CE 363

Building Super Structure

1
 Content

1. Beam and Slab

2. Column
3. Wall
4. Staircase
5. Roof

2
 Introduction

Superstructure

3
 Introduction
 Definition
A physical or conceptual structure extended or developed from a basic
form, or
A part of a building or other structure above the foundation.
 Introduction
• solid structures (have
Mass little or no open space
Structure inside).
• e.g. Dams

• have useable space in

Bearing
them.
Wall
• Wall holds floors and
Structure roof above them.

• usually made from wood,

reinforced concrete and
steel.
Framed • The frame made up of
Structure beam and column and it
supports the roof and all
floors, ceilings and
5 contents.
Introduction
Single storey to 4 storey
• Wood frames structure
• Reinforced concrete frames

Tall building
• Reinforced concrete frames
• Steel frames

High Rise &Skyscrapers

• Steel frames
 Introduction

Bearing Wall Structure

Mass Structure

Framed Structure-Steel
Load Distribution in Structure Elements

Load Distribution
 must consider not only what loading conditions might effect a
structure, but also how those loads are transferred from their
point of origin through the structure to the ground.
 design decisions concerning the structural framing system will
dictate this flow of forces
 Normally base on load from Dead load, Wind load and Life load.
- Flow of load distribution
- Roof - truss – roof beam – column – foundation
- Wall – beam – column – foundation
- Slab – beam – column – foundation
 Beam and Slab

Superstructure

9
Beam
 Beam is a horizontal structure element that is capable to
withstand load primarily by resisting bending.
 The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a
result of the external loads, own weight, span and external
reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.
 Beam
 Beams are characterized by
 profile (the shape of their cross-section),
 length, and
 material.
 In contemporary construction, beams are
typically made of steel, reinforced concrete, or
wood.
 Most common types of steel beam is the i-beam
or wide-flange beam (also known as a "universal
beam" or, for stouter sections, a "universal
column") and commonly used in steel-frame
buildings and bridges.
 Other common beam profiles are the
 C-channel,
 the hollow structural section beam,
 the pipe, and the angle.
 Beam
 Beams are also described by how
they are supported:
 A simple beam is supported by a
pin support at one end and a roller
support at the other end.
 cantilever beam - A beam with a
laterally and rotationally fixed
support at one end with no
support at the other end.
 Overhanging beam - A beam
simply supported at two points
and having one end or both ends
extended beyond the supports.

12
 Concrete Beam
 There are two type method of concrete beam in manufacture. One
of that is by commonly construction or we call in-situ method and
other once is by new technology that is pre-cast concrete beam.
 Both of that is different method between in-situ and pre-cast.
 In-situ concrete beam
 The disadvantages of in-situ concrete are:
1. The need for formwork
2. The time taken for the concrete to cure before the
formwork can be released for the reuse and the beam
made available as a working area
3. The very small contribution by a large proportion of
the concrete to the strength of the beam


13
 Concrete Beam
 Pre-cast concrete beam
 Manufacture in the factory. Controlled quality.
 Overcome some or all of disadvantages of in-situ reinforced
concrete slab.
 Design consideration (full economy)-should be within the span,
width, loading, and layout limitation of units under
consideration, coupled with the advantages of repetition.

14
 Beams Shapes

 Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular

cross sections, but the most efficient cross section for a simply
supported beam is an I or H section.
 Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or tubes, are also used
in construction when there are special requirements.
 Beam Types
There are 5 type of beam according to its function:
1) Main Beam- Main beam are the beam that stretch over from column
to column where it is main beam to transfer the whole upper load to
column that consist inside the building structural.
2) Secondary Beam: This type of beam is stretches over the main
beam. This beam is also transmitted to the load of the main beam.
The function is reduce a length that support the structure or catch
the load of structure
3) Tertiary Beam : It’s the beam across between the columns and the
main beam and its function is distribute the load from the beam to
column
4) Tie Beam: Beam that stretches over a columns and its purpose to
binding are both of the columns. This is to support stability of
structure.
5) Edge Beam: Function as binding beam to stretches between the
16 external columns
17
18
19
 Slab
 Also known as floor
 Functional requirements of slab/floor are:
 Strength and stability (design requirements)
 Resistance to weather and ground moisture
 Durability and freedom from maintenance
 Fire safety (resisting spread and passage of fire)
 Fire safety (providing stable support for occupants to Building
evacuate regulations
 Resistance to passage of heat.
 Resistance to the passage of sound

 Common Floor Slabs materials are : Concrete and Timber

Slabs/Floors
•Non-
• The slab was in-contact with ground
•Suspended • Construct separately with the beam.

Slab

• The slab is supported by ground beam

•Suspended and hanging above the ground

Slab • Constructed monolithically with the beam

• Act as roof or floors above ground level
Non-Suspended Slab

• Normally located on the ground (ground slab).

• Commonly used on hard and stable ground condition.
• Provides a level surface that capable to support all live or
death load.
• Transfer load directly to the ground soil below it.
• Moisture related problems is the critical condition, therefore
this slab required for water proofing.
• Suitability of this method depends on moisture content of the
soil.
 Suspended
Slab
 Also known as suspended floor
 Beam and slab cast together
 Continue from starter bars from
column
 Construction process
 conventional or traditional
method (cast in-situ)
 modern or industrialized method
(precast, system formwork)
 Typical method of construction
from first floor up to roof beam
 Provide a level surface that is
capable of supporting all the live and
dead loads imposed
 Provide area under need for M&E
services
 Suspended Slab
 Main functions:
 To prepare a plane
surface
 To support loads
 Operate as a sound, fire
and heat insulator or
resistance
 As a ceiling to the
beneath floor
 The space between the
floor and ceiling can be
used to place building
equipment and materials.

31
Suspended Slab
 Suspended slab are constructed monolithically with the beam.
 Starter bar installation is continue from column.
 Are used where the condition of ground are;
 Slopes
 Has poor or uncertain bearing capacity
 Is liable to volume change (swells and shrinks)
 Can be constructed using;
 Precast reinforced concrete planks or slab
 Block and beam floor systems or
 In-situ reinforced concrete slabs

27
SUSPENDED SLAB (DETAIL DESIGN)

28
SUSPENDED SLAB (INDUSTRIALIZED
METHOD)
SUSPENDED SLAB (INDUSTRIALIZED
METHOD)
 Column

Superstructure

31
Column
 Definition: The vertical support which is free from all sides
taking the load of beam slab etc. and transfers the load to
the earth independently.
 Column is constructed with the help of steel bars and cement
concrete.
 In case of multi storey and frame structure building
constructions, the entire load is born by columns and the
floor area/ internal space of building is freely adjusted
according to the requirement.
 The size, cement concrete ratio and numbers of steel bars
with their diameter are available in structural drawings which
are designed according to the load born by the column and
factor of safety.

32
Column
 Construction for column starts from the footings. Starter
bar for column must be laid vertically before
foundations/footings been cast.

 After the construction of footing and pedestal the

construction of column is started.
 process of concreting almost same with ground floor but
vertical drop of concrete cannot be more than 1.5 meter high

33
The process of construction is as the following:

•Tie up all rings around and into vertical steel bars

according to design.
• Fix form work of required size with vertical steel bars.
• Lay cement concrete in form work according to design.
• Take proper curing of RCC column

34
COLUMN
Column
 column can be construct in many shapes such as square, round, diamond,
tri angle, combination of any shape as designed by the architect.
 alignment and orientation of column can be either vertical or arch.
 height of column depend on structure and architect drawing.
 In column construction, the set numbers of formwork must be properly
plan by considering the recycle concept, save time and cost saving.
 Vertical bars must be installed with sufficient number of link and check
for:
 Lap length (bottom and top)
 Shape of link
 Spacer block
 Install M&E piping or ducting before install the formwork.
 Install formwork base from setting out and check verticality of the
formwork
Column Architecture Shapes

Column arch

tilted column
EXAMPLE OF RC COLUMN DESIGN

38
EXAMPLE OF STEEL COLUMN DESIGN

39
 Wall

Superstructure

40
 Wall
 Is a continuous, usually
vertical structure, which is
thin relatively to its length
and height.
 Can be classify by location
(internal wall and external
wall)
 External wall-to provide
shelter against wind, rain
and the daily and seasonal
variations of outside
temperature (indoor
comfort).
 Internal wall-divide space
into smaller area, rooms and
compartments.
WALL TYPES

42
Wall Types Solid.
 A solid wall (sometimes called a
masonry wall) is constructed
either of brick, burnt clay or
stone blocks or concrete blocks
laid in mortar.
 The blocks are laid to overlap in
some form of what is called
bonding or as a monolith, that is,
one solid uninterrupted material
such as concrete which is poured
wet and hardens into a solid
monolith (one piece of stone).
 A solid wall of bricks or blocks
may be termed as a block (or
masonry) wall, and a continuous
solid wall of concrete, as a
monolithic wall.

43
 Wall Types
Framed
 A frame wall is constructed from a
frame of small sections of timber,
concrete or metal joined together
to provide strength and rigidity,
over both faces of which, or
between the members of the
frame are fixed thin panels of
some material to fulfill the
functional requirements of the
particular wall.
 Another popular construction
practice all over the world is
Frame construction i.e. beam
column construction.
 The walls required to fill the space
between beam columns are termed
as infill walls. They are also
57
treated as non-load bearing wall.
 Strength
Wall and
stability

Fire
Aesthetics
safety

Durability
Resistance
Functional and freedom
to passage
of heat Requirements from
maintenance

Resistance Resistance
to airbone to weather
and impact and ground
sound moisture

Security
 Wall
Load Bearing Wall
• Walls that must support the dead load of their own weight and the
weight of subsequent bearing structural members placed upon them.
• In addition, load bearing walls must be capable to carry the load of
"live" loads that are anticipated to be placed upon the system without
deflection that can degrade or negatively impact structural integrity.

Non-Load Bearing Wall

• Non-Load bearing Wall Walls that are only intended to support
themselves and the weight of the cladding or sheathings attached.
• Non load bearing walls provide no structural support and may be
interior or exterior walls. Non load bearing walls must be braced to
resist minimum 5 psf lateral loads.

60
Staircase

Superstructure

49
 Staircase
 A stair is a series of steps, each
elevated a measured distance,
leading from one level of a
structure to another.
 When the series is a continuous
section without breaks formed
by landings or other
constructions, the terms flight
of stairs or run of stairs are
often used.
 Other terms that can be
properly used include stairway
and staircase.
 Stairs can be made of concrete,
stone, wood, steel or combination
74 of any of these.
STAIRCASE COMPONENTS

51
Staircase-Primary Functions
 Provide an access from one floor to another.
 Provide a safe means of travel between floors.
 Provide a degree of insulation where part of a
separating element between compartments in a
building.
 Provide an easy mean of travel between floors.
 Provide a suitable means of escape in case of fire.
 Provide a mean of conveying fittings and furniture
between floor levels.

52
Staircase
Terminology
 Stairwell: the space in
which the stairs and
landings are housed.
 Stairs: a set of steps
inside the building going
from one level to
another.
 Tread: the upper surface
of a step on which the
foot is placed.
STAIRCASE
 Staircase
•Purpose
•Provide access between various level with in building
•Also use for escape in case of fire (designer have to comply with
regulation or act regarding materials, position, size and safety)
• types of staircase construction
•In-situ Single straight stairway (simply support, landing to landing)
• In-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor
•Inclined slab
•String beam
•Cranked or continuous
•cantilever
•Spiral staircase (in-situ or pre-cast)
•Pre-cast concrete staircase
•Single straight
•Cranked
•Open riser
•Metal staircase
56
Stairs-Functional Requirements
STRENGHT
•Able to support for movement between floors, including dead
and imposed load.
SAFETY IN USE
•Comply with the Building Regulation in determining the rise,
thread, headroom and dimensions of the handrails and
guarding.
•Should be constructed of materials that are capable of
maintaining strength and stability for a period of time
sufficient to escape to the outside.
FIRE SAFETY
•The steps and the width should be adequate for the safe
escape to the outside.

57
58
59
 Staircase
•Single straight flight stairway
•Simple design and construction
•simply support
•landing to landing
•Space occupies
STAIRCASE COMPONENTS

or Baluster
STAIRCASE COMPONENTS
 Nosing: the exposed edge of a tread, usually projecting with a
square, rounded of splayed edge.
 Riser: the vertical member between two consecutive treads.
 Step: Riser plus tread.
 Flight: a series of steps without a landing.
 Newel: post forming the junction of flights of stairs with
landings.
 Strings: the members receiving the ends of steps which are
generally housed to the string; called wall or outer strings
according to their position.
 Handrail: protecting member usually parallel to the string and
spanning between newels.
 Baluster: the vertical infill member between a string and
handrail.
 Roof

Superstructure

63
 ROOF
 Highest part of building structure.
 Main functions:
- To protects the occupants -keep out from rain, wind, snow,
dust etc.
- To prevent excessive heat loss in winter, and to keep the
interior of the building cool in the summer.
- Provide ventilation system to the building.
- Act as moisture, heat and noise resistance.
- To accommodate all stress encountered (load bearing member)
- To accept movement due to changes in temperature and
moisture content
 Types of Roof:-
 Types- Flat roofs : 0 – 10o
 Steep/Pitched roofs : > 10o
64
65
 ROOF
Typeof
Building

Possible
future Durability
modifications

Selection
Factors
Economic Resistance to
Heat

Light
Aesthetic
Protection

66
 FLAT ROOF
 Flat Roof
 Gradient of less than 10◦
 Slopes depends on types of roof
covers
 Low heat transfer and resistance
 Flat Roof are usually selected for
one or more of three reasons;
 aesthetic design,
 provision of a promenade roof /deck
and
 ease of covering for structures of
complex plan.

67
68
69
 FLAT ROOF
Advantages

1) Design
• the design of choice for smaller structures,such as garages and extensions.
•represent the most efficient use of urban space, offer architectural freedom,
control of the down flow of water to the drainage system and energy savings.

2) Materials
Traditionally flat roofs have been constructed from asphalt or three-ply modified
bitumen (also known as felt flat roofing) with a thin layer of gravel to protect the roof
from the harmful effects of UV sunlight.
A more recent and increasingly popular design is Ethylene Propylene Diene
Monomer (EPDM), a 3mm thick rubber membrane which can be applied seamlessly
in one piece and offers a lifespan of more than 40 years (compared to the 20 years
for felt flat roofing).

3) Cost
Flat roofing is generally considered to be a more affordable option at the point of
construction and involves considerably less materials and labour than a pitched roof.
Full replacement of the roof, when the time comes, can usually be completed in a
114single day.
 FLAT ROOF
 Disadvantages

Maintenance
 Lifespan for a felt flat roof of only 20 years.
 Regular maintenance is needed to check from cracking and
leakage to the roof.

71
 PITCHED ROOF
 Aslope of over 10◦ of the horizontal line.
 Slopes depends on types of roof cover
 Roof shapes depends on loading and span
 Provide space for extra services, e.g.: water tank.
 Found in many forms, among which are:
 Gable Roof
 Mansard Roof
 Hip Roof
 Shed Roof
 Butterfly Roof
 Gambrel Roof
72
TYPES OF PITCH ROOF
 PITCHED ROOF
Advantages
(1) Loft Space
Pitched roofs, which have at least two slopes that rise to meet at a peak, are constructed in
such awayasto afford plenty of usable space in the loft area.
(2) Lifespan
 The pitched roof, if constructed properly, is almost certain to offer a much longer
lifespan than a flat roof, with materials that are more durable and weather resistant.
(3) Natural
Installing a pitched roof also means the building can be more effectively blended in
to either the rest of the property (in the case of an extension) or to neighbouring
buildings, while also helping to retain asense of individuality and character.

74
 PITCHED ROOF
Disadvantages
Expensive
 increased expense, as the more complex design, additional building materials
and extra man-hours cost significantly more than a flat roof.
Foundations
 place a greater burden on the foundations of the building and this may
have implications for the depth of the footings.

75
 THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION

End of Chapter 2