BASIC STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
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Content
Page (2-4) Page (8-9)
History of Advance
structural Materials & structural
system technology system
Basic
structural BNBC 2020
system rules
Page (1) Page (5-7) Page (10-11)
History Of Structural System 1
Era Primary Key Structural Example
Materials Systems
Ancient(aro Stone, Brick Post-and-Lintel, The Parthenon in
und 3000 Arch, Vault Athens, Greece
BCE to
approximate
ly 500 CE)
The Parthenon in Athens, Greece Notre Dam Cathedral
Medieval(5t Stone Pointed Arch, Flying Notre Dam Cathedral
h century Buttress, Ribbed
CE to the Vault
15th century
CE.)
Industrial Cast Iron, Truss, Early Frame, St. Andew Church
Rev.(mid- Wrought Suspension
18th century Iron
to the late
19th
century.)
Modern(earl Steel, Steel Skeletal Flatiron building St. Andew Church Flatiron building
y 20th Reinforced Frame, Shell
century to Concrete Structure
approximate
ly the
1970s.)
Late Steel, Tubular System, Petronas Tower
Modern(196 Concrete Space Frame
0s to the
late 1980s.)
Contempora Composites, Diagrid, Tensegrity, Capital Gate in Abu
ry(1990s – High- Parametric Design Dhabi
Present) Strength
Steel, Mass
Petronas Tower Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi
Timber
Basic Structural System (Wall slab) 2
A wall-slab structure is a
structural system where Shear wall No slab &
load-bearing walls column
Slab
directly support floor or Shear
roof slabs, transferring wall
loads vertically to the
foundation without the Knowledge centre Knowledge centre
for innovation in for innovation in
use of beams.Generally 6
saint Etienne saint Etienne plan
storied
Span Opening Stair Materials
12’-15’ Not more than 30% of Landing should be Wall slab structures
Large span of roof is the load bearing wall supported by load are primarily made
problem it may be solved bearing wall from reinforced
Continuous horizontal concrete, utilizing a
by waffle slab
openings avoided combination of
concrete (cement,
aggregates, water) and
steel reinforcement
Waffle slab (rebar, mesh)
For buildings not
more than 3 stories Shear
or 35’ in wall
Openings can be made
height,masonry
from floor to wall( small
walls may be 12”
openings)
thick
Basic Structural System (Post slab) 3
A post-slab
structure is a Free
system where Flat slab with drop panel &
posts/column
Waffle slab
columns directly column head
support slabs, Not supported
transferring with
loads without beam/lintel
beams. Two way slab with beam Flat slab The shard plan
The shard
Span Opening Stair Materials
17’-22’ is economical Any kind of openings of Stair can be created Post slab structures,
Floor slab in all across any size can be provided from middle strip or post-tensioned
must be cantilevered (ribbon window possible) (simply supported stair) (PT) concrete slabs,
and it will be 1/3 of the Stair can be created by primarily use high-
span of the post using cantilever as strength concrete
landing and high-tensile steel
tendons (strands).
Villa savoye
Cantilever Slab Thickness: 5” to 12”
Typical slab depth= Span/33
Basic Structural System (Post lintel) 4
A post-and-lintel Slab
structure is a building
Lintel Posts are
system where vertical
connected
posts (columns) support with
Post
horizontal lintels (beams) lintel
to carry and transfer
loads.
The seagram building The seagram building plan
Span Opening Stair Materials
Span is limited,17’-22’ is 100% opening in wall Stair must start with Post-and-lintel
economical. Beam is surface is possible respect to a beam structures use stone,
proportional to span of wood, steel, brick, and
slab reinforced concrete
(RCC) for their vertical
posts and horizontal
Span lintels.
Post
Wall must be placed
over a beam as wall
Beam Thickness:
does not carry any load
proportional to span
Materials and Technology 5
Period Main Materials Used Technology
Pre-History Period Mud, timber, thatch, stone - Post & lintel system
(Before 3200 BC) - Dry stone wall
- Cave dwelling
- Simple thatched hut
Egyptian Limestone, granite, - Post & lintel construction
Architecture (3200 sandstone, mud brick - Massive walls & columns
BC – 14 AD) - Monumental stone
masonry
Greek Architecture Marble, limestone, timber - Post & lintel system
(600–30 BC) (roof beams) - Classical orders (Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian)
- Columns & entablature
West Asiatic Period (4000–300 Mud brick, glazed brick, - Ziggurat construction
BC) (Mesopotamian, Assyrian, stone, bitumen - Arches & vaults
Babylonian) - Buttresses for support
- Wall relief sculpture
Materials and Technology 6
Period Main Materials Used Technology
Roman Architecture Concrete, brick, stone, marble - Arch, vault, dome
(300–365 BC) - Aqueducts, amphitheaters, roads
- Advanced concrete engineering
- Basilica planning
Byzantine Architecture Brick, marble, glass mosaics, stone - Pendentive dome
(330–1453 AD) - Centralized church plans
- Vaulting & domical construction
Gothic Period Stone, stained glass - Pointed arch
(12th–16th - Ribbed vault
Century) - Flying buttress
- Tall spires, rose windows
Modern Period Reinforced concrete, steel, glass - International style
(20th Century) - Curtain wall system
- Skyscraper technology
- Functionalist design
Contemporary High-tech materials - Parametric & digital design
Architecture (21st (composites, carbon - 3D printing & digital fabrication
Century) fiber), smart glass, - Sustainable & green technologies
recycled materials - Smart building systems
Load Transferring Method 7
Live load and dead load
Live load & dead
load
Slab
Slab Wall
Footing
Wall
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
Footing
Ground
Ground
Slab
Slab ( Horizontal load Post
bearing member) Waffle Slab
Post( Vertical load
bearing member)
1.Static Loads
Wall( vertical load 2.Dynamic Loads
bearing member) 3.Lateral Loads
Slab ( Horizontal)
The Bangladesh National Building Code 8
(BNBC) 2020 rules
Regulate building openings in terms of mandatory
open space requirements for a plot (minimum 33%
or 50% for certain occupancies)
And specify criteria for means of egress (exit
access, exit, and exit discharge) which are part of
the building's evacuation system.
The code also touches on the functional role of
building openings for providing light, ventilation,
and climate control, as well as being essential
components of the building's facade.
Means of Egress : For safe exit during an emergency.
Light and Ventilation : For health and habitability.
Fire Protection : To prevent the spread of fire and smoke.
Structural Design : To ensure openings don't compromise
the building's strength.
The Bangladesh National Building Code 9
(BNBC) 2020 rules
Residential Building:
A building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal
residential purposes, with or without cooking or dining facilities.
This includes single-family homes, townhouses, and apartments.
Apartment Building (or Multi-Unit Residential Building):
A building containing three or more dwelling units.
The BNBC classifies buildings by Occupancy (what they
are used for) and Height.Occupancy
Group B: Residential.
Height Classification:
Low-Rise: Up to 7 stories or 23 meters.
High-Rise: 8 stories or more, or over 23 meters.
High-rise buildings have significantly stricter
requirements for fire safety, structural design, and
elevators
Staircases: Minimum two enclosed staircases are required for
buildings more than 3 stories high. They must be fire-protected (2-
hour fire rating walls and doors)
Staircase Width: Minimum 1.25 meters for residential
buildings.Doors: Must swing in the direction of exit travel.
Type Of Advance Structural System: 10
An advance structural system is a modern building framework design for greater strength, efficiency flexibility
and sustainability compared to traditional methods.
1.Space Frame:3D Truss 2.Tensile Structure: 3.Shell Structure: Thin 4.Diagrid Structure: Diagonal
system, lightweight , covers Lightweight construction curved surface like grid frame for tall buildings,
large spans (stadiums, that uses tensioned elements dome,vaults, strong with reduces need for column.
Airports) like cables , supported steel minimal materials
masts o create open spaces
with large spans.
5.Tube Structure: Outer 6.Composite Structure: Here 7.Prefabricated A Suspension Structure: is a system
frame works like combining two or more distinct Structures: Factory where loads are carried primarily by
“TUBE” ideal for materials made units assembled on tension elements such as cables,
skyscrapers. site ,fast construction wires, and sheets, which are
suspended from supporting
elements like towers or columns
Materials (Advanced Structural Systems): 11
• Concrete (RCC, Prestressed, HPC,
SCC)
• Steel (structural, composite)
• Glass, Aluminum, Timber
(engineered)
• FRP, ETFE, AAC block, Smart
materials Concrete (RCC, Prestressed, HPC, SCC Steel (structural, composite)
These materials are used
because they improve
strength, durability,
sustainability, and
adaptability while reducing
weight and material use.
Glass, Aluminum, Timber (engineered) FRP, ETFE, AAC block
References 12
https://www.academia.edu/2223121/A_histor
y_of_architecture_settings_and_rituals
https://advancedstructures.biz/
https://www.scribd.com/document/332483979
/History-of-Structural-Engineering
https://chat.deepseek.com/sign_in
https://share.google/bXLhUR4uTU9tH6LI3
[Britannica: Egyptian Architecture]
[Wiley – A Global History of Architecture]
[Wikipedia – Modern Architecture]
[Wikipedia – List of architectural styles]
https://mccibd.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/09/Bangladesh-
National-Building-Code-2020.pdf
