LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK 2, ENDING ON 19TH OF JANUARY, 2024

CLASS TOPIC CONTENT NO. OF PERIOD DURATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
SS1 CELLULAR GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE. 3 45 Minutes
RESPIRATION, CELL GROWTH: MITOSIS,
CELL GROWTH MEIOSIS. CELL AND ITS
AND CELL ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT

CLASS: S.S.1
SUBJECT: Biology
DATE: 15th Monday – 19th Friday January, 2024
AGE: 13-16 years
REFERENCE MATERIAL: Modern Biology Textbook for Senior Secondary Schools by S.T Ramalingam,
Internet
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Marker, Lesson note, Textbook, Whiteboard, Internet.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define cellular
respiration and cell growth.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Teacher revises the previous lesson with students.
STEP 2: Teacher introduces new topic to students.
STEP 3: Teacher gives detailed explanation of topic to students.
STEP 4: Teacher gives room for the students to ask questions.
STEP 5: Teacher writes note on the board.

CONTENT OF LESSON
PERIOD: 1
SUB-TOPIC: Cellular Respiration
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define cellular respiration
and cell growth.

BOARD SUMMARY
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration is the enzymatic breakdown of organic food substances, like glucose, through a series of
chemical reactions in the cell to release energy in the form of ATP and produce carbon dioxide and water as
by-products Respiration occurs in all living cells. The energy released during respiration is used by the
organism for various activities, such as synthesis of proteins, germination; cell division, cell enlargement
leading to growth and movement.
TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. Aerobic Respiration: is the type of respiration that involves the use of large amount of oxygen. It is the
most efficient way of releasing energy from glucose, as it produces the most ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
molecules per molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cells.
Its chemical equation is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

2. Anaerobic Respiration: is the type of respiration that involves the use of very little or no oxygen. It is a
less efficient way of releasing energy from glucose, as it produces less ATP molecules per molecule of
glucose. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells.
Its chemical equation in animals is: C6H12O6 C3H6O3 + 2ATP.
Glycolysis: Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, in which glucose is split into two molecules of
pyruvic acid. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells. It consists of a series of reactions, each catalysed by a
specific enzyme. Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2ATPs.
Krebs cycle: Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is the second
stage of aerobic respiration, in which pyruvic acid is further oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water and
more ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is
converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) by a process called oxidative decarboxylation. The Krebs
cycle consists of a series of reactions, in which acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon compound called
oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon compound called citrate. Citrate then undergoes a series of
transformations, releasing two molecules of carbon dioxide and regenerating oxaloacetate. A net gain of
38ATP is produced.

Fig. Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle.

LESSON EVALUATION
1. What is cellular respiration?
2. Define aerobic and anerobic respiration with both of their chemical equation.
3. What is glycolysis and how many ATPs is produced during glycolysis?
4. What is krebs cycle and how many ATPs is produced during the krebs cycle.
PERIOD: 2
SUB-TOPIC: Cell Growth
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define cell growth.

BOARD SUMMARY
CELL GROWTH
Growth is the irreversible increase in the size, mass, number or complexity of cells, tissues, organs or
organisms. Growth is one of the characteristics of living things.

BASIS OF GROWTH
For cells to grow it must pass through three phases namely:
Cell division: Cell division involves cells multiplying in number by dividing into 2,4.8 and so on.
There are two types of cell division. They are mitosis and meiosis.
Cell enlargement: After the cells have divide, they enlarge in size and mass.
Cell differentiation: This takes place after cell enlargement. The enlarged cell changes in shape and
structure in order to carry out a specialised or particular function. For example, a cell may develop into a
nerve cell if it is in the brain.
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
1. MITOSIS
This is the type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells (i.e., non-reproductive cells) and results in two
identical daughter cells. Mitosis ensures that each cell in an organism has the same genetic information as
the parent cell. In plants, mitosis takes place at the tip of roots and shoots.

STAGES OF MITOSIS
(a) Prophase: The prophase is divided into early prophase and late prophase. In early prophase the
chromosomes become more visible. They consist of a pair of chromatids joined at the centromere. At
opposite ends of the nucleus, centrioles are formed. During late prophase, spindle fibre begins to form at
both ends of the nucleus.

(b) Metaphase: In early metaphase the chromosome arranges themselves on the equator of the spindle and at
late metaphase the chromatids draw apart from the centromere region.

(c) Anaphase: In early anaphase the chromatid’s part company and migrate towards opposite poles of the
cell. In late anaphase the chromosomes reach their destination.

(d) Telophase: In early telophase the cell starts to constrict at the middle of the cell and at the late telophase
the constriction continues forming daughter cells same as the parent cel while the nucleolus and nuclear
membrane begin to form at both sides.

(a) Prophase (b) Metaphase (c) Anaphase (d) Telophase

 Fig. Stages in Mitosis.
Life Processes Involved in Mitosis
1. Formation of new cells in the skin
2. Production of red blood cells and white blood cells
3. Cell division in the liver.
4. Binary fission
5. Repair or healing of wounds.

2. MEIOSIS
Meiosis is the type of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) and results in four
non-identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes that are involved in sexual reproduction and genetic
variation. The process of gamete formation is called gametogenesis. The process involved in the production
of spermatozoa by the testes is called spermatogenesis while that of eggs in the ovaries is called oogenesis.

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
Meiosis consists of two successive divisions:
1st Meiotic Division: When the parent cell splits into two in the following processes
(a) Interface: This is the resting stage of the cell.
(b) Prophase I: The chromosome become more visible, they come together and crossing over (exchange of
genetic material) takes place at points known as chiasmata.
(c) Metaphase I: The nuclear membrane disappears and spindles are formed. The chromosomes assemble at
the equatorial region.
(d) Anaphase I: chromosomes are pulled apart with each chromosome moving to the opposite pole of the
spindle.
(e) Telophase I: The cell divides in the middle producing two daughter cells different from the parent cell.

2nd Meiotic Division: When the two daughter cells spilt to form four haploid cells in the following processes
(a) Prophase II: The daughter cells prepare for cell division with the formation of centrioles.
(b) Metaphase II: The chromosomes arrange on the equatorial plane.
(c) Anaphase II: Sister chromatids pull apart.
(d) Telophase II: Cell divides in the middle and form four haploid cells.

Life Processes Involved in Mitosis

1. formation of sperm or male gametes
2. formation of ova (eggs) or female gametes
3. formation of pollen grains in anther of flowers
4. formation of ovules in ovary of flowering plants

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

1. Mitosis involves one division while meiosis involves two divisions.
2. Mitosis produces two daughter cells while meiosis produces four daughter cells.
3. Mitosis produces diploid daughter cells while meiosis produces haploid daughter cells
4. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter
cells
5. Mitosis does not involve crossing over or independent assortment while meiosis involves both processes
in meiosis.
6. Mitosis is essential for the growth and repair of tissues while meiosis is crucial for sexual reproduction
and genetic diversity.

FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH

External factors are the environmental conditions that affect the growth of organisms, they include:
Temperature, Light, Water, Nutrients, Oxygen.
Internal factors are the genetic and hormonal factors that affect the growth of organisms, such as Genes and
Hormones.

LESSON EVALUATION
1. Define the following: (a) Cell Division (b) Cell enlargement (c) Cell differentiation.
2. What is Mitosis?
3 With the aid of diagrams, describe the stages involved in mitosis.
4. State 4 external factors that affect growth and 2 internal factors that affect growth.

PERIOD: 3
SUB-TOPIC: Cell and its Environment.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define cell growth.

BOARD SUMMARY
IRRITABILITY
Irritability is the basic characteristic of the protoplasm that enables it to respond to stimuli or changes in the
environment. Stimuli can be internal or external, such as light, heat, sound, chemicals, etc. Irritability helps
organisms to adapt to their surroundings and survive.

TAXIS OR TACTIC MOVEMENT

Taxis or tactic movement is the directional movement of an organism or a part of an organism towards or
away from a stimulus. The movement can be positive (towards the stimulus) or negative (away from the
stimulus). Examples of tactic movement are:
- Phototaxis: movement in response to light, e.g. Euglena moves towards light for photosynthesis.
- Chemotaxis: movement in response to chemicals, e.g. bacteria move towards food or away from toxins.
- Geotaxis: movement in response to gravity, e.g. earthworms move downwards into the soil.
- Thermotaxis: movement in response to temperature, e.g. some insects move towards
warmer or cooler areas.
- Hydrotaxis: movement in response to water, e.g. some aquatic animals move towards or away from water.

NASTISM OR NASTIC MOVEMENT

Nastism or nastic movement is the non-directional movement of a plant or a part of a plant in response to a
stimulus. The movement is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus, but on the intensity of the
stimulus. Examples of nastic movement are:
- Photonastism: movement in response to light, e.g., the opening and closing of flowers.
- Thigmonastism: movement in response to touch, e.g., the folding of the leaves of Mimosa pudica (sensitive
plant).
- Thermonastism: movement in response to temperature, e.g., the curling of the leaves of Rhododendron in
cold weather.
- Nyctinastism: movement in response to day and night cycle, e.g., the sleeping movement of some plants.
TROPISM OR TROPIC MOVEMENT
Tropism or tropic movement is the directional growth of a plant or a part of a plant towards or away from a
stimulus. The growth is dependent on the direction of the stimulus, and is usually permanent. Examples of
tropic movement are:
- Phototropism: growth in response to light, e.g. the bending of the stem of a plant towards light.
- Geotropism: growth in response to gravity, e.g. the downward growth of the roots and the upward growth
of the shoots of a plant.
- Hydrotropism: growth in response to water, e.g. the growth of the roots of a plant towards moist soil.
- Thigmotropism: growth in response to touch, e.g. the coiling of the tendrils of a climbing plant around a
support.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TROPIC AND NASTIC

The main difference between tropic and nastic movement is that tropic movement is directional and involves
growth, while nastic movement is non-directional and involves changes in turgor pressure. Tropic
movement is permanent and irreversible, while nastic movement is temporary and reversible.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TACTIC AND NASTIC

The main difference between tactic and nastic movement is that tactic movement is directional and involves
locomotion, while nastic movement is non-directional and involves changes in turgor pressure. Tactic
movement is performed by animals and some unicellular organisms, while nastic movement is performed by
plants and some fungi

ROLE OF AUXINS IN GROWTH MOVEMENT

Auxins are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. Auxins are produced in the apical
meristems (tips) of the shoots and roots, and are transported downwards by polar transport. Auxins play a
key role in growth movement by influencing cell elongation and differentiation.

CYCLOSIS
Cyclosis is the movement of the cytoplasm within a cell. Cyclosis helps in the distribution of nutrients,
waste products, and organelles within the cell. Cyclosis also aids in cell division and cell communication.
Cyclosis is common in plant cells and animal cells like amoeba.

ORGANELLES FOR MOVEMENT

Some cells have specialized organelles for movement, such as:
- Cilia: short, hair-like projections that beat in a coordinated manner to create a current or propel the cell,
e.g. Paramecium, ciliated epithelial cells.
- Flagella: long, whip-like projections that rotate or undulate to propel the cell, e.g. Euglena, sperm cells.
- Pseudopodia: temporary extensions of the cytoplasm that help the cell to crawl or engulf food, e.g.
Amoeba, white blood cells

REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce new individuals of the same kind.
Reproduction ensures the continuity of life and the transmission of genetic information from
one generation to the next. Reproduction can be asexual or sexual.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring by a single parent without the involvement of gametes
(sex cells). Asexual reproduction results in genetically identical offspring (clones) that inherit all the traits of
the parent. Asexual reproduction is common in unicellular organisms and some plants and animals. Types of
asexual reproduction include:
- Binary fission: the division of a cell into two equal daughter cells, e.g. bacteria, protozoa.
- Budding: the outgrowth of a small bud from the parent that develops into a new individual, e.g. yeast,
hydra.
- Spore formation: the production of spores that can germinate into new individuals, e.g. fungi, algae, ferns.
- Fragmentation: the breaking of the body into fragments that can regenerate into new individuals, e.g.
planaria, starfish.
- Vegetative propagation: the growth of new plants from vegetative parts such as stems, roots, leaves, etc.,
e.g. potato, ginger, onion.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction is the production of offspring by the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from two parents.
Sexual reproduction results in genetically diverse offspring that inherit a combination of traits from both
parents. Sexual reproduction is common in multicellular organisms and some unicellular organisms. Types
of sexual reproduction include:
- Conjugation: the exchange of genetic material between two cells through a cytoplasmic bridge, e.g.
bacteria, paramecium.
- Gametic union: the fusion of gametes to form a zygote, which develops into a new individual, e.g. animals,
flowering plants, algae.
- Sporophytic union: the fusion of spores to form a diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid
gametophytes, e.g. mosses, ferns.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

The main difference between asexual and sexual reproduction is that asexual reproduction involves one
parent and no gametes, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and gametes. Asexual reproduction
produces genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction produces genetically diverse offspring.
Asexual reproduction is faster and simpler, while sexual reproduction is slower and more complex. Asexual
reproduction does not allow for adaptation and variation, while sexual reproduction does.

LESSON EVALUATION
1. Define the following: (a) Tactic movement (b) Nastic movement (c) Tropic movement
2. Give 2 examples each of the following: (a) Tactic movement (b) Nastic movement (c) Tropic movement
3. State the role of auxins in plants.
4. Define asexual reproduction and explain two types of asexual reproduction.
5. Define sexual reproduction and explain two types of sexual reproduction.