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Magnetic Sensors and MagnetoResistive

Magnetic sensors detect and measure magnetic fields, converting them into electrical signals through principles like the Hall Effect and magneto-resistance. Magneto-resistive sensors specifically change resistance in ferromagnetic materials under magnetic fields, with types including AMR, GMR, and TMR, each suited for various applications. These sensors are used in automotive, electronics, industrial, medical, and aerospace fields due to their high sensitivity and reliability.

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5 views2 pages

Magnetic Sensors and MagnetoResistive

Magnetic sensors detect and measure magnetic fields, converting them into electrical signals through principles like the Hall Effect and magneto-resistance. Magneto-resistive sensors specifically change resistance in ferromagnetic materials under magnetic fields, with types including AMR, GMR, and TMR, each suited for various applications. These sensors are used in automotive, electronics, industrial, medical, and aerospace fields due to their high sensitivity and reliability.

Uploaded by

22wh1a05i0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Magnetic Sensors & Magneto-resistive Sensors

2. On what principle do magnetic sensors work? Briefly outline


their working mechanisms.
Definition:
Magnetic sensors are devices that detect and measure magnetic fields or changes in magnetic flux
and convert them into electrical signals.

Principle:
• Based on the interaction between magnetic fields and electrical or electromagnetic properties of
materials.
• Common effects: Hall Effect, Magneto-resistance, Fluxgate principle, Inductive effect (Faraday’s
law).

Working Mechanisms:
• Hall Effect Sensors: Current in a semiconductor plate generates a Hall voltage when exposed to
a perpendicular magnetic field.
• Magneto-resistive Sensors: Magnetic field alters resistance of ferromagnetic material; bridge
circuits measure voltage change.
• Fluxgate Sensors: Ferromagnetic core excited by AC; external field produces harmonics
proportional to magnetic field.
• Inductive Sensors: Change in magnetic flux through a coil induces voltage.

Advantages:
• Non-contact measurement
• High sensitivity to weak fields
• Can work in harsh conditions

Applications:
• Position/speed sensing in robotics and vehicles
• Compass & navigation
• Current sensing in power electronics
• Industrial proximity and gear-tooth detection.

3. Magneto-resistive Sensors: Principle, Types, and Applications


Definition:
Magneto-resistive sensors utilize the change in electrical resistance of ferromagnetic materials
under an external magnetic field.

Working Principle:
• Based on the Magneto-resistance effect: resistance varies with strength and direction of an
applied field.
• Relation: R = R0 (1 + k cos²θ), where θ is the angle between current and field.

Types:
• AMR (Anisotropic Magneto-resistance): Simple, cost-effective, for low fields.
• GMR (Giant Magneto-resistance): Uses multilayer thin films, very sensitive.
• TMR (Tunnel Magneto-resistance): Uses magnetic tunnel junction, highest sensitivity and low
noise.
• CIP/CPP structures based on current direction in the layers.
Construction:
• Thin ferromagnetic film (permalloy) in a Wheatstone bridge.
• May include soft magnetic bias layers for linearity.

Advantages:
• Detect weak fields
• Low power use
• Compact and reliable

Applications:
• Automotive: wheel speed, steering angle, throttle position
• Electronics: e-compass in smartphones, GPS
• Industrial: motor commutation, proximity sensing, current sensors
• Medical: magnetic particle bio-sensors
• Aerospace: navigation and satellite attitude sensing.

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