The document discusses explosives used for rock excavation including dynamite, ammonium nitrate, and ANFO. Electric blasting caps connected in series, parallel, or parallel-series circuits are used to detonate the explosives. Blasting machines are used to fire the electric cap circuits. Safety precautions for blasting include prohibiting radio transmission near electric circuits, checking blastholes for hot materials, using clear signals to clear the area before blasting, and allowing only trained personnel to handle misfires.
The document discusses explosives used for rock excavation including dynamite, ammonium nitrate, and ANFO. Electric blasting caps connected in series, parallel, or parallel-series circuits are used to detonate the explosives. Blasting machines are used to fire the electric cap circuits. Safety precautions for blasting include prohibiting radio transmission near electric circuits, checking blastholes for hot materials, using clear signals to clear the area before blasting, and allowing only trained personnel to handle misfires.
The document discusses explosives used for rock excavation including dynamite, ammonium nitrate, and ANFO. Electric blasting caps connected in series, parallel, or parallel-series circuits are used to detonate the explosives. Blasting machines are used to fire the electric cap circuits. Safety precautions for blasting include prohibiting radio transmission near electric circuits, checking blastholes for hot materials, using clear signals to clear the area before blasting, and allowing only trained personnel to handle misfires.
The document discusses explosives used for rock excavation including dynamite, ammonium nitrate, and ANFO. Electric blasting caps connected in series, parallel, or parallel-series circuits are used to detonate the explosives. Blasting machines are used to fire the electric cap circuits. Safety precautions for blasting include prohibiting radio transmission near electric circuits, checking blastholes for hot materials, using clear signals to clear the area before blasting, and allowing only trained personnel to handle misfires.
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BLASTING
JEFFORD R. ANDOY EXPLOSIVES The principal explosives used for rock excavation include dynamite, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate in fuel oil (ANFO), and slurries. For construction use dynamite has largely been replaced by ammonium nitrate, ANFO, and slurries because these explosives are lower in cost and easier to handle than dynamite. Detonators used to initiate an explosion include both electric and nonelectric caps. Electric blasting (EB) caps are most widely used and are available as instantaneous caps or with delay times from a few milliseconds up to several seconds. The amount of explosive required to produce the desired rock fracture is usually expressed as a powder factor. Stemming (an inert material used to confine and increase the effectiveness of the blast) is placed in the top portion of the hole above the explosive. Electric Blasting Circuits Electric blasting caps may be connected in series, parallel, or parallel-series circuits, as illustrated in Figure 6–12. The types of insulated wires used to make up these circuits include legwires, buswires, connecting wires, and firing lines. Blasting machines are small dc generators or capacitive discharge (CD) units designed especially for firing electric cap circuits. Nonelectric Blasting Circuits The first and most conventional type of system utilizes detonating cord, either conventional or low energy, for the trunkline (main firing line), branch lines, and downlines (lines extending into individual blast holes). A second type of system uses a special shock/signal tube in lieu of detonating cord to initiate in-hole delay detonators. The third type of system utilizes a firing circuit (trunklines and downlines) made up of inert plastic tubing, manifolds, tees, and connectors. Immediately prior to use, the system is charged with an explosive gas mixture. Controlled and Secondary Blasting Secondary blasting is blasting used to break up boulders and oversized fragments resulting from primary blasting. The two principal methods of secondary blasting are block holing and mud capping. Nonexplosive techniques for breaking up boulders and oversized rock fragments include rock splitting and the use of percussion hammers. Rock splitters are hydraulically powered devices which are expanded inside a drilled hole to shatter the rock. Percussion hammers available for fragmenting rock include pneumatic handheld paving breakers and larger hydraulically powered units that may be attached to backhoes or other machines. Hydraulic hammers are increasingly popular for use in all types of demolition. The principal controlled blasting technique is called presplitting. A related technique for producing a smooth fracture line is called line drilling. BLASTING SAFETY Blasting is a dangerous procedure that is controlled by a number of governmental regulations. Following are a few of the major safety precautions that should be observed. Permit no radio transmission in the vicinity of electric blasting circuits, and discontinue work if there is evidence of an approaching electrical storm. Check blastholes before loading, because hot rock or a piece of hot drill steel in the hole can cause an explosion. Employ simple, clear signals for blasting, and ensure that all persons in the work area are familiar with the signals. Make sure that the blasting area is clear before a blast is fired. Misfires are particularly dangerous. Wait at least 1 h before investigating a misfire. Allow only well-trained personnel to investigate and dispose of misfires.
Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook: A Manual of Quick, Accurate Solutions to Everyday Pipeline Engineering Problems (Ninth Edition) Kaiser 2024 scribd download
Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook: A Manual of Quick, Accurate Solutions to Everyday Pipeline Engineering Problems (Ninth Edition) Kaiser 2024 scribd download
