Design Speed
Transportation Engineering - I
Design Speed
Design Speed according to AASHO
"It is the maximum safe speed that can be
maintained over a specified section of
highway when conditions are so favorable
that the design features of the highway
governs"
Factor affecting Design Speed
Following are the factors, which affect the
design speed;
Type of road
Importance of road
Surface characteristics of road
Type and intensity of traffic
Road geometric and topography of the area
Weather conditions (wind speed, rainfall etc)
Sight distance.
How to Choose Design Speed
Generally, the design speeds of highways
are chosen by administrative decision.
Consequently, the design speed for a
particular type of highway will vary from
country to country.
Rural Roads
The Department of transport's recommendations
with regard to design speed recognizes that
vehicle speeds vary according to the impression
of constraint that the mainline road alignment and
layouts impart to the driver.
Consequently,
the Department utilizes a graphical procedure,
which is based on measurements of this constraint
when selecting mainline design speed for rural
roads.
The table below shows typical design speeds
for both mainline and connector carriageways
Road type Design speed Speed
(km/h) limit
Motorways and dual 120 112
carriageways
Single carriageways 100 96
derestricted
Others 85,70 -------
Connector Type Design Speed
Desirable minimum Absolute
(Km/h) minimum (Km/h)
Link Roads 85 70
Slip roads 70 60
Design Speed (Rural Roads)
In practice, the majority of vehicles speeds on
dual and single carriageway highways are
generally less than the design speed (120 km/h),
and vehicle operating behavior is normally in
line with the conditions assumed in the
formulation of the speed design concept.
Design Speed (Rural Roads)
Design speeds lower than 120 km/h are often applied to
single carriageways in order to keep construction costs within
certain limits.
There is a danger in this philosophy, since the drivers will
obviously accept lower values. At difficult locations, repeated
studies have shown that they do not adjust their speeds to
the importance of the facility.
Instead, they endeavor to operate at speeds consistent with
the traffic on the facility and their view of its physical
limitations.
Design Speed (Rural Roads)
For a highway that is designed in the range 80 - 120
km/h, operating speeds tend to vary according to the;
○ actual speed
○ standard of individual alignment features
Thus they may often be in excess of the design
speed at particular locations.
Design Speed (Rural Roads)
Typically, however, operating speeds rarely exceeds the
speed standards for individual elements of horizontal
alignment, although they may be greater for vertical alignment
elements.
When the highway has a design speed less than about 80
km/h, actual speeds again vary considerably according to the
alignment conditions; and generally they are greater than the
design speed.
In this situation, it is quite invalid to consider design speeds as
reflective in any real way of drivers speed behavior.
Design Speed (Rural Roads)
Lower design speeds, e.g.
40 or
50 km/h,
are rarely used now a days as a basis for the
design of any significant length of rural highway;
rather, they may be used to design isolated curves
under severely constrained conditions.
Their applications generally results from an attempt
to fit the most liberal curves permitted by the terrain
constraints.
Design Speed (Rural Roads)
When designing a substantial length of highway, it is
obviously desirable that a constant design speed be used.
However, this may not always be feasible because of;
Topographical or other
Physical limitations
Where these occur, a change in design speed should not be
introduced abruptly, but instead a transition stretch of
adequate length should be inserted.
Within this stretch, drivers should be encouraged to reduce
speed gradually by means of adequate signing notifications.
Urban Roads
The design speed of mainline carriageways of an urban
motorway should ideally be as high as possible.
However, the basic consideration in choosing the design
speed of the higher qualities urban roads should be
greater than the running speed desired for maximum flow
during the peak demand periods.
Urban Roads
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS, influenced by the
greater frequency of intersections on urban
roads, combined with the greater (and more
expensive) land required by high speed
highways, strongly suggests that;
“Major highways in urban areas should be
designed to lower speed standards than
equivalent highways in rural areas.”
Urban Roads
From practical aspect, it should also be
appreciated that speed limits are more
readily imposed and accepted in urban
areas, so that motorists who might wish to
travel in excess of the speed standard for
the road during off peak hours are more
easily regulated.
Urban Roads
Design speeds for lower quality urban
roads are generally limited by the place
of these roads in the hierarchical
highway system, which in turn is
influenced by;
○ safety,
○ cost and
○ environmental concerns.
Urban Roads
In British practice, the design speeds for
urban roads are normally selected with
reference to the speed limits envisaged for
road, so as to permit small margin for
speeds in excess of the speed limit as
shown in table in the next slide. The
minimum design speed used on primary
distributors is 70 km/h.
Typical design speeds for mainline and
connector carriageways. (British Standard)
Table 1. mainline typical control speeds for main line carriageways for urban
roads in km/h
Design Speed Speed Limit
60 48
70 64
85 80
100 96
Table 2. control speeds for connector roads to motorways and dual
carriageways for urban roads in (km/h)
Connector Type Design Speed
Desirable minimum Absolute minimum
Link Roads 70 50
Slip roads 60 50
Traffic Estimation
Traffic estimation means the calculation of or collection of the traffic
data for the reconstruction or building a new road or highway. This
type of traffic data includes;
Traffic Flow or Traffic volume
Traffic Speeds
Travel time
Traffic Densities
Occupancies
Headways, and gaps.
Traffic Estimation
The basic type of traffic estimates is the;
○ Volumes or
○ Flows
Which governs the design of a roadway.
Traffic volumes
Traffic flow on a highway is measured by the
number of vehicles passing a particular station
during a given interval of time. In many
instances, traffic is stated as "Average Annual
Daily Traffic," commonly called the AADT.
Again, volume may be stated on an hourly basis,
such as the "hourly observed traffic volume,"
which is commonly used for design purposes.
Traffic flow
Traffic flow at a given location depends on
numerous factors peculiar to that site. As would be
expected, it varies by;
○ Hours of the day
○ Days of the week and
○ Months of the year
Likewise, its character changes; e.g., the
percentage and kind of trucks are a function both of
time of day and the contributing area.
Traffic Flow Pattern (Rural Areas)
Fig (a) shows traffic flow for a representative major
rural highway. Among its characteristics are;
Balanced movement in two directions throughout the day
The absence of sharp morning and afternoon peaks; and
A relatively uniform volume of heavy trucks
Greater daily volumes are indicated for the weekends,
with smallest flow midweek.
Fig. a-I . Average annual Traffic by hours of the day
Fig. a-II. Average daily flow in high and low months
Traffic Flow (Urban Areas)
Fig (b) shows the flow on a major urban traffic artery.
Heavy volumes of automobiles and buses carrying
commuters move westbound in the morning and reverse
their direction in afternoon.
There is a decided falloff in both directions in the middle of
the day. In contrast, heavy trucks flow generally begins
late in the morning, are relatively constant through the
midday period, and falloff somewhat in the late after
afternoon.
During the evening commuter period, the bridge is jammed
with eastbound passenger car, trucks, and buses. It
operates at capacity for some three hours.
Fig. (b). Rate of traffic flow in vehicle per hour on the San
Francisco-Auckland bay bridge,
Traffic Flow Urban Areas
(morning & Evening peak)
In contrast morning peak is much higher and
sharper, since the absence of trucks makes
room for added passenger cars. It is not
economically sound to have a highway
congestion-free every hour throughout the
year.
However it has been established that for
many hours each year the traffic volume
approaches that of the thirtieth heaviest hour,
which is the hourly volume exceeded only 29
hours throughout the year. This is
demonstrated for rural and urban situations by
fig (c) and fig (d) respectively.
Traffic Flow Urban Areas
As shown in fig (c) and fig (d) the ratio between thirtieth
hour volume and AADT is far from constant for all
roads; actually, recorded extremes have ranged from 8
to 38%. For rural locations, irreducible minimum
appears to be about 9.5%; lower percentage would be
definite indication that traffic desires are being
suppressed. There has been evidence in the past to
indicate that the ratio for individual stations remained
constant throughout the year, but recent studies do not
entirely support this view.
Fig. c
Fig.d
Estimating future traffic volumes
Many relatively new highways are now overcrowded because
they were designed for traffic volumes far lower than those
that have actually developed. All sorts of explanations have
been offered, but they might be summed in the statement
that "improved highways breed a traffic spiral that leads to
their obsolescence!“
Today's method for estimating the future traffic attempts to
recognize the traffic growth factors and thereby forestall early
congestion and obsolescence.
Future traffic on modern freeway type facilities in either urban
or rural areas has been subdivided as follows.
Estimating future traffic volumes
(Cont’d)
Current traffic: which would immediately use a highway
improvement.
Attracted traffic: that which would be attracted from other,
less desirable facilities to new one.
Generated traffic: that which develops soon after the new
facility is opened and is attributable to better accessibility,
convenience, and attractiveness.
Generated traffic, in contrast to attracted traffic, does not
exist before the facility is opened. Example of it would be the
seemingly spontaneous traffic increase that often comes
when a bridge replaces ferry service or a poor road is
replaced with a good one.
Normal traffic growth: which results from land
development; but only from land development that would not
have occurred –without the new facility.
Estimating future traffic volumes
Method for estimating
motorist's preference
is given in Fig(e).
Which suggest that
diversions be
allocated by means of
a "travel time ratio".
Estimating future traffic volumes
Several computer procedures for
determining traffic volumes on free ways,
with due recognition of diversion, have
been developed.
Traffic diversion charts indicates that many
drivers place great importance in time
saving; they are willing to drive extra
distances and absorb the added costs of so
doing to save time.
Estimating future traffic volumes
On arterial highways in urban areas, generated
traffic varying between 5 and 30% of existing
traffic occurs on most arterial improvements.
Also it is expected that "normal traffic growth"
will continue. The growth of developmental
traffic is, of course, difficult to appraise,
because it is dependent on, among other
things, the economic development of the area
and the nation.
Estimating future traffic volumes
Projected land uses probably offers the most
reasonable clues.
It should be apparent that estimates of future
traffic are difficult to make and approximate
at best. Even so, the highway engineer must
make them to the best of his abilities since
predictions based on all available knowledge
are far better than blind guesses.
The End
