SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Characteristics and Physical Properties of Minerals, Rocks, and the Rock Cycle

Learning objectives:
1. Identify and describe the physical properties of minerals.
2. Explain the Rock Cycle and describe how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
are formed and classified.
3. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types based on their
formation processes and characteristics.
4. Share their opinions on the importance of ores and minerals in the Earth's economy,
and the process of locating and mining them.

2.1: Minerals

What are the minerals and how are they different from one another?
Share your ideas here:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

What I need to know?

General Characteristic of Minerals
Earth is one of the four terrestrial planets in the Solar System. The geosphere, which is
one of the four interacting spheres that allow life to exist, refers to the solid Earth. It is
composed of rock and regolith which are essentially aggregates of various minerals. A
mineral is defined as a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical
composition and an ordered internal structure. Every mineral is unique, but they exhibit
general characteristics.
1. Naturally-occurring - Minerals exist naturally. Steel and synthetic diamonds are created
artificially, and therefore, are not minerals.
2. Inorganic - Minerals are limited to substances formed through inorganic processes, and
exclude materials derived from living organisms which involved organic processes. Coal,
which is composed of remains of plants and other inorganic compounds, is not a mineral.
3. Solid - All liquids and gases-even those that are naturally formed such as petroleum—
are not considered minerals. Ice formed in the glaciers is considered a mineral but water
is not.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

4. Definite chemical composition - The chemical composition of minerals should express

the exact chemical formula with the elements and compounds in specific ratios. The only
exception is the atomic substitution, which is a characteristic of certain minerals.
5. Ordered internal structure - The atoms in minerals are organized in a regular, repetitive
geometric pattern or crystal structure. Volcanic glass, even if it is formed naturally, is no
considered a mineral because it is amorphous and has no form. Substances that fulfill all
the requirements but do not have an ordered internal structure are called mineraloids.
Examples of mineraloids are amber, obsidian, opal, and pearl.
7. Native metals consist of a single metal such as copper. (Cu) and gold (Au).

Physical Property of Minerals

There are around 4000 minerals, each with a unique set of physical properties, such as
crystal formation, habit, cleavage, fracture, luster, color, streak, hardness, density,
magnetism, taste, feel, and reaction to acid. These physical properties are useful for
identifying minerals using a systematic method such as Dana classification.
Crystal Form and Habit
Since minerals have a definite chemical composition, it forms a definite structure which
crystallizes into a specific crystal form. The outward appearance of the mineral's crystal
form, on the other hand, is its habit. It can be described as granular, tabular, dendritic,
acicular, massive, reniform, drusy, or encrusting.
For more examples of Crystal form and Habit click the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgSRAsgrKmg

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cleavage and Fracture

The manner in which a mineral break is
dependent on its molecular bonding and
structure. The tendency of a mineral to
break along planes of weakness is known as
cleavage. It can be described both in the
number and directions of cleavage planes
and its quality (excellent, good, poor, or
absent). Minerals with excellent cleavage
will break into smooth, flat, parallel
surfaces. A good cleavage will result in
small, smooth, steplike flat surfaces. Fig 1: Conchoidal fracture in quartz
Cleavage surfaces are difficult to identify in
minerals with poor cleavage, while minerals that do not have cleavage will fracture either
in an irregular manner of as conchoidal fracture (smooth, curved surface)

Luster
The luster of a mineral describes the
appearance of light as it is reflected off its
surface. A mineral may be described as
metallic, like that of a polished metal.
Alternatively, it may be described as
nonmetallic, which can be vitreous (like
glass), resinous (like resin), pearlescent,
silky, greasy, earthy, and dull.

Fig 3: Nonmetallic Mineral lusters

Color and Streak

Although color is the most
obvious mineral property, it is
not a reliable feature for
identifying minerals because it
can be altered by chemical
impurities within its structure.
Quartz is colorless but slight
impurities can produce a variety
of colors, such as white (like in
milky quartz), yellow (like in Fig4: The streak of a mineral can be identified using a
citrine), purple (like in streak plate
amethyst), or black (like in
smoky quartz). Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form. It can be obtained by
rubbing the mineral on an abrasive ceramic tile called streak plate.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Hardness
Hardness The hardness of a mineral is a measurement of the strength of the chemical
bonds in its structure. It can be measured by scratching it with another mineral or a

reference material with known hardness. The Mobs scale of hardness is a relative measure
of hardness using common materials and standard minerals to represent a specific
hardness value.
Density
Specific gravity is a measure of the density of a mineral. It is the weight of a mineral
relative to the weight of an equal volume of water. Most common minerals have a specific
gravity of 2.7, while gold has 19.
Other properties with the corresponding minerals that exhibit these properties are as
follows:

 Magnetism (magnetite)
 Taste (halite is salty)
 Effervescence or reaction to acid (calcite and other carbonates will react with weak
acid)
 Feel (talc is greasy)

Did you know?

That the soft, dull, dark gray-to-black, common mineral graphite has the same
chemical composition as the brilliant, colorless, rare, and hardest mineral
diamond? Both are composed purely of carbon. However, diamonds crystallize
at very high pressure and temperature conditions, forming strong giant covalent
bonds under an isometric system. On the other hand, graphite forms at lower
temperature and pressure under a hexagonal system. This shows how the
internal structure of a mineral can greatly affect its physical properties.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Activity
"Mineral Detective at Home"

Materials Needed:
 Pen and notebook (or device to write on)
 Access to everyday household items (e.g., kitchen utensils, cosmetics, cleaning products,
building materials, etc.)

Procedure:
1. Introduction (5 minutes)
Find 5 different items from around their home that they think contain minerals. These could
be objects like:
A glass or mirror (likely contains quartz)

 Salt shaker (may contain halite)
 Cosmetics (mica or talc)
 Paint (might contain titanium or gypsum)
 Tiles or countertops (may contain feldspar or quartz)
2. Research (10-15 minutes)
 For each item, students should:
 Identify the mineral(s) that may be found in the item.
 Look up the properties of the mineral (color, hardness, texture, uses).
 Write down why they think that mineral is used in that particular product.
3. Guide Questions
 Why do you think these specific minerals are used in these products?
 How do the properties of the mineral (e.g., hardness, color) make it suitable
for its intended use?
 Can you think of other items around the house where minerals might be
used?

Write your answer inside the box provided (5 points each)

Appliances What mineral can be What type of mineral?

found?

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Understanding minerals is crucial as they are the building blocks of all rocks and play
an essential role in Earth's composition. From their distinct properties like hardness,
color, and luster, to their various uses in everyday life, minerals are foundational to
many natural and man-made processes. We've seen how minerals are classified,
identified, and utilized, and we've explored how they shape the world around us. As
we move forward, keep in mind how minerals contribute to the Earth's dynamic
systems and how their study is key to understanding geology.
Now that we've explored minerals, it's time to shift our focus to rocks—the next layer
in Earth's geological structure. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals, and they
form the foundation of our planet’s surface. Today, we'll dive into the Rock Cycle, a
continuous process that recycles rocks over millions of years.

2.2 Rocks and its Rocks Cycle

What is a rock and how is it formed?

Video about Rocks and Rocks Cycle:

After watching the short video try to answer the question above:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What is Rock
A rock is a naturally-occurring, coherent
aggregate of minerals or solid materials
such as natural glass or organic matter.
Rocks are found in the lithosphere, which
is derived from the Greek word lithos
meaning "stone." The lithosphere is the
rigid, rocky, outermost part of Earth,
composed of the crust and uppermost
part of the upper mantle.

The Rock Cycle

The rock cycle is a model that describes
all the processes by which rocks are
formed, modified, transported,
decomposed, melted, and reformed. Fig 1: The lithosphere, which is composed of
These processes occur both on the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, lies above the
surface and underneath. Essentially, it is a inner pliable asthenosphere
dynamic cycle of processes and products.
When magma (molten rock beneath the surface) is exposed to lower temperature,
minerals and amorphous solids crystallize, solidify, and form igneous rocks. These rocks
may then be brought to the surface through uplift, where they are exposed to weathering
and erosion. The processes of weathering and erosion break the rocks down into smaller
pieces called sediments. These particles may then undergo transportation via agents such
as wind, water, glaciers, rivers, and oceans until they settle in an area where they will

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

undertake deposition. As more materials settle on top of each other, temperature and
pressure increase and the sediments at the bottom may undergo lithification. Lithification
transforms sediments into sedimentary rocks. As temperature and pressure increase due
to continuous burial and tectonic activity, the sedimentary rocks undergo the process of
metamorphism, transforming them into metamorphic rocks. If temperature continues to
increase and exceeds the melting point of the rocks, the rocks will eventually undergo
melting, turning into magma.

Fig 2: The Rock Cycle

The path of rocks in the rock cycle may vary. For example, igneous rocks may be
transformed into metamorphic rocks without initially becoming a sedimentary rock.
Similarly, metamorphic rocks may be weathered and eventually lithified into sedimentary
rocks without passing through processes that produce igneous rocks.

Watch the video to know more about Rock cycle:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jP1qbwSGmNs

Classification of Rocks
Rocks can be classified based on the differences in their texture and composition. Texture
refers are controlled by the processes that formed the rock. Thus, a rock's texture could
provide information about the environment where the rock was formed. Because igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic processes are distinct, their resulting textures are also
distinct.

Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are either crystalline, when they form from cooled magma or lava, or
pyroclastic, when they are made of consolidated eruption products like volcanic ash.
1. Crystalline textures differ depending on the rate of cooling and where it took place.
 Intrusive or plutonic rocks that form from slowly-cooled magma have time to form
large mineral crystals that are visible without the aid of a magnifying lens. The
resulting texture is called phaneritic, which is derived from the Greek phaneros,

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

meaning "visible." In cases when minerals crystallize very slowly at depth, the
resulting texture is pegmatitic, one that is composed of very large crystals (larger
than 2 to 3 cm).

Fig 3: Plutonic or intrusive igneous rocks

 Extrusive or volcanic rocks that form from rapidly-cooled magma usually exhibit
aphanitic textures. Aphanitic is derived from the Greek aphaneros, which means
"invisible." Thus, the mineral crystals of aphanitic rocks cannot be distinguished
without the use of magnifying tools. A special volcanic texture is displayed by rocks
that cool rapidly, as mineral crystals do not form, which usually occur when lava is
expelled underwater. This results in rocks that appear glassy. Another is the
vesicular texture, which is a result of gases escaping while the volcanic rock is being
formed.

Fig 4: Volcanic or extrusive rocks

 There are instances when a magma body
intrudes into a shallow depth near the Earth's surface and begins to crystallize
slowly. The subsequent volcanic activity extrudes the partially crystallized magma
onto the surface, thereby speeding up the rate of cooling. Such rocks may show at
least two distinct crystal sizes, resulting in rocks that have a porphyritic texture.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

2. Pyroclastic is derived from the Greek pyro which means "fire" and klastos which means
"shattered." This texture is the result of the lithification of erupted volcanic material;
thus, these types of rocks are distinguished from one another by the size of their
particle components.

Igneous rocks are mostly composed of the minerals found in the Bowen's reaction series, which
shows the order and assembly of minerals as they crystallize when the temperature of magma
decreases. It is composed of felsic minerals (quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar, and
plagioclase) and mafic minerals (biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine).

Color can be used as an indicator of the composition of a rock or mineral. The color index can be
used to identify the composition of most igneous rocks. Light colors (white, light gray, tan, and
pink) indicate a felsic composition. Felsic compositions are rich in silica. Dark colors (black and
brown) indicate a mafic composition or ultramafic composition. Mafic compositions are poor in
silica but rich in iron and magnesium. Intermediate compositions have an intermediate color-gray
or consisting of equal parts of dark and light mineral.

However, there are some rocks that do not follow the color index. Obsidian is a volcanic glass
which erupts as a lava flow. Most obsidian is felsic in composition but will typically have a very
dark color. Dunite has ultramafic composition but is greenish in color because it is composed
almost entirely of green mineral, olivine.

Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are clastic when they form from the lithification of rock and mineral
fragments such as quartz, feldspar, and clay. Sedimentary rocks are crystalline when they
precipitate out of solution, such as dolomite, calcite, halite, or gypsum. Sedimentary rocks
can also be bioclastic when they are formed from the accumulation of organic material or
biologic activity. It may even contain remnants of plants, corals, shell, or fossil fragments.
Sedimentary clastic texture may be further refined whether the shapes of the individual
grains are angular or rounded
Click the link to know more about Clastic sedimentary rocks:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Smn0aChFuXM

Clasts may also be described based on their sizes and are divided into three types: clay or
silt, sand, and gravel.
1. Clay or silt is less than 1/16 mm. They are not visible to the naked eye.
2. Sand grains are between 1/16 and 2 mm.
3. Gravel has sizes that are greater than 2 mm.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Metamorphic Rocks

Fig 5: Foliated metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic rocks may be foliated when the dominant agent of metamorphism is

pressure, or crystalline when the dominant agent is heat.
1. Platy or elongated minerals align themselves parallel to the axis of pressure, resulting
in a layered appearance or foliation. Minerals differ in foliation based on their
composition:
 If the minerals are microscopic, the rock may not appear foliated to the naked eye.
The foliation, however, will manifest itself physically in the rock's tendency to
separate along parallel planes. This type of texture is called slaty.
 If the minerals are barely visible to the naked slate do12 phyllite eye, their
alignment results in an obvious but not clearly-defined foliation. This type of
texture is called phyllitic.
 If the minerals are visible to the naked eye, their layering is more distinct, resulting
in a texture called schistose. These types of rocks are usually composed of platy
minerals like chlorite, graphite, biotite, and muscovite.
 If the minerals are visible and elongated, the rock exhibits a coarsely-branded
appearance due to the alignment of minerals like amphibole, feldspar, and quartz.
This type of texture is called gneissic.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

2. Crystalline textures result when the parent rock is exposed with enough heat that it
induces recrystallization of the existing minerals. Crystalline metamorphic rocks are
usually composed of only one type of mineral. For example, when a limestone
composed of calcite that precipitated out of solution comes in contact with an
intrusive magma body, it metamorphoses into marble. But when conglomerate rocks
composed of rock and mineral fragments undergo contact metamorphism, the smaller
components may recrystallize, producing a metaconglomerate—a rock that physically
resembles the parent material, but is denser and shows evidence of deformation.

To know the difference between Foliated metamorphic rocks and Nonfoliated rocks
click the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFOIWOoaK0s

Metamorphic rocks are mostly composed of minerals that only form at high temperatures
and pressures associated with the process of metamorphism. These minerals are known
as index minerals. They aid in the identification of metamorphic rocks, as well as the
temperature and pressure when it was formed. It includes sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite,
andalusite, and some garnet. However, igneous minerals may also be found in
metamorphic rocks, as long as the pressure and temperature allow them to be stable.
Otherwise, they transform into a more stable metamorphic mineral.
Table 2-6 shows a simple metamorphic rock identification matrix based on texture,
foliation, composition, and parent rock.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Activity
Let’s test your knowledge, label the processes of the rock cycle (25 points).

As we conclude our lesson on the classification of rocks, we've learned how rocks are
grouped into three main categories—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—based
on their formation processes and characteristics.
Next, we will build on our understanding of rocks by diving into the fascinating world of
ores and minerals. Ores are rocks that contain valuable minerals, and minerals, as we
know, are the building blocks of all rocks. In this lesson, we will explore how certain
minerals are extracted from ores and their significance in everyday life, technology, and
industry. Let's begin our exploration of the importance of ores and minerals in shaping
the world around us!

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Did you know Georgius Argicola

Better known by his Latin name Georgius Agricola, Georg Bauer is considered as the
founder of. mineralogy, having contributed greatly to the field of geology. He was born
in Glauchau (now Germany) in 1494 and studied to become a doctor. In 1527, he
became a practicing doctor in Joachimsthal, which was an important silver mining
center of the time. His exposure to mining districts and interest in geology allowed him
to publish several books and papers. He published On the Nature of Metals where he
reviewed everything about the mining process at that time. He rejected the use of
divining rods and other mystic means in favor of scientific method. Included in his book
are descriptions of ores and of strata, and topics on surveying and digging, assaying
ores, smelting, mine administration, and even occupational mining hazards. His work
paved the way for a systematic study of Earth and of its rocks, minerals, and fossils.

2.3 Ores and Minerals

What process are involved in extracting mineral resources? How do these processes
affect the environment?
Share your answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Watch the video of Mining:

Ores are naturally-occurring materials that can be profitably mined. It can be mineral or
rock or metallic or nonmetallic. A deposit is considered a potential ore body if its localized
abundance is greater than its average abundance or distribution on the Earth's crust. A
rock or mineral is considered an ore based on the following:
a. Overall chemical composition
b. Percentage of extractable resource with respect to its total volume.
c. Market value of the resource.
Profitability determines an ore's value. The total cost of extraction depends on the
location of the deposit, its concentration, its depth from the surface, its scope, and the
technologies that must be used to extract and process the material. A mineral or rock
body containing high concentration of a specific resource may not be considered a good
ore if it is too expensive to mine, too far to a market to transport, or if the additional costs
(labor, mine management, and environmental protection) outweigh the potential profit
to be made.
Mining Ores
Mining refers to a set of processes in which useful resources are withdrawn from a stock
of any nonrenewable resource. Within the context of Earth resources, mining usually
refers to the extraction of mineral resources. Mining is of critical importance to
industrialized societies because some materials cannot be grown-they can only be mined.
Mining is a controversial industry because it is usually associated with the neglectful and
irresponsible practices. Hence, it is given a negative public image. Mining ores is an
intensive and sophisticated process that varies depending on the mineral and on whether
they are excavated, stripped, or brought via tunnels and shafts. In general, the following
steps are done during mining:

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Prospecting or exploration - Looking for the ore body— a deposit that can yield a large
amount of the required ore mineral.
2. Drilling - Extracting a part of the ore to determine the resulting ore, its quality, and the
amount of ore minerals (grade).
3. Modeling - Determining the ore's size, shape, and grade distribution throughout the
deposit to apply appropriate mining methods, blast and dig pattern designs, safety
precautions, and efficiency and processing methods.
4. Identifying and assessing the potential impacts - Considering the social and
environmental aspects and finding ways of mitigating any consequence of the mining
operation, with the purpose o bringing the area back as close to its original state as
possible.
5. Designing and constructing the mine - Creating the appropriate mine and operational
design, a proceeding with the construction once all the necessary permits are acquired
from the government and local communities.
6. Ore extraction - Separation of high-grade ores from the rest of the deposit.
7. Milling - Crushing and concentration of ores; waste materials (tailings) are released
8. Mine site decommissioning - Closure of the depleted mine; the mine site is cleaned
up and reclaimed or rehabilitated for other purposes.

The nature of a mineral or meral determines the type of mining operation needed and the
amoune and inspection, one of three possible extraction methods may be used:
1. Sand and gravel extraction - Very little waste rock is left behind after the milling process,
as these types of deposits are not economically viable unless the ore is of high grade.
2. Extraction from buried ore bodies - Huge quantities of rock often need to be removed and
discarded so that a relatively small amount of ore can be recovered (e.g., a typical copper
grade of 2% produces 20 kg of pure copper metal from a tone or ore, leaving 980 kg of
waste rock).
3. Ore processing - Ore minerals are produced from ores through crushing, separating, and
purifying.

Local Ore Minerals and Their Uses

The Philippines is located within a dynamic tectonic setting, where the processes of
volcanism and plate convergence have resulted in the deposition of both metallic and
nonmetallic minerals. In fact, the various kinds of mineral reserves in the Philippines have
put the country in the world mineral map: fifth most mineralized country in the world,
third in gold reserves, fourth in copper, and fifth in nickel.
Around nine million hectares, or 30% of the country's total land area of thirty million
hectares, are believed to contain important metallic mineral deposits. Five million
hectares are also considered potential sites for nonmetallic mineral reserves.
The country's offshore areas, covering around 2.2 million square kilometers, also contain
placer minerals which include gold, magnetite- and chromite-bearing sands, aggregate
resources (sand and gravel), decorative stones, and polymetallic sulfide deposits. The
country's estimated overall mineral reserves are estimated to be about 14.5 billion metric
tons of metallic minerals and about 68 billion metric tons of nonmetallic minerals.

Natural Resources Management

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Personal ways of which we can prevent or lessen the environmental impact that results
from the use, extraction, and exploitation of mineral resources is by finding environment-
friendly alternatives for the needed mineral resources. This can be done through recycling
and resisting the urge to acquire new commodities which are not necessary. Conservation,
protection, and rehabilitation of ecosystems are also important in mitigating the harmful
effects of mineral resource extraction so that affected ecosystems may recover and
eventually restore itself back to its natural state. Another approach that would have a
large-scale effect is natural resource management, or the management of natural
resources, such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how
management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. It is an
interdisciplinary approach that would require all stakeholders to have an active
participation in the process-from the government, investors, engineers, scientists,
sociologists, and businesspersons, among others, to the local communities that would be
affected by the operation.

Fig1: Unless action are taken, the extraction of

natural resources will continue until they are
depleted

Watch the video to know how mining affect to nature and human:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLMoVmgyMiw

Chapter Recap
 A mineral is defined as a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite
chemical composition and an ordered internal structure.
 Each mineral can be described using a set of physical properties which include
crystal form, habit, cleavage, fracture, luster, color, streak, hardness, density,
magnetism, taste, feel, and reaction to acid.
 The common rock-forming minerals are silicate minerals, composed primarily of
silicon and oxygen, which corresponds to the abundance of elements on the
Earth's crust.
 A rock is a naturally-occurring, coherent aggregate of minerals or solid materials
such as natural glass or organic matter. The three rock types are igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary rock. They are interconnected through different
processes in the rock cycle.
 The rock cycle is connected to the other biogeochemical cycles which serve as
pathways for important chemical substances to move through the different
components of Earth.
 Rocks are identified based on their texture and composition.
 The mineral resources needed for daily activities are obtained from ores, which
are extracted from the geosphere through mining processes.

Property of SEAITT ©2025

 SOUTH EAST – ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

 You can minimize the effects of mineral extraction through substitution,

recycling, conservation, protection, and rehabilitation of ecosystems.
 Natural resources management is another way of minimizing the impacts of
mineral extraction. Its oil refers to the management of natural resources, such as
land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management
affects the quality of both present and future generations.

References:
Olivar II Jose Tolentino D, Rodolfo Raymond S, Cabria Hillel B, Ramos John Donnie
A., “Exploring Life through Science, Second Edition” Phoenix Publishing House,
2023.

Property of SEAITT ©2025