Specific Magnetic Loading and Electric Loading
Choice of Specific Magnetic Loading
(DC Machine)
Flux density in teeth
The iron loss in teeth determined by flux density and it increase if a higher flux density is
used in teeth.
So less average flux density is preferred.
Frequency
Frequency of flux reversal, f = pn/2. if ‘f’ is high iron losses would be high.
So we shouldn’t use high value of ‘Bg’ if high frequency is used.
Size of machine
Diameter increases with width of teeth.
If flux density increases size of the machine also increases.
(Induction Motors)
Power Factor: with higher values of Bav in the gap, results in large magnetizing current, giving low
power factor. However in IM Bg should be such that there is no saturation in any part of the magnetic
circuit.
For high power factor small Bav preferred
Iron loss: an increased in Bav result in increased in iron loss an decreased in efficiency.
For low loss small Bav preferred
Over load capacity : with increase in Bav, flux per pole is large. Turns per phase and no of turns
becomes less. Reduction in leakage reactance. Thereby gives maximum output for same voltage. So
machines has larger over load capacity.
For high overload capacity high Bav preferred
(Synchronous Machines)
Iron loss: High Bav → high flux density in the teeth and core → high iron loss → higher temperature
rise.
Transient Short Circuit Current: High Bav → low Tph → low leakage reactance (Xl )→ high short
circuit current
Voltage Rating: In HV machines slot width to accommodate thicker insulation → smaller tooth width →
small allowable Bav
Stability : Pmax =VE/Xs . Since high Bav gives low Tph and hence low Xl increases Pmax and improves
stability.
Parallel operation : Ps = (VE sinδ)/Xs ; where δ is the torque angle. So low Xs gives higher value for the
synchronizing power leading stable parallel operation of synchronous generators.
Choice of Specific Electric Loading
(DC Machines)
Temperature rise
High value of ‘ac’ results in high temperature rise in windings
So high ‘ac’ in semi-closed machines is preferred.
Speed of machine
If speed is high, ventilation is better, so greater losses can be dissipated.
So high value of ‘ac’ can be used for high ac machines.
Voltage
In high voltage machines large space is required for insulation, so there is less spacing for
conductors.
So in high voltage machines, smaller ‘ac’ is preferred.
Size of machine
In large machines, large space available for conductors
So for large diameter machine, greater ‘ac’ can be employed
Armature reaction
If we use a high value of ‘ac’ the armature becomes higher.
The mmf required for field will have increased in order to prevent decrease in flux. So
cost of conductors go up.
Commutation
Increased in ‘ac’, increases inductance in armature.
The reactance voltage in coils undergoing commutation is directly proportional for
induction.
Thus reactance voltage is high in case a high value of ‘ac’ is used.
(Induction Motors)
Copper loss and temp rise
Large value of ac , needs greater amount of copper , results in higher copper losses and large
temperature rise.
For low temp. rise small ac is preferred.
Voltage
For high voltage machines , less value of ac should be chosen, because it needs large space for
insulation.
For high voltage machines small ac is preferred.
Overload capacity
Larger value of ac , results in large number of turns per phase. Which in turn increase the
leakage reactance of the machine, reduces the overload capacity of the machine.
For high capacity machines small ac is preferred.
(Synchronous Machines)
Copper loss and temperature rise:
High value of ac → higher copper loss leading high temperature rise. So choice of depends on
the cooling method used.
Operating voltage
High voltage machines require large insulation and so the slot space available for conductors is
reduced. So a lower value for ac has to be chosen.
Synchronous reactance (Xs)
High value of ac results in high value of Xs , and this leads to a) poor voltage regulation b) low
steady state stability limit.
Stray load losses
increase with increase in ac.
