Class 10 Mathematics - All Chapters Formula List
Chapter 1: Real Numbers
• Euclid’s Division Lemma: a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b
• HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers
Chapter 2: Polynomials
• If ax² + bx + c = 0, then sum of roots (α + β) = -b/a
• Product of roots (αβ) = c/a
• Remainder theorem: If p(x) is divided by (x – a), remainder = p(a)
• Factor theorem: If p(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of p(x)
Chapter 3: Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
• ax + by + c = 0 , a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
• If a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2 → Unique solution
• If a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2 → No solution
• If a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2 → Infinitely many solutions
Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations
• Standard form: ax² + bx + c = 0
• Discriminant: D = b² – 4ac
• Roots: x = [-b ± √D] / 2a
• Nature of roots: D > 0 → real & distinct, D = 0 → real & equal, D < 0 → not real
Chapter 5: Arithmetic Progression (AP)
• nth term: an = a + (n – 1)d
• Sum of n terms: Sn = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d] = n/2 [a + l]
Chapter 6: Triangles
• Basic Proportionality Theorem: If a line parallel to one side of a triangle divides other two sides proportionally
• Pythagoras theorem: In right triangle, hyp² = base² + height²
• Similarity criterion: AA, SSS, SAS
Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry
• Distance formula: d = √[(x■ – x■)² + (y■ – y■)²]
• Midpoint formula: M = ((x■ + x■)/2 , (y■ + y■)/2)
• Section formula: ((mx■ + nx■)/(m+n) , (my■ + ny■)/(m+n))
Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
• sin θ = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse
• cos θ = Base/Hypotenuse
• tan θ = Perpendicular/Base
• Identities: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ, 1 + cot²θ = csc²θ
Chapter 9: Some Applications of Trigonometry
• Height = Distance × tan θ (for elevation)
• Height = Distance × cot θ (for depression)
Chapter 10: Circles
• Tangent perpendicular to radius at point of contact
• Length of tangents from external point: equal
Chapter 11: Constructions
• Division of line segment in ratio m:n
• Construction of tangents to circle
Chapter 12: Areas Related to Circles
• Area of sector = (θ/360) × πr²
• Length of arc = (θ/360) × 2πr
• Area of segment = Area of sector – Area of triangle
Chapter 13: Surface Areas and Volumes
• Sphere: SA = 4πr², V = (4/3)πr³
• Cylinder: SA = 2πrh + 2πr², V = πr²h
• Cone: SA = πr(l + r), V = (1/3)πr²h
• Frustum: V = (1/3)πh(R² + r² + Rr)
Chapter 14: Statistics
• Mean = (Σfi xi) / Σfi
• Median: (n/2)th term
• Mode: Value occurring maximum times
Chapter 15: Probability
• Probability = Favourable outcomes / Total outcomes
