Reinforced Columns
Concrete Construction
Lecture Goals
Columns
Short Column Design
Long Column Design
Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity, i.e.
Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
Failure Envelope )
Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before
concrete crushes
Note: Any combination of P and M outside the envelope
will cause failure.
Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram -General
Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Resultant Forces action at Centroid
( h/2 in this case )
Pn Cs1 Cc Ts2
compression
is positive
Moment about geometric center
h
h
h a
M n Cs1 * d1 Cc * Ts2 * d 2
2
2
2 2
Columns in Pure Tension
Section is completely cracked (no concrete
axial capacity)
Uniform Strain
y
N
Pn tension f y As
i 1
Columns
Strength Reduction Factor, (ACI Code 9.3.2)
(a) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.
= 0.9
(b) Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement confirming
to 10.9.3
Other reinforced members
Columns
Except for low values of axial compression, may be
increased as follows:
when f y 60,000 psi and reinforcement is symmetric
and
h d d s 0.70
h
ds = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement.
Then may be increased linearly to 0.9 as Pn
decreases from 0.10fc Ag to zero.
Column
Columns
Commentary:
Other sections:
may be increased linearly to 0.9 as the
strain s increase in the tension steel. Pb
Design for Combined Bending and
Axial Load (short column)
Design - select cross-section and reinforcement
to resist axial load and moment.
Design for Combined Bending and
Axial Load (short column)
Column Types
1) Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral expensive
2) Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when
e/h < 0.2 and for biaxial bending
General Procedure
The interaction diagram for a column is
constructed using a series of values for Pn and
Mn. The plot shows the outside envelope of the
problem.
General Procedure for construction
of an interaction diagram
Compute P0 and determine maximum Pn in
compression
Select a c value.
Calculate the stress in the steel components.
Calculate the forces in the steel and concrete,C c, Cs1
and Ts.
Determine Pn value.
Compute the Mn about the center.
Compute moment arm,e = Mn / Pn.
General Procedure for construction
of an interaction diagram
Repeat with series of c values (10) to obtain a
series of values.
Obtain the maximum tension value.
Plot Pn verse Mn.
Determine Pn and Mn.
Find the maximum compression level.
Find the will vary linearly from 0.65 to 0.9 for the
strain values
The tension component will be = 0.9
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10
( = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Ast 8 1.27 in 2 10.16 in 2
Ag 20 in. 400 in 2
2
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
P0 0.85 f c Ag Ast f y Ast
0.85 4 ksi 400 in 10.16 in
2
1935 k
Pn rP0
0.8 1935 k 1548 k
60 ksi 10.16 in
2
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb.
Pn rP0
0.8 1935 k 1548 k
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb. Using similar
triangles you can find cb
cb
17.5 in.
0.003
cb
17.5 in.
0.003 0.003 0.00207
0.003 0.00207
cb 10.36 in.
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel
cb 2.5 in.
10.36 in. 2.5 in.
s1
cu
0.003 0.00228
cb
10.36 in.
cb 10 in.
10.36 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.000104
cb
10.36 in.
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel
f s1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00228
66 ksi 60 ksi compression
f s2 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.000104
3.02 ksi compression
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 10.36 in.
598.8 k
Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
215.6 k
Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 3.02 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
0.97 k neglect
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Ts As f s 3 1.27 in
60 ksi
228.6 k
Pn 599.8 k 215.6 k 228.6 k
585.8 k
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h
h
M Cc Cs1
d1 Ts d 3
2 2
2
2
20 in. 0.85 10.85 in.
599.8 k
2
2
20 in.
215.6 k
2.5 in.
2
20 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in.
6682.2 k-in 556.9 k-ft
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 6682.2 k-in
e
11.41 in.
P
585.8 k
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in.
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel, c =17.5 in.
c 2.5 in.
17.5 in. 2.5 in.
s1
cu
0.003 0.00257
c
17.5 in.
f s1 74.5 ksi 60 ksi (compression)
c 10 in.
17.5 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.00129
c
17.5 in.
f s2 37.3 ksi (compression)
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.
1012 k
Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
216 k
Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 37.3 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
86 k
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Ts As f s 3 1.27 in
0 ksi
0k
Pn 1012 k 216 k 86 k
1314 k
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h
M Cc Cs1
d1
2 2
2
20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.
1012 k
2
2
20 in.
216 k
2.5 in.
2
4213 k-in 351.1 k-ft
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 4213 k-in
e
3.2 in.
P
1314 k
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 6 in.
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
c 2.5 in.
s1
cu
c
f s1 50.75 ksi
6 in. 2.5 in.
0.003 0.00175
6 in.
(compression)
c 10 in.
6 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.002
c
6 in.
f s2 58 ksi (tension)
c 17.5 in.
6 in. 17.5 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.00575
c
6 in.
f s2 60 ksi (tension)
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 6 in.
346.8 k
Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 50.75 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
180.4 k C
Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 58 ksi
147.3 k T
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Ts As f s 3 1.27 in
60 ksi
228.6 k
Pn 346.8 k 180.4 k 147.3 k 228.6 k
151.3 k
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h
h
M Cc Cs1
d1 Ts d 3
2 2
2
2
0.85 6 in.
346.8 k 10 in.
180.4 k 10 in. 2.5 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in. 10 in.
5651 k-in 470.9 k-ft
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 5651.2 k-in
e
37.35 in.
P
151.3 k
Select point of straight tension
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
The maximum tension in the column is
Pn As f y 8 1.27 in
610 k
60 ksi
Example
Point
c (in)
Pn
Mn
1548 k
20
1515 k
253 k-ft
2 in
17.5
1314 k
351 k-ft
3.2 in
12.5
841 k
500 k-ft
7.13 in
10.36
585 k
556 k-ft
11.42 in
8.0
393 k
531 k-ft
16.20 in
6.0
151 k
471 k-ft
37.35 in
~4.5
0k
395 k-ft
infinity
-610 k
0 k-ft
Example
Column Analysis
Use a series of c
values to obtain the
Pn verses Mn.
2000
1500
P (k)
1000
500
0
0
100
200
300
-500
-1000
M (k-ft)
400
500
600
Example
Max. compression
Column Analysis
1200
1000
Location of the
linearly varying
800
Pn (k)
600
Cb
400
200
0
-200
100
200
300
-400
Max. tension
-600
-800
Mn (k-ft)
400
500
