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MMON ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS LEARNING COMPETENCY: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. (S11/12ES-Ia-e-9) 2. 1. How about Do you snowflake? consider An ice?asAre water a these mineral? minerals? Defend your Explain. answer. What is a mineral? How is a mineral different from a rock? Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. These minerals that are common and abundant on Earth’s crust are known as rock- forming minerals. There are five important characteristics which define a mineral: ❖ Naturally-occurring (NOT man-made or machine generated) ❖ Inorganic (not a byproduct of living things) ❖ Solid (should exhibit stability at room temperature) ❖ Crystalline structure (looks like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive) ❖ Can be represented by a chemical formula (most minerals are chemical compounds and can be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula. MINERAL PROPERTIES A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1. Luster ❖ it is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral.
a. metallic – generally opaque and exhibit a
resplendent shine similar to a polished metal. b. non-metallic – vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull (earthy), greasy, among others. 2. Hardness ❖ it is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not specifically surface) to abrasion. a. German geologist/mineralogist Friedrich Mohs designed the “Mohs Scale of Hardness”. b. The “Mohs Scale of Hardness” measures the scratch resistance of various minerals from a scale of 1 to 10, based on the ability of a harder material/mineral to scratch a softer one. c. Advantages of Mohs scale: i. The test is easy. ii. The test can be done anywhere, anytime, as long as there is sufficient light to see scratches. iii. The test is convenient for field geologists with scratch kits who want to make a rough identification of minerals outside the lab. d. Disadvantages of Mohs scale: i. The scale is qualitative, not quantitative. ii. The test cannot be used to accurately test the hardness of industrial materials. 3. Crystal Form/Habit ❖ The external shape of a crystal or groups of crystals is displayed/observed as these crystals grow in open spaces. ❖ The form reflects the supposedly internal structure (of atoms and ions) of the crystal (mineral) ❖ It is the natural shape of the mineral before the development of any cleavage or fracture. ❖ Examples include: prismatic, tabular, bladed, platy, reniform, and equant. ❖ A mineral that do not have a crystal structure is described as amorphous. 4. Color and Streak ❖ A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals can also display a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some geologic processes like weathering. ❖ Examples of coloring: quartz can be pink (rose quartz), purple (amethyst), orange (citrine), white (colorless quartz) etc. ❖ Streak on the other hand, is the mineral’s color in powdered form. It is inherent in almost every mineral, and is a more diagnostic property compared to color. Note that the color of a mineral can be different from its streak. ❖ Examples of streak: pyrite (FeS2) exhibits gold color but has a black or dark gray streak. 5. Cleavage ❖ The property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.
a. These planes exist because the bonding
of atoms making up the mineral happens to be weak in those areas. b. When minerals break evenly in more than one direction, cleavage is described by the number of cleavage directions, the angle(s) at which they meet, and the quality of cleavage (e.g. cleavage in 2 directions at 90o). c. Cleavage is different from habit; the two are distinct, unrelated properties. Although both are dictated by crystal structure, crystal habit forms as the mineral is growing, relying on how the individual atoms in the crystal come together. Cleavage, meanwhile, is the weak plane that developed after the crystal is formed. 6. Specific Gravity ❖ The ratio of density of the mineral and the density of water. ❖ This parameter indicates how many times more the mineral weighs compared to an equal amount of water (SG 1). ❖ For example, a bucket of silver (SG 10) would weigh ten times more than a bucket of water. 7. Others ❖ Magnetism ❖ Odor ❖ Taste ❖ Tenacity ❖ Reaction to acid For example, magnetite is strongly magnetic; sulfur has distinctive smell; halite is salty; calcite fizzes with acid as with as with dolomite but in powdered form. Although physical properties are useful for mineral identification, some minerals may exhibit a wide range of properties. Minerals, like many other things, can also be categorized based on their chemical compositions: Silicates, Oxides, Sulfates, Sulfides, Carbonates, Native elements, and Halides. B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 1. Silicates ❖ Minerals containing the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and oxygen. ❖ When linked together, these two elements form the silicon oxygen tetrahedron – the fundamental building block of silicate minerals. ❖ Over 90% of rock-forming minerals belong to this group. 2. Oxides ❖ Minerals composed of oxygen anion (O2-) combined with one or more metal ions. 3. Sulfates ❖ Minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the form of the (SO4)- anion. 4. Sulfides ❖ Minerals containing sulfur and a metal; some sulfides are sources of economically important metals such as copper, lead, and zinc. 5. Carbonates ❖ Minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2- anion combined with other elements. 6. Native elements ❖ Minerals that formed as individual elements.
a. metals and intermetals – minerals with high
thermal and electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead) b. semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals and have lower conductivity (arsenic, bismuth). c. nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond) 7. Halides ❖ Minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more metals. The table in the next slide shows the summary of mineral group categorization based on their chemical compositions. THANK YOU
