ICSE Class 10 Mathematics Formulas and Theorems
1. Commercial Mathematics
Profit and Loss:
- Profit = Selling Price - Cost Price
- Loss = Cost Price - Selling Price
- Profit % = (Profit / Cost Price) × 100
- Loss % = (Loss / Cost Price) × 100
Compound Interest:
- A = P(1 + r/100)^n (Annual Compounding)
- A = P(1 + r/100m)^(nm) (Compounded m times/year)
- C.I = A - P
Banking:
- Simple Interest on Recurring Deposit: SI = (P × n × (n+1) × r) / (2 × 100 × 12)
2. Algebra
Quadratic Equations:
- Standard form: ax² + bx + c = 0
- Roots: x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.):
- an = a + (n-1)d
- Sn = (n/2) [2a + (n-1)d]
Geometric Progression (G.P.):
- an = ar^(n-1)
- Sn = [a(1 - r^n)] / (1 - r) (For r < 1)
Ratio and Proportion:
- Product of Means = Product of Extremes
- If a:b = c:d, then a/b = c/d
3. Geometry
Triangles:
- Pythagoras theorem: a² + b² = c²
- Area of Triangle: (1/2) × base × height
- Heron's Formula: √[s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)], where s = (a+b+c)/2
Circles:
- Circumference: 2πr
- Area: πr²
- Length of Arc: (θ/360°) × 2πr
- Area of Sector: (θ/360°) × πr²
Coordinate Geometry:
- Distance between two points: d = √[(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²]
- Midpoint: ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2)
- Slope of a line: m = (y₂ - y₁) / (x₂ - x₁)
- Equation of a line: y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)
4. Mensuration
Surface Area:
- Sphere: 4πr²
- Hemisphere: 3πr² (Total), 2πr² (Curved)
- Cylinder: 2πr(h + r) (Total), 2πrh (Curved)
- Cone: πr(l + r), where l = √(r² + h²)
Volume:
- Sphere: (4/3)πr³
- Hemisphere: (2/3)πr³
- Cylinder: πr²h
- Cone: (1/3)πr²h
5. Trigonometry
Basic Ratios:
- sin θ = Opposite / Hypotenuse
- cos θ = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
- tan θ = Opposite / Adjacent
- csc θ = 1 / sin θ, sec θ = 1 / cos θ, cot θ = 1 / tan θ
Identities:
- sin² θ + cos² θ = 1
- 1 + tan² θ = sec² θ
- 1 + cot² θ = csc² θ
6. Statistics
Mean:
- x̄ = Σfx / Σf
Median:
- Median = L + [(n/2 - F) / f] × h
Mode:
- Mode = L + [(f₁ - f₀) / (2f₁ - f₀ - f₂)] × h
7. Probability
Probability:
- P(E) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of outcomes
Geometry Theorems
Triangles:
- Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales' Theorem): If a line is drawn parallel to one side of
a triangle, it divides the other two sides proportionally.
- Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem: If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the
same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
- Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
- Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: If the square of one side of a triangle is equal to the sum
of the squares of the other two sides, the triangle is right-angled.
Circles:
- Tangent Theorem: The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
contact.
- Equal Tangents Theorem: The lengths of the tangents drawn from an external point to a
circle are equal.
- Angle Subtended by an Arc: The angle subtended by an arc at the center is twice the angle
subtended at the circumference.
- Angle in a Semicircle: The angle subtended by a diameter at any point on the
circumference is a right angle.
- Angles in the Same Segment: Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
- Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem: The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary.
- Alternate Segment Theorem: The angle between a tangent and a chord drawn from the
point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment of the circle.
