2g 2g    2g 2g 
p1  p4
p  V42 V12 
   
  2g 2g 
p  V42 V12 
   
g  2 g 2 g 

p  V
4
2
 V12 
2

2/13/2012 33
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Thrust is found from:


T  pA  V
4
2
 V12 A
2
V4  V1 (1  b)

T V12bb  2A
2

2/13/2012 34
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

Relation between “a” and “b”


V12bb  2A
We have: From energy equation
T
2

and, T  AV12 1  a b From momentum equation

Equate the two expressions for propeller thrust


T V12bb  2A  AV12 1  a b
2
b  2  21  a   2  2a
b  2a
2/13/2012 35
 Ship Hydrodynamics2
Alexandria University

V4 V1

A4 A1
V2 = V3

4 3 2 1

V4=V1(1+2a)
V2=V3=V1(1+a)
V1

2/13/2012 36
Velocity Distribution