Cross Sections
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ScribdTranslationsThe geometric elements are properties of a channel section that can be defined by
complete due to the geometry of the section and the flow depth. These elements are very important
and are widely used in the calculation of channel flow.
For regular and simple channel sections, the geometric elements can be expressed
mathematically in terms of flow depth and other dimensions of the section. For
complicated sections and sections of natural currents, however, one cannot write a
simple equation to express these elements, but curves that represent the can be prepared.
relationship between these elements and flow depth for use in hydraulic calculations.
The most well-known shape of the cross-section of a channel is the trapezoidal one, as shown in
the following figure.
Geometric elements of the cross-section of a channel
Where:
y = water height, height that the water reaches in the cross section
b = base of the channel or width of the sole
T = mirror of water or free water surface
H = total depth of the channel
H-y = free edge
A = (b + Z⋅y)⋅y, hydraulic area
P = b + 2⋅y⋅(1 + Z²)^0.5, wetted perimeter
R = A/P, hydraulic ratio
ȳ = A/T , hydraulic flow or average flow.
C = crown width
θ = angle of inclination of the side walls with the horizontal
Definitions of various geometric elements of the cross-section of a channel. They are of
basic importance and they are as follows:
- Slope "Z": It is the ratio of the horizontal projection to the vertical of the side wall (it is also called
slope of the side walls of the channel). That is, Z is the value of the horizontal projection when the
Vertical is 1, applying trigonometric relationships according to the figure, it retains:
Z = cotangent(theta)
Water depth or flow depth 'y': It is the vertical distance from the lowest point of a
section of the channel up to the free surface, that is, the maximum depth of water in the channel.
Surface width or water mirror 'T': It is the width of the free surface of the water.
– Wet area or hydraulic area 'A': It is the surface occupied by the liquid in a cross section.
normal any.
Wet perimeter "P": It is the part of the conduit perimeter that is in contact with the liquid.
– Hydraulic radius "R": It is the ratio of the wetted area to its wetted perimeter, the radius
hydraulic is the characteristic dimension of the cross section, it performs the functions of the diameter in
pipes.
R =A/ P
Hydraulic depth "D" or mean depth "ȳ ": It is the relationship between the hydraulic area and the surface.
of water.
D = ȳ = A/T
– Section factor for the calculation of critical flow: It is the product of the wetted area and the square root of the
hydraulic depth
Section factor Z = A (D)^0.5 = A (A/ T)^0.5
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Geometric properties of channels
GEOMETRIC PROPERTY OF CHANNELS
The cross-section of a natural channel is generally very irregular in shape and varies from one place to another.
another, from approximately a parabola to approximately a trapezoid.
Artificial channels are usually designed with regular geometric shapes (prismatic), a channel
built with an unchanging cross-section and a constant bottom slope is known as
prismatic channel. The term channel section refers to the cross-section of a channel taken at
perpendicular to the direction of the flow, the most common sections are the following:
Open Sections
Trapezoidal section: It is used in earthen channels because it provides the necessary slopes for
stability, and in lined channels.
Rectangular section: Because the rectangle has vertical sides, it is generally used for
canals built with stable materials, wooden aqueducts, for channels excavated in rock and
for lined channels.
Triangular section: It is used for lined ditches on roads, also in earth channels.
small, primarily for ease of stroke. They are also used as coatings, such as sewers
of the roads.
Parabolic section: It is used occasionally for lined channels and is the shape they take.
approximately many natural channels and old channels of the land.
Closed sections
Circular section: The circle is the most common section for sewers and drains of various sizes.
small and medium.
Parabolic section: They are commonly used for sewers and important hydraulic structures.
CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO CHANNEL SELECTION
The expressions that allow calculation are a function of the geometric shape of the cross-section of the
canal.
The following table summarizes the most used sections with the units of the international system.
IMAGE 37. MOST USED SECTIONS IN CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Rectangular section channels
Wet area:
EQUATION 58.CALCULATION OF WET AREA IN RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
Wet perimeter:
EQUATION 59. CALCULATION OF WET PERIMETER IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS.
Where:
L = width of the canal base (in m).
h = height of the liquid level inside the rectangular section.
Triangular section channels
Wet area:
EQUATION 60. CALCULATION OF WET AREA IN TRIANGULAR SECTIONS.
Wet perimeter:
EQUATION 61. CALCULATION OF PERIMETER WET IN TRIANGULAR SECTIONS
Where: being: the angle of the slope with the vertical.
Trapezoidal section channels
Wet area:
EQUATION 62. CALCULATION OF WET AREA IN TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION.
Wet perimeter:
EQUATION 63.CALCULATION OF PERIMETER WET IN TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Geometric properties of channels in:
hthttp://www.ingenierocivilinfo.com/2010/12/channel-geometry.html
Table 1 provides the formulas for the geometric elements and the derivatives of some of these.
elements, which are necessary for the use of the general equation [9], in terms of deltpo of
cross section of the channel and the critical depth of the flow.
Table 1. Geometric properties of the most common cross-sections of open channels, in
critical depth function, yc
cross-sectional elections
A cross-section is a "cut" of 2 dimensions in a figure of 3 dimensions. Another way of
Seeing this is finding the intersection of a 2-dimensional plane and a 3-dimensional figure.
For any given figure in 3 dimensions, the cross-section depends on the orientation of the plane.
or "cut". For example, consider a cylinder. Several cross sections can result in a
circle or rectangle, as shown below, or any of several other shapes.
