This document discusses factors that affect equipment cycle time for loading and hauling, including fixed time, variable time, and travel time. It describes how total resistance from rolling resistance and grade resistance affects vehicle speed. Methods for estimating travel time include using maximum speed multiplied by an average speed factor, or using manufacturer-provided travel time curves. Grade resistance is calculated based on vehicle weight and grade percentage. Altitude also affects engine power. Traction limits usable pull of vehicles. Performance curves show maximum speed over resistance.
This document discusses factors that affect equipment cycle time for loading and hauling, including fixed time, variable time, and travel time. It describes how total resistance from rolling resistance and grade resistance affects vehicle speed. Methods for estimating travel time include using maximum speed multiplied by an average speed factor, or using manufacturer-provided travel time curves. Grade resistance is calculated based on vehicle weight and grade percentage. Altitude also affects engine power. Traction limits usable pull of vehicles. Performance curves show maximum speed over resistance.
This document discusses factors that affect equipment cycle time for loading and hauling, including fixed time, variable time, and travel time. It describes how total resistance from rolling resistance and grade resistance affects vehicle speed. Methods for estimating travel time include using maximum speed multiplied by an average speed factor, or using manufacturer-provided travel time curves. Grade resistance is calculated based on vehicle weight and grade percentage. Altitude also affects engine power. Traction limits usable pull of vehicles. Performance curves show maximum speed over resistance.
This document discusses factors that affect equipment cycle time for loading and hauling, including fixed time, variable time, and travel time. It describes how total resistance from rolling resistance and grade resistance affects vehicle speed. Methods for estimating travel time include using maximum speed multiplied by an average speed factor, or using manufacturer-provided travel time curves. Grade resistance is calculated based on vehicle weight and grade percentage. Altitude also affects engine power. Traction limits usable pull of vehicles. Performance curves show maximum speed over resistance.
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CHAPTER 4
LOADING AND HAULING
ESTIMATING EQUIPMENT TRAVEL TIME
BY: ROSANIE VILA
Cycle time = Fixed time + Variable Time
Cycle Time = the time required for a haul unit to make one complete cycle.
Fixed Time = represents those components of cycle time other than travel time.
Variable Time = represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to the unloading site and return . FIXED TIME VARIABLE TIME
• SPOT TIME • TRAVEL TIME
• LOAD TIME -Vehicle’s weight and • MANEUVER TIME power • DUMP TIME -The condition of the haul road -The grades encountered -Altitude above sea level Resistance to Movement • The total resistance to movement of the vehicle affects the maximum speed of a vehicle in a specific situation. • The resistance that a vehicle encounters in traveling over a surface is made up of two components • Rolling resistance • Grade resistance
TOTAL RESISTANCE = Rolling resistance + Grade resistance
Resistance is expressed in: kg/ton (Resistance factor)
ROLLING RESISTANCE = ROLLING RESISTANCE FACTOR * WEIGHT IN TONS GRADE RESISTANCE • Represents the component of vehicle weight which acts parallel to an inclined surface. • When a vehicle is traveling: • Upgrade resistance is positive • Downgrade resistance is negative
Grade resistance = vehicle weight x sine of the angle between road
surface and horizontal Approximately:
Grade resistance = vehicle weight x grade resistance
factor (kg/ton)
GRADE RESISTANCE FACTOR:
Grade resistance factor (lb/ton) = 20 * grade (%)
Grade resistance factor (kg/t) = 10 * grade (%) EFFECTIVE GRADE • Simpler method for expressing total resistance is to state it as a grade (%). • This method of expressing total resistance is referred to as effective grade, equivalent grade, or percent total resistance and is often used in manufacturers’ performance charts. Effect of Altitude • All internal combustion engines lose power as their elevation above sea level increases because of the decreased density of air at higher elevations. • Engine power decreases approximately 3% for each 1000 ft (305 m) increase in altitude above the maximum altitude at which full rated power is delivered.
• Derating factor to express percentage of reduction in rated vehicle
power at various altitudes. Estimating the performance of naturally aspirated engines. Effect of Traction • The power available to move a vehicle and its load is expressed as rimpull for wheel vehicles and drawbar pull for crawler tractors. • Rimpull is the pull available at the rim of the driving wheels under rated conditions. Since it is assumed that no slippage of the tires on the rims will occur, this is also the power available at the surface of the tires. • Drawbar pull is the power available at the hitch of a crawler tractor operating under standard conditions. Maximum usable pull = Coefficient of traction + Weight on drivers Performance curves • indicates the maximum speed that a vehicle can maintain under rated conditions while overcoming a specified total resistance.
Retarder curves • indicates the maximum speed at which a vehicle can descend a slope when the total resistance is negative without using brakes. Estimating Travel Time • The maximum speed that a vehicle can maintain over a section of the haul route cannot be used for calculating travel time over the section, because it does not include vehicle acceleration and deceleration. • One method for accounting for acceleration and deceleration is to multiply the maximum vehicle speed by an average speed factor from Table 4–3 to obtain an average vehicle speed for the section. • A second method for estimating travel time over a section of haul route is to use the travel-time curves provided by some manufacturers. SPEED FOR HAUL = MAX SPEED * AVERAGE SPEED FACTOR
