LESSON PLAN ON BIOLOGY FOR WEEK 1 ENDING 13th OF SEPTEMBER, 2024

NUMBER OF
CLASS TOPIC CONTENT DURATION
PERIODS
1. Biology as a science
SS1 Science of living things 2. The scientific method 3 45 minutes each
3. Usefulness of biology

CLASS: S.S.1
SUBJECT: Biology
DATE: ENDING ON 13th Friday September, 2024
AGE: 13-16 years
REFERENCE MATERIAL: Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools by S.T. Ramalingam
Essential Biology by M.C Michael, New School Biology by H. Stone and Cozen, New System Biology by
Lam and Kwan, College Biology by Idodo Umeh
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Marker, Lesson note, Textbook, Whiteboard, Internet.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define biology,
describe the scientific method and state the usefulness of biology.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Teacher revises the previous lesson with students.
STEP 2: Teacher introduces new topic to students.
STEP 3: Teacher gives detailed explanation of topic to students.
STEP 4: Teacher gives room for the students to ask questions.
STEP 5: Teacher writes note on the board.

CONTENT OF LESSON
PERIOD: 1
SUB-TOPIC: Science of Living Things
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define biology, describe the
scientific method and state the usefulness of biology

BOARD SUMMARY
BIOLOGY AS AN INQUIRY IN SCIENCE
Science is the study of nature (living and non-living things). Biology is a science that studies living things in
nature. Biology was formed from the Greek words "Bio" (meaning life) and “logos" (meaning, study of). So
therefore, biology can be defined as the study of plants and animals.

The organisms studied in biology are generally classified into plants and animals. Therefore, biology is a
science subject that can be subdivided into two main branches or subjects namely:
(a) BOTANY: the study of plants.
(b) ZOOLOGY: the study of animals.

Other branches of biology include:

MICROBIOLOGY: the scientific study of microorganisms
PARASITOLOGY: is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasitic diseases.
ANATOMY: is a branch of biology which involves the study of internal structures of plants and animal
PHYSIOLOGY: physiology involves the study of how plants and animal’s function.
GENETICS: this is the scientific study of heredity and variation in living things.
MORPHOLOGY: morphology involves the study of external features of plants and animals
ECOLOGY: ecology involves the study of plants & animals in relation to their environment.
 RELEVANCE OF BIOLOGY
Biology has found great applications in many areas of human life, some of which include:
a. Medicine: Production of drugs and vaccines for preventing and curing many diseases e.g., penicillin,
organ transplant e.g., kidney (renal) transplant, in-vitro fertilization in infertile couples.
b. Agriculture: Production of hybrid (crops and animals with desired qualities), use of biological
pesticides to control agricultural pests
c. Bioremediation i.e., use of naturally occurring bacteria to clean up oil spills and toxic chemicals.
d. Biotechnology: Use of genetic engineering to fight genetic diseases.
e. Food production: Production of single cell protein (SCP) to reduce protein deficiency problem, food
storage and preservation
f. Communication: television, telephone, fax machine etc. have been developed with the aid of science
which now makes communication possible across countries.

LESSON EVALUATION
1. What is biology?
2. Describe the following branches of Biology (a) parasitology (b) anatomy (c) physiology.

PERIOD: 2
SUB-TOPIC: Science of Living Things
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, describe the scientific method and state the usefulness
of biology.

BOARD SUMMARY
PROCESS OR METHOD OF SCIENCE

Scientific Method: The scientific method is a systematic and logical process used to investigate
observations, solve problems, and establish reliable knowledge about nature. It involves the following steps:

 Observation – Careful noting of events or phenomena using the senses.

 Classification – Grouping and organizing observations for clarity.
 Inference – Logical reasoning drawn from observed facts.
 Measurement & Identification – Accurate description and determination of the problem or
variables involved.
 Hypothesis – A testable explanation for an observation.
 Experiment – A planned procedure to test the hypothesis under controlled conditions.
 Control/Conclusion – Using controlled experiments to ensure valid results and drawing
conclusions.
 Theory – A hypothesis repeatedly tested and supported by evidence.
 Law – A theory consistently proven true and universally accepted, though still open to revision with
new evidence.

The pattern includes:

a. Aim: the purpose of the experiment.

b. Apparatus: materials required.
c. Method: procedure followed
d. Observation: records gotten after the experiment has been set up.
e. Conclusion based on observation made and final result got.
Note: precaution or care that should be taken against dangers/hazards can also feature during
experimentation.

LESSON EVALUATION
1. Define (a) Hypothesis (b) Theory (c) Principle
2. List the steps in scientific methods.
 LESSON EVALUATION
1. “Biology is a science that studies life”. Explain.
2. State the various professions practicable with adequate knowledge of biology.
3. How relevant is biology to you as a living organism?
4. What is a scientific method?
5. Describe the pattern followed during experimentation in a scientific study.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Biology is a subject concerned with the study of ____ (a) living things (b) non-living things (c) living
and non-living things (d) climate.
2. A parallel experiment done alongside a laboratory experiment is said to be _______ (a) side experiment
(b) certainty experiment (c) controlled experiment (d) emergency experiment.
3. A reasonable explanation for any observation made in nature is scientifically termed ____ (a) idea (b)
theory (c) hypothesis (d) notion.
4. _____ is a scientific fact (a) observation (b) theory (c) idea (d) hypothesis
5. The part that regulates the amount of light entering a microscope is the (a) knob (b) fine adjustment (c)
condenser (d) objective lens.
6. State four relevance of biology to life.
7. List five careers in biology.
 LESSON PLAN ON BIOLOGY FOR WEEK TWO ENDING 20TH OF SEPTEMBER, 2024

NUMBER OF
CLASS TOPIC CONTENT DURATION
PERIODS

Characteristics of living things,

Recognizing
S.S.1 Differences between plants and
living things 3 45 minutes each.
animals, Organization of life.

CLASS: S.S.1
SUBJECT: Biology
DATE: ENDING ON 20TH Friday September, 2024
AGE: 13-16 years
REFERENCE MATERIAL: Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools by S.T. Ramalingam
Essential Biology by M.C Michael, New School Biology by H. Stone and Cozen, New System Biology by
Lam and Kwan, College Biology by Idodo Umeh
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Marker, Lesson note, Textbook, Whiteboard, Internet.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define biology,
describe the scientific method and state the usefulness of biology.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Teacher revises the previous lesson with students.
STEP 2: Teacher introduces new topic to students.
STEP 3: Teacher gives detailed explanation of topic to students.
STEP 4: Teacher gives room for the students to ask questions.
STEP 5: Teacher writes note on the board.

CONTENT OF LESSON
PERIOD: 1
SUB-TOPIC: Recognizing Living Things
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define biology, describe the
scientific method and state the usefulness of biology

BOARD SUMMARY
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Everything in nature can be classified into two groups: living and non -living things.
The living things can be distinguished from their nonliving counterparts through the following
characteristics observable in all living things:
1. MOVEMENT: Animals can move from place to place on their own in search of food. Higher plants
move certain parts of their body in response to growth or external stimuli
2. RESPIRATION: In order to perform the numerous life processes, living things need much energy.
The energy can only be obtained when the organism respires. Therefore, respiration is the oxidation
of food substances in the presence of oxygen to produce energy with carbon (iv) oxide and water
released as by products.
3. NUTRITION: The act of feeding is called nutrition. All organisms need food to carry out their
biological activities. Green plants can manufacture their food. Hence, they are autotrophs while
animals are dependent on plants for their food, so they are heterotrophs.
4. IRRITABILITY: Is the ability of living things to respond to external and internal stimuli in order to
survive. External stimuli may be light, heat, water, sound or chemical substances.
5. GROWTH: this is the tendency of organisms to increase irreversibly and rapidly in length and size
and in mass. The essence of growth is to enable organisms to repair or replace damaged or old
tissues in their bodies. The food eaten by an organism provides the basis of growth.
 6. EXCRETION: Toxic waste products of metabolism & other unwanted materials have to be
eliminated to ensure proper functioning of the bodies of organisms. Such wastes include water,
carbon (iv) oxide etc.
7. REPRODUCTION: Is the ability of a living organism to give birth to young ones (off springs). The
essence is to ensure life continuity. Reproduction can be sexual (involving two organisms) or asexual
(involving one organism)
8. LIFE SPAN / DEATH: Every organism has a definite and limited period of existence. Life for all
organism has five main stages namely: origin (birth) growth, maturity, decline and death.
9. COMPETITION: Living things tend to struggle for the basic things of life in order to survive. Hence,
they compete for food, water, light, mates and space.
10. ADAPTATION: To survive, every organism possesses ability to get used to change in its
environment.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

All living organisms can be generally classified as plants or animals. However, plants can be distinguished
from animals in the following ways:
PLANTS ANIMALS
1. Undergo passive movement. Undergo free or active movement with well-
developed organs of locomotion.
2. Gaseous exchange takes place Gaseous exchange is through special organs.
through the entire body.
3. Green plants photosynthesize i. e. Animals do not photosynthesize i. e. they are
they are autotrophs. heterotrophs.
4. They exhibit slow response to They exhibit fast response to stimuli.
stimuli.
5. Growth is apical and indefinite Growth is uniform and definite (limited).
(continuous).
6. No specialized sense organs. Possess specialized sense organs.
7. No specialized excretory systems. They have special and well-developed
excretory systems.
8. Cell has rigid nonliving cellulose Have thin, flexible cell membrane.
cell wall which provides Mechanical support is provided by external
mechanical support. exoskeleton or internal endoskeleton.
9. They store food (carbohydrates) as They store carbohydrates as glycogen
starch except fungi which store
food as glycogen.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE

Every living thing is made up of a cell or a number of cells. A single-celled organism is called unicellular
while a many-celled organism is called multicellular. Organization of life is therefore the existence of life
from a single-celled organism to a multicellular organism with complex forms that performs different
functions. Four levels of organization of life exist, namely: cell, tissue, organ and system.
1. CELL: A cell is a functional and structural unit of protoplasm bounded by a membrane and containing
nuclear and cytoplasmic materials. Some living things exist as cells which have cytoplasmic structures
such as pseudopodia, cilia, flagella and vacuoles e.g., Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, Paramecium and
Euglena. Common cells that perform distinct functions in plant and animals include sperm cells, nerve
cells, bone cells, red blood cells, root hair cells etc.

2. TISSUES: A tissue is a collection of cells which are similar in structure and functions. Hydra is an
example of an animal that is made up of tissues only. Examples of tissues in animals and plants are
epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue, xylem and phloem tissues etc.

3. ORGAN: An organ is a collection of different tissues that perform a common function or functions
e.g., Kidney, heart, brain, stem, roots etc. Example of organ in plant is onion bulb.
 4. SYSTEM: A system is a set of organs which co-operate to carry out one of the vital functions of life e.
g. Digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, transport system etc.

LESSON PLAN ON BIOLOGY FOR WEEK THREE ENDING 27th OF SEPTEMBER, 2024

NUMBER OF
CLASS TOPIC CONTENT DURATION
PERIODS

Classification
Kingdom Monera, Protista,
S.S.1 of Living
Fungi, Platae, Animalia 3 45 minutes each.
Things
CLASS: S.S.1
SUBJECT: Biology
DATE: ENDING ON 27th Friday September, 2024
AGE: 13-16 years
REFERENCE MATERIAL: Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools by S.T. Ramalingam
Essential Biology by M.C Michael, New School Biology by H. Stone and Cozen, New System Biology by
Lam and Kwan, College Biology by Idodo Umeh
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Marker, Lesson note, Textbook, Whiteboard, Internet.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to classify organisms
and their characteristics in their kingdoms.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Teacher revises the previous lesson with students.
STEP 2: Teacher introduces new topic to students.
STEP 3: Teacher gives detailed explanation of topic to students.
STEP 4: Teacher gives room for the students to ask questions.
STEP 5: Teacher writes note on the board.

CONTENT OF LESSON
PERIOD: 1
SUB-TOPIC: Classification of Living Things
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to classify organisms and their
characteristics in their kingdoms.

BOARD SUMMARY
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISIMS
Classification is an arrangement of organisms into groups, each group is then split into smaller groups and
the members of each group have certain features in common which distinguish them from other groups. The
study of the general principles of classification is called taxonomy or systematic. The present and widely
accepted method of classification of organism was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. The arrangement of
living organisms from the highest to the lowest (with decreasing variety of organisms) is as follows:
Kingdom > Phylum or Division (plants) > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Specie.

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
This is the standard system of naming living organisms. Each type of organism is given two names:
(a) The name of the genus (generic name) to which the organism belongs.
(b) The name of the species (specific name) to which it belongs.
The generic name is always written first using initial capital letter (underlined or italicized)

ORGANISMS GENUS SPECIE

Man Homo sapiens
Lion Pathera leo
 Maize Zea mays
Rat Rattus rattus
Rice Oryza sativa
Citrus Citrus sinensis

MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS

All organisms cannot be suitably classified as either plants or animals based on Carolus Linneaus
classification. Therefore, five kingdoms have been generally accepted for all living organisms, these include
Monera, Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.

KINGDOM MONERA (Prokaryotes)

This group consists of simplest living organisms (bacteria, blue-green algae).
- They are microscopic single-celled.
- The cell wall does not contain cellulose. It is made up of protein and fatty materials.
- They have no definite nucleus. Nucleus lack nuclear membrane and DNA are scattered in the
cytoplasm.
- They lack most cell organelles except the ribosome.
- Reproduction is asexual by binary fission.

Fig. A Bacteria Cell

KINGDOM PROTISTA (eukaryotes)

- They are unicellular organisms.
- The organisms are all eukaryotes i.e., cell have definite nucleus.
- Most protists are aquatic organisms.
- They move either by cilia, flagella or pseudopodia.
- Some are free living while few are parasitic.
Protists can be broadly divided into two groups;
a. Protozoa: animal-like protists e.g., amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium, trypanosome.
b. Protophyta: Plant-like protists e. g. Diatoms, chlorella, Chlamydomonas.
Note: Euglena is a protist with plant and animal like features.
 Fig. Paramecium Fig. Chlamydomonas

KINGDOM FUNGI (eukaryotes)

- They are non-green organisms which do not photosynthesize (lack chlorophyll).
- All fungi except slime molds are non-motile.
- They have rigid cell wall made up of chitin and polysaccharides.
- They reproduce asexually by producing spores and sexually as well.
- Most of them are saprophytes while some are parasites.
- They lack true roots, stem and leaves.
- Few are unicellular (yeast) while most are multicellular (Rhizopus, mushroom).

Multicellular fungi have filamentous bodies that are made up of a network of fine, branching filaments
called hyphae (singular: hypha). This mass of hyphae is known as mycelium (plural: mycelia).

Fig. A Bread Mould (Rhizopus Nigricans)

LESSON EVALUATION
1. Define Classification.
2. What is Binomial Nomenclature.
3. What are the characteristics of organisms under kingdom Monera. Give 2 example
4. What are the characteristics of organisms under kingdom Fungi. Give 2 examples

PERIOD: 2
SUB-TOPIC: Classification of Living Things
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to classify organisms and their
characteristics in their kingdoms

BOARD SUMMARY
KINGDOM ANIMALIA (eukaryotes)
This consists of multicellular organisms with no cell wall; they have no chloroplasts in their cell therefore
they feed heterotrophically. Animals can be classified into two main groups:
a. Invertebrates – animals without backbones.
b. Vertebrates – animals with backbones.

INVERTERBRATES
a. Phylum Porifera (sponges):
- They are primitive multicellular, aquatic animals (colonies of cells)
- They lack true tissues and nervous system
- Reproduce asexually and sexually (hermaphrodites

b. Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria: Hydra, jelly fish, sea anemones):

- They have two layered bodies surrounding a central hollow cavity called enteron.
- They have tentacles and most of them are marine
- Possession of stinging cells called nematocysts
- There is only one opening called mouth. No anus.

c. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms: Tapeworm, planaria, liver fluke)

- They have soft, flat, unsegmented elongated bodies
- They lack body cavity.
- They are bilaterally symmetrical and mainly parasites in man and other animals
- They possess alimentary canal. No anus

d. Phylum Nematoda (roundworm, hookworm, guinea worm)

- They have thread like, cylindrical, unsegmented body with no body cavity.
- They are bilaterally symmetrical.
- They have alimentary canal with mouth and anus
- Some are parasitic, while others are free living

e. Phylum Annelida (earthworm, leeches)

- They have internal and external segmented bodies which are long and cylindrical.
- They have true body cavity (ceoloma).
- The appendages (setae) are not jointed

f. Phylum Mollusca (snail, squid, octopus)

- They have soft unsegmented bodies
- Tentacles are present in most members
- Some have shells e.g., snails, squid etc. while others have no shell e. g. octopus, slug

g. Phylum Echinodermata (star fish, bristle star, sea lily)

- They possess tough, spiny and calcerous exoskeleton
- The head is not usually distinct
- They are all marine
 - Most of them are star shaped
Examples are brittle star, star fish, sea urchin, sea lily etc.

h. Phylum Arthropoda (the largest group in the animal kingdom)

- They have segmented bodies
- They have exoskeleton made up of chitin
- Their appendages are jointed.
- They have body divisions
- They are bilaterally symmetrical.

They can be subdivided into four classes

i. Insecta e.g., cockroach, housefly, grasshopper etc.
ii. Arachnida e.g., spider, scorpion, tick etc.
iii. Crustaceans e.g., crab, crayfish, prawns etc.
iv. Myriapoda e.g., centipedes and millipedes.

THE VERTEBRATES (PHYLUM CHORDATA)

All vertebrates have the following features:
a. A bilaterally symmetrical body which is divided into a head, trunk and a tail with a neck joining the
head to the trunk in most vertebrates.
b. An internal skeleton (endoskeleton)
c. Well-developed central nervous system and sense organs.
d. A closed blood system
e. Skin covered with scales, feather or hair.
The phylum chordata (animals with notochord) can be subdivided into five classes. They include

a. Class Pisces (tilapia, shark, and dogfish)

- These are fishes which are aquatic, cold blooded (poikilothermic) i.e., the body temperature varies
with that of the surrounding).
- Their bodies are covered with scales.
- They breathe through their gills
- Fertilization is external
- They possess fins for locomotion
- Their bodies are streamlined in shape

b. Class Amphibians (toad, frog, and newt)

- They are cold blooded animals.
- They spend most of their time on land but reproduce (lay eggs) in water.
- They carry out gaseous exchange using gills, lungs, skin or mouth living.
- They have naked moist skin
- Fertilization is external
- They have two pairs of limbs with webbed toes

c. Class Reptilia (lizards, snakes, crocodiles etc)

- Their skin is covered with dry scales which prevent water loss from the body.
- Gaseous exchange is carried out through their lungs
- Fertilization is internal and eggs are laid on land.
- They are cold-blooded

d. Class Aves (birds)

- They are warm- blooded (homoiothermic) i.e., they are able to keep their body temperature more or
less constant.
- Their body is covered with feathers
- They have toothless beak for feeding.
 - Fore limbs modified into wings for flight
- Fertilization is internal.

e. Class Mammalia (rats, bats, dogs, whales, monkey, kangaroos, man etc)
- They are warm-blooded
- They have skin covered with hair.
- They possess heterodont teeth i.e., different sets of teeth.
- They have a well-developed brain
- They give birth to their young ones alive (viviparous)
- They use lungs for gaseous exchange.

LESSON EVALUATION
1. State five distinguishing features of the phylum chordata
2. Differentiate between a named amphibian and a reptile

PERIOD: 3
SUB-TOPIC: Classification of Living Things
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to classify organisms and their
characteristics in their kingdoms

KINGDOM PLANTAE
This consists of organisms with cellulose cell wall and chlorophyll for manufacturing their food. It consists
of three major phyla i. e thallophyta, bryophyta and tracheophyta.

1. THALLOPHYTA (ALGAE)
Examples include spirogyra, volvox, sargassum and kelp
- These are simple aquatic photosynthetic plants
- They are non-vascular plants
- They lack true root, stem and leaves.
- They are either unicellular or multicellular and may be green, brown or red.
- They reproduce asexually (by cell division, fragmentation, spore) or sexually.
- They exhibit alternation of generation.

2. BRYOPHTA
These include hornworts, liverworts and mosses
- Bryophytes are multicellular, non-vascular plants.
- They also lack true roots, stems and leaves.
- They have chlorophyll as the only photosynthetic pigment.
- They are terrestrial but live in moist place.
- They produce spores asexually and also reproduce sexually. Hence, they also show a distinct
alternation of generation.
3. TRACHEOPHYTA
- They are green multicelluar, terrestrial vascular plants i.e., they have tissues for conducting water
and food.
- They have true roots, stem, and leaves.
It can be subdivided into two: pteridophytes and spermatophytes.

(a) PTERIDOPHYTA (FERNS)

Examples include Dryopteris, platycerium, ferns etc.
- They are spore bearing plants.
 - They possess well developed vascular tissues and chlorophyll
- Asexual and sexual reproductive organs are referred to as sori and prothallus respectively
- The stem grows horizontally and is referred to as rhizome

(b) SPERMATOPHYTA
These are seed bearing plants. They can be grouped into two
(i) GYMNOSPERMS
Examples are cycads (whistling pine, fir), conifers and gingkos
- Their seeds are borne naked in special structures called cones. They don’t have flowers e.g conifers,
cycads.
- These are trees or shrubs with needle, broad or scale like leaves.
-
(ii) ANGIOSPERMS
They form the largest group in the plants kingdom and are adapted to almost every kind of habitat.
Examples are oil palm tree, water leaf, maize plant etc.
- They bear true flowers for sexual reproduction.
- They have more abundant water conducting vessels than gymnosperms.
- They bear seeds enclosed in fruits.
- They show more specialized and complex reproductive mechanism involving pollination and
fertilization.
Angiosperms are grouped into two, monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS
Examples include maize, guinea grass, rice, oil palm etc.
- They have seeds with one seed leaf (cotyledon).
- They are generally herbs with scattered vascular bundles in their stem.
- They have leaves with parallel venation and fibrous root system.
- They undergo hypogeal germination (i.e., their cotyledons remain below the ground at germination.)
- They do not undergo secondary growth.

 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS
Examples include orange, hibiscus plants etc.
- They are more primitive angiosperms having seeds with two seed leaves
- They have tap root system
- They usually undergo secondary growth
- The leaves have veins arranged in branched network
- They undergo epigeal germination (i.e the cotyledons are borne above the soil).

LESSON EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between thallophytes and bryophytes
2. Differentiate between angiosperms and gymnosperms
3. State two distinguishing features each of the four classes of the phylum arthropoda
4. In a tabular form, state four differences between monocot and dicot plant.