STRUCTURAL DESIGN-II
STEEL
Itis an alloy of carobon and Iron.
Apart from carbon a small percentage of
sulphur, Phosphorous, manganese etc. are
added to suit the steel for intended
purpose
Hot rolling
Hot Rolled sections
Rolled Steel I-Section
Rolled Steel Channel Section
Rolled Steel Angle Section
Rolled steel T-Section
Rolled Steel Bars
Rolled Steel Tubes
Rolled I-Section
Rolled Channel Section
Rolled Angle section
Rolled Equal Angles
Rolled Unequal Angles
Rolled T-Section
Rolled steel Bars,Tubes & Plates
Riveted Connection
Bolted Connection
Diameter is specified by M16,M20 etc.
Types of Bolted Connection
Lap joint
Butt joint
Single shear Vs Double shear
Failure of bolted connection
Design strength of bearing bolt
Design strength of the bolt (Bolt value) is
taken as smaller of the value governed by
shear and bearing.
a) Shear capacity of the bolt
b)Bearing capacity of the bolt
WELDING
Welding is a process of joining two similar
or dissimilar material with or without
pressure by using filler material.
Type of welded joint
1. Butt Weld
2. Fillet Weld
3. Slot weld and Plug weld
Fillet weld
Itis weld of approximately triangular in
shape, joining two surfaces in a right
angles to each other in lap joint.
Slot weld and Plug weld
Size of the fillet weld
Size of the normal fillet weld can be take as minimum
weld leg size.
Minimum size of the weld
Maximum size of weld
Effective throat thickness
Effective length of fillet weld
Design strength of fillet weld
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CIVILIONZZ
MODULE 4
ROOF TRUSS
ROOF TRUSS
A framed structure composed of several
members which are bolted or welded
together at their ends.
Bracing
Trusses are sufficiently strong to transmit
force acting in their plane but weak in a
direction perpendicular to the plane.
Type of Roof Trusses
Load on Roof Truss
1. DEAD LOAD
2. LIVE LOAD
3. WIND LOAD
4. EARTHQUAKE LOAD
5. ERECTION LOAD
6. SNOW LOAD
DEAD LOAD
It will be sum of self weight of various elements of a Roof
i. Self weight of sheeting
AC sheeting- 170 to 200 N/m2
GI sheeting - 100 to 150 N/m2
ii Self weight of purlins
100-120 N/m2
iii Self weight of bracing
20 N/m2
iv Self weight of truss
If only span is given, self weight =20+6.6L
If both span and spacing of truss given
Self weight = 10(L/3 + 5)*S/4
LIVE LOAD
It is based upon slope θ
θ= tanˉ(Rise/half span)
LL= 750N/m2 , θ< 10°
If θ> 10°
LL= 750-(θ-10)*20 N/m2
LL on the truss = 2/3* LL on Roof
WIND LOAD
Problem 1
Determine the design loads on the roof truss for
a factory building having span 20m and pitch
of 1/5. The height of truss at eve’s level is 10m,
the spacing of trusses is 4.5m. The factory
building is 36m long is located at Delhi.
Provide AC sheeting.
Solution:
Datas: Span=20m, Pitch=1/5, length=36m
H=height of eve level =10m,
Spacing of truss= 4.5m
AC sheeting and located in Delhi
Dead
load
Self weight of AC sheeting = 200N/m2
Self weight of purlin = 120 N/m2
Self weight of bracing = 20 N/m2
Self weight of truss = 10()*
=10()*
=131.25 N/m2
DL of Roof =200+120+20+131.25 = 471.25N/m2
LIVE
LOAD
Pitch = =
So Rise= x 20=4m
θ =)
= )=21.80°
LL on the Roof = 750-[(21.8-10)*20]
= 513.97 N/m2
LL on the Truss = x 513.97= 342.64 N/m2
WIND LOAD
Vb for delhi is obtained from A, Vb=47m/s
Risk coeffecient k1 is obtained from Table 1
Considering general buildings with life
span of 50 yrs
k1=1
Considering terrain category 3 and Class B
structure, Height of structure =10m
From Table 2 K2=0.88
Considering Flat terrain k3=1
Vz =Vbx k1 x k2 x k3= 47x 1x 0.88x1=41.36m/s
Design
wind pressure Pz=0.6Vz2
= 0.6x=1026.38 N/m2
Finding Pressure coefficients for Roof
External pressure coefficient (Cpe)
From Table 5 h/w=10/20=0.5
Roof slope=21.8°
Case (i) in the Table 5 matches
Wind angle 0°, EF= -0.328 & GH=-0.4
Wind angle 90°, EG= -0.7 & FH= -0.6
Cpe= -0.70 (maximum magnitude)
Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi)
Assuming medium permeability Cpi=
Cpe-Cpi =-0.7
Wind Force acting= (Cpe-Cpi)xPz= 1.2x1026.38
= 1231.65 N/m2
Design of Purlins
Problem 2
Design angle purlin for the following data by
simplified method
Spacing of truss = 3.5m
Spacing of purlin = 1.6m
Weight of AC sheets including laps and
fixtures= 0.205 kN/m2
Live load =0.6 kN/m2
Wind load = 1 kN/m2 (Suction)
Inclination of main rafter of truss= 21°
Trial section
Minimum depth = L/45=3500/45=78mm
Minimum width = L/60=3500/60=58.3mm
Let us try ISA 90x60x6 mm
DL:
Weight of AC sheet with overlap and fixtures = 0.205kN/m2
= 1.6x 0.205 = 0.328 kN/m
LL:
Live load = 1.6 x0.6 = 0.96 kN/m
Total vertical downward load = 0.328+0.96=1.288kN/m
Factored downward load= 1.5x 1.288= 1.932 kN/m
Factored load perpenticular to sheeting = 1.932 x cos21
= 1.804 kN/m
Factored DL+WL perpenticular to sheeting =1.5(0.328cos21-1.6)
= -1.940 kN/m
FactoredDL+WL is critical
Bendung moment M== =2.376kNm
For ISA 90X60x6
b/tf =60/6 =10 , between 9.4 and 10.5
h/tw =90/6 =15 , between 10.5 and 15.7
Hence it belongs to class 3 (Semi compact section)
For such section
Md = =11.5x x250 /1.1 = 2.875 kNm
Hence ISA 90x60x6 is safe as purlin
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CIVILIONZZ
MODULE-IV
MASONRY WALL
IS 1905:1987
Masonry walls can be broadly classified in to
load bearing- A wall carrying vertical loads
in addition to its own weight with any lateral
load
Non load bearing walls-A wall which carries
it’s own weight but do not carry any
imposed load
Non load bearing walls are again classified as
Cavity walls (Cl 2.21, page 4)
Faced wall
Veneered wall
Design considerations:
General considerations (cl 4.1, page 5)
Strength of masonry wall depends on strength
of masonry unit and strength of mortar.
Normally stronger mortar used with stronger
bricks and weaker mortar used with weaker
bricks.
The thickness of masonry wall should be such
that it is sufficient at all points to cater the
resulting stress due to loading.
Strength of a wall depends on slenderness
ratio.It’s again depends on height of the wall,
length of the wall, Thickness of the wall.
Effective Height (Cl 4.3, page 11)
Definition (Cl.2.6 page 3)
Table 4 – Effective height of the wall(Fig 11)
Effective length (Cl 4.4, page 12)
Definition (Cl.2.7 page 3)
Table 5 – Effective Length of the wall(fig13)
Effective thickness (Cl 4.5, page 13)
Definition (Cl.2.8 page 3)
Slendernessratio (SR) (Cl 4.6, page 14)
Definition (Cl 4.6.1, page 14)
Problem 1
In a double storey building clear height between
floors is 3.3m and height of plinth is 0.6m above the
foundation. The thickness of the roof slab is 15cm
and wall thickness 20cm. If one of the walls of the
building is continuous at one end and supported by
cross wall at the other end and is of length 4m. find
I. Effective height of the wall in first floor
II. Effective length of wall
III. Slenderness ratio
Solution:
i. Condition belongs to case 1 of table 4
Hence effective height of the wall = 0.75H
H=measured height from top of foundation to centre
of roof slab
H= 0.6+3.3+0.15/2=3.975m
Effective height = 0.75x 3.975=2.981m
ii. From table 5 , effective length= 0.9L
effective length= 0.9x 4= 3.6m
iii. Since wall is solid, effective thickness =20cm
slenderness ratio=min ( Effective height or Effective length )
Effective thickness Effective thickness
=2.981/0.20
= 14.90
STRUCTURAL DESIGN (Cl 5, page
15)
Design loads (Cl 5.2, page 15)
Permissible stresses (Cl 5.4 , page 15)
Permissible stress= Basic compressive
stress(fb, from Table 8)xstress reduction factor
(ks from table 9)x Area reduction factor(Ka,
from Cl 5.4.1.2)x shape modification factor
(Ks from table 10)
If actual compressive stress is less than
permissible stress, then the design is safe.
Problem 2
A masonry wall carrying an axial load of
9.8kN/m is of 3.5m effective length. It is not
braced by cross walls. The effective height of
the wall is 2.4m. Design the masonry wall.
Solution:
Assume the thickness of wall= 200mm
Slenderness ratio will be the min of ratio of
effective height to effective thickness or
Effective length to effective thickness.Since
effective height is less than effective length
Slenderness ratio= Effective height
Effective thickness
= 2400/200=12
Assuming CM 1:5 and brick compressive strength 5
N/mm2, Basic value of compressive strength from
Table 8, fb=0.5 N/mm2
From Table 9, SR=12 and eccentricity=0, stress
reduction factor Ks=0.84
Area of the wall = 3.5x 0.2=0.7m2<0.2 m2
Hence no size reduction factor is needed
ie, Ka=1
Assuming height to width ratio wall as ‘1’ and
shape modification factor for crushing strength of
5N/mm2 is Kp=1.2
Permissible compressive stress,
fc=KaxKsxKpxfb
= 1x 0.84x 1.2x 0.5
= 0.504 N/mm2
Actual Compressive stress,f =P/A
= 9800/(1000*200)
= 0.049 N/mm2
Since actual compressive stress,f <
permissible compressive stress fb, wall is safe.
Hence provide 200mm thick brickwall with
bricks of 5 N/mm2 crushing strength and M1
grade mortar(CM 1:5)
Problem-3
A masonry wall 200mm thick carries an axial
load of 50kN and an eccentric load of 30kN at
an eccentriccity of 30mm from the centre of the
wall. Determine the stress in the masonry at the
plane of loading
Solution:
Taking
moment about centreline of wall
P1x0+P2x30=Pxe
e= P2x30/(30+50)=900/80
= 90/8 mm.
f=
= 0.45
= 0.585, 0.315 N/mm2
Both the stresses are compressive in nature1
